海洋中藻菌相互关系及其生态功能

海洋中藻类与细菌密不可分,具有错综复杂的互作关系(如互利共生、敌对拮抗或竞争抑制等),共同构成了海洋生态系统结构与功能的重要调控者。在藻类细胞周围往往存在着特殊的藻际微环境,其中生存着独特的微生物群落,因此藻际环境成为藻菌相互作用的主战场。藻际环境中细菌群落的构建具有一定的规律。在自然生态系统中,藻菌互作影响赤潮生消动态过程,并在水质修复中具有重要作用潜力。同时,藻类和细菌作为驱动海洋固碳与储碳的主要生物因子,在海洋碳循环中具有尤为重要的作用。本文对海洋中藻菌互作关系的研究现状进行了综述,并在此基础上,对未来研究提出了几点展望。例如,目前对海洋中藻菌关系受病毒的调控作用了解甚少,值得未来深入研究。     

藻类胞外聚合物的产生因素及其在污水处理和生物絮凝方面的应用

藻类胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)是一种复杂的高分子聚合物,主要由多糖、蛋白质等物质组成。由于EPS具有独特的结构、大的比表面积及含有大量官能团等物理-化学特性,使其在污水处理及微藻生物质的絮凝回收等方面都有着非常重要的作用。本文系统介绍了EPS的组成及特性,重点论述了影响藻类EPS产生的生物因素及非生物因素,如光照、营养盐、pH及温度等,并对EPS在污水处理及生物絮凝方面的应用进行了总结。对藻类EPS产生机制及机理的深入研究有望为微藻提供更广阔的应用前景。     

纤毛虫与藻类共生关系的研究现状与展望

纤毛虫与藻类的共生关系在水体环境中广泛存在并有着重要的生态功能。文章回顾了国内外纤毛虫与藻类共生研究的发展历程,主要介绍了纤毛虫与藻类共生的生态功能,以及显微观察与分子生物学技术在纤毛虫与藻类共生研究中的应用;阐述了包括草履虫与小球藻共生关系建立的4个过程及其互作机制、红色中缢虫与隐藻的共生关系、宿主与共生体之间的互作等内容;提出了纤毛虫与藻类共生研究中亟待解决的科学问题,包括草履虫食物泡膜(digestive vacuole, DV)与围藻膜(perialgal vacuole, PV)发挥作用的分子机制、红色中缢虫与隐藻共生关系的建立过程、红色中缢虫在共生过程中的功能作用等,并展望未来的研究方向。     

从细胞内共生到多尺度共生：回顾与展望

基于共生概念的历史变化,目前人们普遍接受了广义共生概念。即共生是包含互利共生（mutualism）、偏利共生（commensalism）和拮抗/寄生（antagonism/parasitism）的共生连续体。本文简述了近20年间,全球9次国际共生学术大会取得的重要成果,对细胞内共生、时间、空间以及多种互作尺度共生关系的研究利用进展进行了评述。同时展望了一些活跃共生领域的研究概况,如共生失调 （dysbiosis）、植物-微生物-昆虫三角共生关系（plant-microbe-insect triangle）、细菌-真菌互作（bacterial- fungal interaction,BFI）、菌根菌-真菌内生细菌-植物多方共生联盟（multipartite symbiosis consortium）以及与共生相关微生物组的集合群落（metacommunity）研究及应用等。共生（symbiosis）正成为当代生物学的核心原则,正以一种与更宏大系统方法相一致的概念,从根本上改变了传统上的一些生物学概念,如孤立性的个体（individuality）概念。基因组测序和高通量RNA技术分析揭示,动、植物与共生微生物的重要互作,打破了迄今为止生物个体的特征边界,挑战了这些学科的定义;共生不仅是一对一的互利共生关系,共生实际是多种共生模式的连续共生体。此外,植物-昆虫-微生物互作的三角关系;菌根-真菌-真菌内生细菌-植物的多方联盟等新关系的发现,更把生命科学推向了快速发展的方向。这些科学进展不仅对生物科学的遗传学、免疫学、进化、发育、解剖学和生理学的研究至关重要,拓宽了新的视野,而且对农业中生物制剂研发,人类微生物组的管理及调控,以及对发酵食品及工业微生物生产的设计和管理将产生积极影响。     

微藻-细菌共生体系在废水处理中的应用

在微藻-细菌协同共生的过程中,藻类光合作用释放的氧气被异养微生物利用来矿化水体中的污染物,细菌呼吸为藻类提供二氧化碳作为碳源。近年来,藻类-细菌协同共生体系在污水处理中的应用得到了广泛的研究。本文重点综述了菌藻协同共生体系中微藻与细菌之间的三种相互作用,以及菌藻协同共生体系在废水处理中的应用。菌藻协同共生体系中的微藻与细菌通过营养交换、信号转导及基因转移等相互作用实现共赢。该体系广泛用于处理富营养化、重金属、药物、多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、石油烃化合物等难降解的有机污染的水体。对于氮、磷等营养物质的去除,其主要机理涉及同化作用、厌氧氨氧化作用、硝化与反硝化作用、磷酸化作用等。对重金属、药物、石油烃化合物及其他有机化合物的去除机制主要是生物吸附、生物富集及细胞内外的生物降解。     

地衣—大气污染的指示灯

大气污染作为环境污染的主要因素已越来越引起人们的重视 ,而对它的监测除了采用物理、化学监测手段外 ,生物监测更以其简便、真实、灵敏等其它任何监测手段所无法比拟的优越性而倍受青睐。地衣就是其中的代表。1　地衣简介地衣是一种与藻类共生的专化性真菌 ,常以真菌来命名。真菌类常为盘菌纲和核菌纲 ,少数为伞菌目和非褶菌目。而构成地衣的藻类有绿藻和蓝藻共 2 0多属。地衣的藻菌关系有 :1)共生关系　即地衣中的菌丝缠绕藻细胞 ,并从外面包围藻类。藻类进行光合作用 ,制造有机物 ,供藻类与菌类共同需要 ;菌类则吸收水分、无机盐和 O2 …     

赤潮过程中“藻-菌”关系研究进展

微生物对促进海洋物质循环,维持水生环境的生态平衡具有重要作用。在赤潮事件中,基于微生物(尤其是细菌)的多样性和重要性,它们与藻类之间的相互关系成为了研究的热点。过去20年里,人们从不同角度对"藻-菌"间的关系进行了探索,包括物理学过程、生物学过程、环境过程以及化学过程。就化学过程而言,它作为一种较早出现的技术,在以往的研究中带给人们许多认识藻菌关系的方法。随着学科的渗透,化学法有了拓展与延伸,为人们认识藻菌关系带来了新的契机。从化学生态学领域来梳理"藻-菌"关系中涉及的现象和行为,包括菌对藻的有益面、菌对藻的有害面、以及藻类应答细菌行为的化学途径;并从信号语言(群体感应、化感作用)的角度来阐释两者之间的互生或克生关系。通过文献综述的方式来解读藻菌关系的互作过程和机理,为认识赤潮的发生和防控方法提供借鉴。     

兰科植物内生细菌物种多样性及其促生机理研究进展

内生细菌影响兰科植物菌根形成和共生关系的稳定性,在兰科植物的生活史中起着重要作用。内生细菌通过分泌植物激素、采用光合作用、生物固氮或促进矿质营养的循环以及产生铁载体、合成其他活性物质等途径来促进兰科植物生长发育。综述了兰科植物内生细菌物种多样性的研究方法及其对兰科植物的促生机理,基于兰科植物与共生微生物的密切关系,认为内生细菌间、内生细菌与兰科植物菌根真菌间的互作是揭示兰科植物与内生细菌互作机理的重要方向。     

植物与病原菌互作的蛋白质组学研究进展

深入认识植物与病原菌的识别方式、亲和性或非亲和性的互作模式,对于揭示植物-病原菌互作机制研究具有重要意义.利用蛋白质组学方法研究病原菌侵染植物过程,分析相关的基因和蛋白,有助于从分子水平上探究植物-病原菌相互作用机制.本文概述了植物-病原菌的互作机制,系统介绍了差异蛋白质组学分析方法在植物-病原真菌、植物-病原细菌两类互作系统中的应用,分析了植物与病原菌互作过程中可能涉及的差异表达功能蛋白,并对当前蛋白质组学技术在植物与病原菌互作研究中存在的诸多问题进行了探讨.     

菌根真菌多样性与植物多样性的相互作用研究进展

菌根共生双方多样性影响着生态系统的过程与功能。菌根真菌-寄主植物之间的共生组合存在偏好性或特异性,这导致菌根真菌对寄主植物的效益差异和寄主植物对菌根真菌的利益差别：两者在互利共生过程中不仅相互选择,还存在相互促进与制约的关系(如互补与选择效应、竞争),从而在一定程度上决定生态系统的演化与发展。本文概述了植物多样性与菌根真菌多样性的相互影响,探讨了两者互作可能存在的调控因素与机制,对存在的问题和争议进行了总结,并提出了进一步研究的方向。深入阐明植物多样性与菌根真菌多样性之间的互作关系,将丰富生物共生学理论,增强菌根应用潜力及生物多样性的维持。     

Influence of metazooplankton on interactions of bacteria and phytoplankton in an oligotrophic lake

Commensalism based on organic carbon supplied by phytoplanktonand competition for mineral nutrients are important interactionsbetween bacteria and phytoplankton in oligotrophic clear-watersystems. Both interactions are influenced by zooplankton activity.To examine the relation ship between algae and bacteria in LakeLa Caldera, we studied: the correlations among phyto plankton,bacteria and phosphorus (P) dynamics; the ratio of organic carbonsupplied by algae to organic carbon demand by bacteria; andthe importance of P remineralized by metazooplankton for bothcommunities. Phytoplankton and bacteria had a similar seasonaldynamics, and there was a sig nificant and positive relationshipbetween bacterial abundance and algal biomass (P<0.01). However,the release of organic carbon from phytoplankton was usuallyhigher than the bacterioplankton carbon requirement. P availablevia zooplankton remineralization satisfied between 74 and 316%of the minimum P demands of algae and bacteria. To elucidatewhether zooplankton operate similarly on algae and bacterialgrowth or indirectly influence bacterial growth through phytoplanktonmetab olism, we performed zooplankton manipulation experiments.High zooplankton biomass in these experiments stimulated bothprimary and bacterial production, but release of organic carbonfrom phytoplankton declined. These results suggest a directstimulus of bacterial growth, so algae and bac teria can balancegrazing losses by compensatory growth. Further, the algal decreaseof the organic carbon supply for bacteria could, over time,lead to a change in the algae-bacteria interaction from competitionto commensalism. This reduction in organic carbon excretioncould affect the balance of the competitive interaction.     

Elaboration of an algae‐to‐energy system and recovery of water and nutrients from municipal sewage

Increasing pressure is being exerted on the peri‐urban space that has elevated the demand for electricity, affects the global water resource, and impacts the potential to produce food, fiber, and commodity products. Algae‐based technologies and in particular algae‐based sewage treatment provides an opportunity for recovery of water for recycle and re‐use, sequestration of greenhouse gases, and generation of biomass. Successful coupling of municipal sewage treatment to an algae‐to‐energy facility depends largely on location, solar irradiance, and temperature to achieve meaningful value recovery. In this paper, an algae‐to‐energy sewage treatment system for implementation in southern Africa is elaborated. Using results from the continued operation of an integrated algal pond system (IAPS), it is shown that this 500‐person equivalent system generates 75 kL per day water for recycle and re‐use and, ～9 kg per day biomass that can be converted to methane with a net energy yield of ～150 MJ per day, and ～0.5 kL per day of high nitrogen‐containing liquid effluent (>1 g/L) with potential for use as organic fertilizer. It is this opportunity that IAPS‐based algae‐to‐energy sewage treatment provides for meaningful energy and co‐product recovery within the peri‐urban space and, which can alleviate pressure on an already strained water–energy–food nexus.     

Microalgae–bacteria symbiosis in microalgal growth and biofuel production: a review

Photosynthetic microalgae can capture solar energy and convert it to bioenergy and biochemical products. In nature or industrial processes, microalgae live together with bacterial communities and may maintain symbiotic relationships. In general interactions, microalgae exude dissolved organic carbon that becomes available to bacteria. In return, the bacteria remineralize sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorous to support the further growth of microalgae. In specific interactions, heterotrophic bacteria supply B vitamins as organic cofactors or produce siderophores to bind iron, which could be utilized by microalgae, while the algae supply fixed carbon to the bacteria in return. In this review, we focus on mutualistic relationship between microalgae and bacteria, summarizing recent studies on the mechanisms involved in microalgae–bacteria symbiosis. Symbiotic bacteria on promoting microalgal growth are described and the relevance of microalgae–bacteria interactions for biofuel production processes is discussed. Symbiotic microalgae–bacteria consortia could be utilized to improve microalgal biomass production and to enrich the biomass with valuable chemical and energy compounds. The suitable control of such biological interactions between microalgae and bacteria will help to improve the microalgae-based biomass and biofuel production in the future.     

小球藻藻菌共生体系在产油方面的特性

【目的】研究人工构建藻菌共生体系在产油方面的特性。【方法】从BG11培养基中分离、筛选出无菌小球藻,通过人工共培养方法构建了藻菌共生体系,探讨了共生体系中小球藻的生长及产油特性。【结果】相比无菌小球藻,藻菌共生体系对于藻的生长、油脂积累以及产生生物柴油的脂肪酸组分方面都有明显的促进作用,其中细菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和小球藻构建的共生体系效果最好,小球藻生物量提高了9%,油脂含量提高了36.3%,C18-1的含量提高了259.2%。【结论】进一步说明人工共培养方法构建藻菌共生体系能够提高微藻生物柴油的质量,具有很好的利用价值。     

MIXOTROPHIC ALGAE CONSTRAIN THE LOSS OF ORGANIC CARBON BY EXUDATION1

Algae of various taxonomic groups are capable of assimilating dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from their environments (mixotrophy). Recently, we reported that, with increasing biomass of mixotrophs, heterotrophic bacteria did not increase. We hypothesized that algal uptake of external DOC may outweigh their release of DOC by exudation (H1). Here, we addressed an alternative hypothesis that algae did not assimilate external DOC but constrained the release of DOC (H2). In chemostat experiments, we cultured the mixotrophic Chlamydomonas acidophila Negoro together with heterotrophic bacteria. As external substrates, we used glucose, which was potentially available for both bacteria and algae, or fructose, which was available only for bacteria. We increased the biomass of algae by the stepwise addition of phosphorus. Bacterial biomass did not increase in experiments using glucose or when fructose was offered, suggesting that mechanisms other than algal mixotrophy (H1) kept concentrations of bacteria low. Measured exudation rates (percent extracellular release, PER) of mixotrophic algae (Cd. acidophila, Chlorella protothecoides W. Krüger) were very low and ranged between 1.0% and 3.5% at low and moderately high phosphorus concentrations. In contrast, an obligately phototrophic alga (Chlamydomonas segnis H. Ettl) showed higher exudation rates, particularly under phosphorus limitation (70%). The results support H2. If mixotrophy is considered as a mechanism to recycle organic exudates from near the cell surface, this would explain why algae retained mixotrophic capabilities although they cannot compete with bacteria for external organic carbon.     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ofagrobacterium radiobacter on maize growth

An influence of dual inoculation with the rhizosphere bacteriumAgrobacterium radiobacter, and the VAM fungi,Glomus mosseae andGlomus sp., on maize growth and mycorrhizal infection was observed. Separate inoculations of bacteria or fungi showed significant positive effects on the shoot biomass production of pot-cultured plants only at the last of three consecutive harvests. Plant biomass production was enhanced substantially after a dual inoculation with bacteria and fungi. Synergistic interaction of fungal and bacterial inoculation and growth stimulation was evident at all three harvests compared to uninoculated plants and also compared to plants inoculated with fungi or bacteria only. The dual inoculation increased the shoot biomass of plants by approximately 30% as compared with control. No significant differences were found in mycorrhizal infection between plants uninoculated and inoculated with bacteria.Agrobacterium radiobacter seems to be compatible with mycorrhizal symbiosis and can act a synergistic partner of some VAM fungi.     

微生物在藻际环境中的物质循环作用

浮游植物作为海洋初级生产力的主要驱动者,其功能的发挥与共生微生物密不可分.藻类(甲藻、硅藻或蓝藻)的栖息环境中存在多样的共生细菌,各类细菌拥有不同的组成比例,但某些异养细菌在藻际环境中总是占据优势地位,如变形杆菌、黄杆菌及放线菌等.基于微生物在调节微食物网、促进物质循环和维持生态系统平衡中的重要意义,本文主要以赤潮事件的藻际环境为例,尝试梳理上述主导性“常驻微生物”在“藻-菌”共生体物质转化中的作用.特别是针对近些年来倍受关注的黄杆菌和玫瑰杆菌,着重例述了它们在物质代谢中的行为与生态策略,以更好地理解常驻物种在藻际生态位中的生态行为与协同进化.     

Ammonium removal using algae–bacteria consortia: the effect of ammonium concentration,algae biomass,and light

In this study, the effects of ammonium nitrogen concentration, algae biomass concentration, and light conditions (wavelength and intensity) on the ammonium removal efficiency of algae-bacteria consortia from wastewater were investigated. The results indicated that ammonium concentration and light intensity had a significant impact on nitrification. It was found that the highest ammonia concentration (430 mg N/L) in the influent resulted in the highest ammonia removal rate of 108 ± 3.6 mg N/L/days, which was two times higher than the influent with low ammonia concentration (40 mg N/L). At the lowest light intensity of 1000 Lux, algae biomass concentration, light wavelength, and light cycle did not show a significant effect on the performance of algal–bacterial consortium. Furthermore, the ammonia removal rate was approximately 83 ± 1.0 mg N/L/days, which was up to 40% faster than at the light intensity of 2500 Lux. It was concluded that the algae-bacteria consortia can effectively remove nitrogen from wastewater and the removal performance can be stabilized and enhanced using the low light intensity of 1000 Lux that is also a cost-effective strategy.