Study of the behavioral responses of Odoiporus longicollis to volatiles from banana pseudostems with different physiological status

采用固相微萃取技术提取新鲜假茎、腐烂未虫蛀假茎、虫蛀且腐烂假茎以及虫蛀未腐烂假茎4种生理状态的香蕉假茎挥发物,进行气质联用仪分析鉴定.结果表明:从香蕉新鲜假茎与虫蛀且腐烂假茎中分别鉴定出10种挥发性物质;腐烂未虫蛀假茎与虫蛀未腐烂假茎分别鉴定出11种挥发性物质;这些挥发物包括烃类、酯类、酮类、杂环类等,在不同生理状态的香蕉假茎中的相对含量各不相同.4种生理状态的香蕉假茎挥发性成分种类数及相对含量的变化与香蕉假茎象甲Odoiporus longicollis Olivier的为害有着密切关系,遭受香蕉徦茎象甲为害的香蕉假茎,其共同成分2,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯相对含量对应地减少.利用双重陷阱嗅觉仪测定了香蕉假茎象甲对香蕉假茎挥发物的行为反应,结果表明:4种生理状态的香蕉假茎挥发物均对香蕉假茎象甲有引诱作用,与新鲜假茎相比,香蕉假茎的虫蛀且腐烂状态可增强其对香蕉假茎象甲雌、雄虫的引诱作用.     

香蕉假茎象甲研究进展

香蕉假茎象甲主要蛀害香蕉假茎,是危害香蕉生产的最重要害虫之一。文章综述了香蕉假茎象甲研究(包括香蕉假茎象甲的生活史、生物学特性、生态学及其发生规律以及防治措施等方面)所取得的成就,并对其前景进行了讨论,以促进对香蕉假茎象甲的更深入研究。     

香蕉假茎象甲研究进展

香蕉假茎象甲主要蛀害香蕉假茎,是危害香蕉生产的最重要害虫之一.文章综述了香蕉假茎象甲研究(包括香蕉假茎象甲的生活史、生物学特性、生态学及其发生规律以及防治措施等方面)所取得的成就,并对其前景进行了讨论,以促进对香蕉假茎象甲的更深入研究.     

香蕉假茎象甲实验种群生命表的组建

研究结果表明取食不同香蕉品种的香蕉假茎象甲雌成虫产卵量有一定差异。以取食广东香蕉2号、泰国蕉和孟加拉龙牙蕉的雌成虫产卵量较高。取食巴西蕉、粉蕉和Saba大蕉产卵量较少。以广东香蕉 2号、泰国香蕉和孟加拉龙牙蕉等香蕉品种假茎为食料的香蕉假茎象甲实验种群趋势指数较大 ,以巴西香蕉为食料的较小 ,以粉蕉、Saba大蕉为食料的最小     

香蕉假茎象甲成虫的田间活动规律

本文利用引诱剂诱捕器，对香蕉假茎象甲Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver)成虫在蕉园中的活动高度、活动方向和活动节律进行研究，旨在明确该虫的田间活动规律，为其防控技术的研究与应用提供科学依据。结果表明，诱捕器的挂置高度对香蕉假茎象甲成虫的诱捕效果有一定影响，距地面160 cm的诱捕器所诱捕的成虫数量最大，而该高度是香蕉叶鞘及叶柄所处位置，说明成虫多在此处活动。而诱捕器的挂置方位对诱捕效果影响不大，挂设在东南西北四个方位的诱捕器的诱虫量差异不显著，说明香蕉假茎象甲成虫在蕉园活动时，对方向没有明显偏好。此外，在活动节律上，香蕉假茎象甲成虫多在傍晚至凌晨时分活动，16:00至翌日4:00的雌、雄虫诱虫量分别占全天雌、雄虫诱虫量的92%和96%。     

春季香蕉假茎象甲自然种群生命表的研究

通过调查研究,组建了以作用因子为组分的春季香蕉假茎象甲（Odoiporus longicollis Oliver）自然种群生命表,在此基础上运用排除作用控制指数法分析了各种因子对假茎象甲自然种群的作用。结果表明,春季假茎象甲自然种群趋势指数成长蕉株上平均为4．3481,留头蕉茎上平均为3．6628,捕食及其它因子对该虫种群控制最大,排除作用控制指数成长蕉株为1．9256,留头蕉茎上为2．3577;自然死亡作用次之,成长蕉株为1．3607,留头蕉茎上为1．3554;寄生或疾病因子作用最小,成长蕉株为1．1988,留头蕉茎上为1．1668,捕食及其他是该虫种群增长的重要控制因子。     

香蕉假茎象甲卵的空间格局研究

应用多种聚集度指标研究了香蕉假茎象甲卵在香蕉园的空间分布格局 ,结果表明该虫卵在所有密度下都是聚集分布 ,聚集程度与密度不相关 ,分布的基本成份是个体群。在空间格局研究基础上提出了理论抽样数公式 ,给出了不同密度下、不同误差要求的最适抽样数。     

香蕉假茎生物炭对根际土壤细菌丰度和群落结构的影响

【目的】将香蕉假茎生物炭施加到土壤,探讨香蕉假茎生物炭对香蕉根际土壤微生物的影响。【方法】以香蕉假茎生物炭(BPB)0、1%、2%、3%的质量比与土壤均匀混合。盆栽培养3个月后分离香蕉根际土壤。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对根际土壤细菌群落结构和丰度进行表征。【结果】提高BPB施用量可增加土壤有机质、有效钾、有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,但降低有效氮浓度。在1%BPB样品中获得2278个OTUs,其显示细菌群落中的最大多样性。施加3%的BPB处理土壤,拟杆菌门、疣微菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加;放线菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门明显减少。主成分分析发现,1%BPB和2%BPB处理的样本之间土壤细菌群落相似。【结论】施加不同比例BPB改变了根际土壤中细菌丰度和群落结构,且高比例添加改变更加明显。     

响应曲面法优化香蕉假茎中的果胶提取工艺

以香蕉假茎为原料,通过单因素实验及响应曲面法对影响果胶提取率的4个主要因素,包括:提取液pH、料液比、提取温度、提取时间进行优化。实验结果显示:香蕉假茎中果胶的最佳提取工艺参数为:pH1.9、料液比(g:mL)1∶40、提取温度79℃、提取时间131 min,该条件下果胶的得率为22.35%,半乳糖醛酸含量符合国家标准。     

香蕉果实挥发物的化学成分比较分析

本文采用固相微萃取技术(SPME)收集成熟与未熟香蕉的挥发性物质,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对二者的化学成分进行种类和含量的比较分析.结果表明,两种香蕉果实的挥发性物质在种类和含量上存在明显差异,成熟香蕉中共检测出30种气味挥发性物质,而未熟香蕉中共检测出17种气味物质,且有多种化合物在成熟香蕉中存在而在未...     

Resource Utilization and Temporal Segregation of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera,Scarabaeidae) Community in a Caatinga Fragment

We characterized dung beetles food preference and diel activity and examined the way such characteristics may structure a Scarabaeinae community in a dry forest. We sampled a fragment of Arboreal Caatinga in Milagres, Bahia, Brazil, during the dry and wet seasons, using baited pitfall (bovine spleen, human feces, cow dung, and rotten banana). Species were classified by activity (nocturnal and diurnal) and food preference (coprophagous, necrophagous, saprophagous, copro-necrophagous, and generalist). In total, 1,581 individuals belonging to 16 morphospecies were sampled, with six new records for Caatinga. The dung beetles were mainly from generalist and coprophagous species; seven species presented nocturnal activity, and five were diurnal. There was higher species richness during the day and greater abundance during the night. Species composition differences were influenced by functional guilds and beetle size according to temporal segregation. These factors may be related to physiological, morphological, and behavioral differences.     

Using dung beetles to evaluate the effects of urbanization on Atlantic Forest biodiversity

We used dung beetles to evaluate the impact of urbanization on insect biodiversity in three Atlantic Forest fragments in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. This study provides the first empirical evidence of the impact of urbanization on richness, abundance, composition and guild structure of dung beetle communities from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We evaluated the community aspects (abundance, richness, composition and food guilds) of dung beetles in fragments with different degrees of immersion in the urban matrix using pitfall traps with four alternative baits (rotten meat, rotten fish, pig dung and decaying banana). A total of 1 719 individuals were collected, belonging to 29 species from 11 genera and six Scarabaeinae tribes. The most urban‐immersed fragment showed a higher species dominance and the beetle community captured on dung presented the greatest evenness. The beetle communities were distinct with respect to the fragments and feeding habits. Except for the dung beetle assemblage in the most urbanized forest fragment, all others exhibited contrasting differences in species composition attracted to each bait type. Our results clearly show that the degree of urbanization affects Atlantic Forest dung beetle communities and that the preservation of forest fragments inside the cities, even small ones, can provide refuges for Scarabaeinae.     

两种对云斑天牛有林间诱捕效果的植物源物质

【目的】为了探明对云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi(Hope)有效的引诱物质。【方法】研究了云斑天牛对白蜡树、山核桃、黄山栾树和野蔷薇4种寄主植物的室内取食偏好性,采用动态顶空吸附法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了植物挥发物成分,然后利用触角电位-气相色谱联用技术(GC-EAD)测定植物挥发物对云斑天牛触角的反应,最后对相关化合物进行了野外诱捕试验。【结果】结果表明:云斑天牛最喜欢取食的寄主植物是白蜡树,其次是黄山栾树和山核桃,野蔷薇没有取食;寄主植物挥发物成分中,萜烯类和烷烃类等物质占主要成分,不同寄主植物的挥发物中多种成分存在显著性差异;壬醛引起了云斑天牛显著的GC-EAD反应;最后,林间诱捕试验结果显示,顺-3-己烯醇和壬醛分别在林间诱捕到了一定量的云斑天牛,并且都是雄虫,同时顺-3-己烯醇还诱捕到了星天牛Anoplophora chinensis(Forster)。【结论】试验结果说明,顺-3-己烯醇和壬醛是两种对云斑天牛具有林间引诱效果的植物源物质,同时,顺-3-己烯醇是云斑天牛和星天牛共享的植物源引诱物质。     

Longevity and reproductive success of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) fed different natural diets

The longevity and reproductive success of newly emerged, unfed adult Aethina tumida Murray assigned different diets (control = unfed; honey-pollen; honey; pollen; empty brood comb; bee brood; fresh Kei apples; and rotten Kei apples) were determined. Longevity in honey-fed small hive beetle adults (average maximum: 167 d) was significantly higher than on other diets. Small hive beetles fed empty brood comb lived significantly longer (average maximum: 49.8 d) than unfed beetles (average maximum: 9.6 d). Small hive beetle offspring were produced on honey-pollen, pollen, bee brood, fresh Kei apples, and rotten Kei apples but not on honey alone, empty brood comb, or in control treatments. The highest reproductive success occurred in pollen fed adults (1773.8 +/- 294.4 larvae per three mating pairs of adults). The data also show that A. tumida can reproduce on fruits alone, indicating that they are facultative parasites. The pupation success and sex ratio of small hive beetle offspring were also analyzed. Larvae fed pollen, honey-pollen, or brood had significantly higher pupation success rates of 0.64, 0.73, and 0.65 respectively than on the other diets. Sex ratios of emerging adults fed diets of pollen or brood as larvae were significantly skewed toward females. Because small hive beetle longevity and overall reproductive success was highest on foodstuffs located in honey bee colonies, A. tumida are efficient at causing large-scale damage to colonies of honey bees resulting in economic injury for the beekeeper. Practical considerations for the control of A. tumida are briefly discussed.     

叶甲科昆虫的定殖机制

在复杂的生态环境中,叶甲科昆虫利用寄主植物的挥发物作为嗅觉信号,并协同视觉信号共同作用以提高其远距离搜寻和定位寄主的效率。叶甲科昆虫也释放信息素来调节同种或者异种个体的行为反应;找到寄主植物后,叶子的形态学特性和化学组分的浓度等接触性因素就会影响叶甲科昆虫对寄主植物的最终选择。叶甲对上述这些信号物质的反应也受叶甲本身状态的影响,如生殖、滞育、饥饿、交配以及取食等。叶甲科昆虫对寄主植物的搜寻、辨识和接受、取食以及繁殖的过程受一种或多种因素协同影响。从嗅觉、视觉和触觉等方面对叶甲科昆虫的定殖机制做一综述。     

The ecological and taxonomic importance of flower volatiles of Clusia species (Guttiferae)

The chemical composition of floral volatiles of sixteen species of Clusia (Guttiferae) belonging to four different taxonomic sections of the genus was investigated. The volatiles were extracted from fresh petals by microhydrodistillation and analysed by GC/MS. The composition of the volatiles was in part, but not always, related to the taxonomic position of the species, and to a minor extent to the type of pollinator observed on the flowers as revealed by clustering analysis. The composition of the volatile components of female and male flowers belonging to the same species (C. grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. paralicola, C. parviflora and C. spiritu-sanctensis) was found to be almost identical. Field bioassays showed the petal extracts to be attractive to pollinating bees.     

Comparative water relations of adult and juvenile tortoise beetles: differences among sympatric species

Relative abundance of two sympatric tortoise beetles varies between drought and 'wet' years. Differing abilities to conserve water may influence beetle survival in changing environments. Cuticular permeability (CP), percentage of total body water (%TBW), rate of water loss and percentage of body lipid content were determined for five juvenile stages and female and male adults of two sympatric species of chrysomelid beetles, the golden tortoise beetle, Charidotella bicolor (F.) and the mottled tortoise beetle, Deloyala guttata (Olivier). There were significant differences in %TBW and lipid content among juvenile stages. Second instars had the greatest difference in CP (37.98 and 11.13 microgcm(-2)h(-1)mmHg(-1) for golden and mottled tortoise beetles, respectively). Mottled tortoise beetles had lower CP and greater %TBW compared with golden tortoise beetles, suggesting that they can conserve a greater amount of water and may tolerate drier environmental conditions. This study suggests that juvenile response to environmental water stress may differentially affect the survival of early instars and thus affect the relative abundance of adult beetles in the field. This is supported by the low relative abundance of golden tortoise beetle larvae in a drought year and the higher abundance in two 'wet' years.     

Successional features of the dynamics of abundance and population structure of the cestode Proteocephalus longicollis (Zeder, 1800) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Dynamics of abundance and changes of populations structure were investigated in a host-specific parasite of salmonids, cestode Proteocephalus longicollis from the vendace Coregonus albula L. of the Syamozero Lake during the period of more than forty years. A relative stability of the values of infestation indices independently of significant changes in the abundance and population structure of the vendace is established. Changes in the distribution of abundance and population structure of P. longicollis are shown to be connected with the change of the water body's status resulting from eutrophication. These changes can be considered as reliable indices of the succession in freshwater bodies.     

Mate finding in the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani, mediated by volatiles from plants and females

The response of the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani F. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), towards volatiles emitted by different host plants and conspecifics was tested in field experiments during the flight period at dusk. Funnel traps containing artificially damaged leaves from the host plants Carpinus betulus L. and Quercus rubra L., as well as from the non‐host plant Prunus serotina Ehrh. caught significantly more beetles than empty control traps. On the other hand, traps baited with undamaged leaves from Q. rubra did not catch significantly more beetles than empty controls. Leaves from C. betulus damaged by beetle feeding did not attract more beetles than artificially damaged leaves. By use of gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) electrophysiological responses of males and females were shown for 18 typical plant volatiles. A synthetic mixture of selected typical green plant volatiles was also highly attractive in the field. A total of 9982 beetles was caught during the field experiments, among them only 33 females. This suggests that attraction to damaged foliage during flight period at dusk is male‐specific. Field experiments testing the attractiveness of female M. hippocastani towards conspecific males by employing caged beetles and beetle extracts indicated that males of M. hippocastani use a female‐derived sex pheromone for mate location. On wired cages containing either unmated feeding females, or unmated females without access to foliage, or feeding males in combination with extracts from unmated females, significantly more males landed during the flight period than on comparable control cages containing feeding males or male extracts. A possible scenario of mate location in M. hippocastani involving feeding‐induced plant volatiles and a female‐derived sex pheromone is discussed.     

印度加尔各答市区外围一地的露尾甲物种组成、多度和季节性发生(英文)

【目的】印度大部分露尾甲在腐烂的水果和蔬菜上大量发生,其种群在一年中表现出明显的季节性波动。据推测,露尾甲种群很大程度上依赖于温度、湿度和降雨之类的环境因子。【方法】本研究调查了2013-2015年印度加尔各答市区外围一地Garia的露尾甲物种组成、季节性发生和种群结构,记录了其活跃时期、季节性多度和影响其发生的因素。【结果】调查期间在调查地共发现数目不等的6个物种。其中最常见露尾甲为Urophorus humeralis,它是个体数量最多的物种且在一年中几乎所有月份均有发生;其他常见物种为Epuraea ocularis和E. luteola。不同物种在食物发酵的连续阶段进入诱捕器中。最初12 h被捕获的是Epuraea 属的种类,而在诱捕器中食物严重腐烂的后续阶段发现最多的是U. humeralis。在合适范围的气温(22~29℃)和相对湿度(82.5%~86%)下,物种丰富度最高,表明这些环境变量对露尾甲种群具有重要影响。【结论】加尔各答主要水果和蔬菜在季风后季节种植,在季风后季节取食这些作物的露尾甲发生量(物种丰富度和多度)最高。这一研究结果可能有助于制定针对这些甲虫的有效田间治理策略。