基于微藻培养处理畜禽养殖废水的研究进展

当前规模化畜禽养殖业排放含有大量氮磷、重金属和有机污染物的粪污废水,导致生态环境遭受严重的污染,治理畜禽废水的任务迫在眉睫。由于传统畜禽废水处理方式及应用存在较多不足,基于微藻生物技术处理废水的研究得到越来越多的关注。微藻是一种广泛存在于水体中的单细胞生物,具有高效的脱氮除磷及纳污能力,其主要利用同化作用吸附污水中的氮,通过磷酸化作用吸附、沉降磷,依靠细胞膜上的官能团对重金属进行富集。基于以上生理基础,大多数微藻的氮磷吸附率和重金属富集率可以高达80%。目前微藻对畜禽废水污染组分的处理的研究主要集中在氮磷、重金属,实际应用方式多为高效藻类塘、活性藻、固定化技术、光生物反应器等。但是微藻处理畜禽废水仍存在分子机理研究较少,生产实际经验不足等问题。基于微藻处理畜禽废水的机理,通过综述若干微藻去除氮磷、重金属等污染物的效率,总结国内外微藻废水处理技术的研究及存在问题,展望了微藻废水工程发展前景。     

生物炼制技术用于生物石油开发

几年前美国一家国家实验室研究人员发明生物炼制石油技术,即用一种极端纤细细菌的催化作用炼制优质的石油产品,该菌能在高温（60℃）下分离重油（注：重油指非常规石油的统称。包括重质油、高粘油、油沙、天然沥青等）中的硫氢、重金属物,使这些杂质含量降低20％～50％左右。这种生物炼油技术不仅提高“生物石油”的质量,而且更有利于环保。在炼制生物石油方面除细菌外,有些微藻也值得注意,一种叫丛粒藻（Botryococcus braunii,又称葡萄藻）的单胞藻,它产生的碳氢化合物占其干物质重量的15％～75％,最高达到90％,其组成与原油极为类似,经过加工处理后达到真正石油的指标。除了该藻藻体有“储能库”之称以外,微藻中还有小球藻、盐藻（均系绿藻类）等均有“储能”的潜力,都可用透明玻璃管作为“生物反应器”,通入含1％CO2的空气,对数增殖期测定其产烃量,已达到占细胞干重的16％-44％,每天可从藻体生物量中索取大量油烃化合物,完全有可能利用“环型玻璃管生物反应器”按需求量扩大再生产,从其生物量炼制生物石油。在美国,哈佛大学和斯坦福大学有关专家组建了一家公司想从生物炼油开辟新径：     

微藻与细菌作用关系的研究进展

藻类是水生环境中的初级生产者,它的生长常常伴随着细菌并受菌的影响。有研究者指出藻类和细菌有着密不可分的关系。一些研究表明与藻相关的主体细菌是特定的细菌群体,特别是α-变形菌频繁地发现,说明这类菌可能能够开启和维持共生关系。最近的研究提出了营养物质交换是菌藻共生的基础,这类相关化合物是复杂的和特定的分子,可能参与信号处理和监控作用,而不只是被动扩散。同时,这种作用很明显不是静态的,它的开启和终止可能是对环境和发育的响应。需要指出的是明确菌藻关系的作用机理还有待于进一步的深入研究,本篇综述结合新提出的理论,对细菌与微藻作用关系的研究进展进行总结,概括了微藻与菌的作用关系(进化关系,营养依赖,代谢互补和协作生物合成),这种作用关系涉及到的菌的分类(膜菌和藻际微环境菌,促生菌PGPB和溶藻菌)以及菌藻作用的应用(废水处理和生物燃料生产)的情况,并对菌藻关系的未来发展做了展望。     

小球藻藻菌共生体系在产油方面的特性

【目的】研究人工构建藻菌共生体系在产油方面的特性。【方法】从BG11培养基中分离、筛选出无菌小球藻,通过人工共培养方法构建了藻菌共生体系,探讨了共生体系中小球藻的生长及产油特性。【结果】相比无菌小球藻,藻菌共生体系对于藻的生长、油脂积累以及产生生物柴油的脂肪酸组分方面都有明显的促进作用,其中细菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和小球藻构建的共生体系效果最好,小球藻生物量提高了9%,油脂含量提高了36.3%,C18-1的含量提高了259.2%。【结论】进一步说明人工共培养方法构建藻菌共生体系能够提高微藻生物柴油的质量,具有很好的利用价值。     

微生物在藻际环境中的物质循环作用

浮游植物作为海洋初级生产力的主要驱动者,其功能的发挥与共生微生物密不可分.藻类(甲藻、硅藻或蓝藻)的栖息环境中存在多样的共生细菌,各类细菌拥有不同的组成比例,但某些异养细菌在藻际环境中总是占据优势地位,如变形杆菌、黄杆菌及放线菌等.基于微生物在调节微食物网、促进物质循环和维持生态系统平衡中的重要意义,本文主要以赤潮事件的藻际环境为例,尝试梳理上述主导性“常驻微生物”在“藻-菌”共生体物质转化中的作用.特别是针对近些年来倍受关注的黄杆菌和玫瑰杆菌,着重例述了它们在物质代谢中的行为与生态策略,以更好地理解常驻物种在藻际生态位中的生态行为与协同进化.     

纤毛虫与藻类共生关系的研究现状与展望

纤毛虫与藻类的共生关系在水体环境中广泛存在并有着重要的生态功能。文章回顾了国内外纤毛虫与藻类共生研究的发展历程,主要介绍了纤毛虫与藻类共生的生态功能,以及显微观察与分子生物学技术在纤毛虫与藻类共生研究中的应用;阐述了包括草履虫与小球藻共生关系建立的4个过程及其互作机制、红色中缢虫与隐藻的共生关系、宿主与共生体之间的互作等内容;提出了纤毛虫与藻类共生研究中亟待解决的科学问题,包括草履虫食物泡膜(digestive vacuole, DV)与围藻膜(perialgal vacuole, PV)发挥作用的分子机制、红色中缢虫与隐藻共生关系的建立过程、红色中缢虫在共生过程中的功能作用等,并展望未来的研究方向。     

活体微藻吸附水体中Cd2+的性能特征

【目的】藻类对重金属吸附和吸收是重金属进入食物链的重要渠道之一。研究活体微藻对水体中Cd~(2+)的吸附性能和吸附机理,旨在为Cd~(2+)等重金属离子进入水体后的去向及去除提供理论依据。【方法】选取地表水普遍存在的4种微藻:钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和小球衣藻(Chlamydomonas microsphaera)作为试验材料,通过室内模拟实验,利用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)3种等温吸附模型,研究4种活体微藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附规律及吸附参数。【结果】4种微藻对水体Cd~(2+)吸附均可以用Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R模型描述,其中用Langmuir模型拟合钝顶螺旋藻、Freundlich模型拟合小球衣藻、D-R模型拟合铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的吸附效果最佳。四尾栅藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附量最高,而钝顶螺旋藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附量最低,但与Cd~(2+)的亲和力最强,4种微藻吸附Cd~(2+)主要是以离子代换为主的化学吸附。【结论】微藻对Cd~(2+)均有较强的吸附能力,会引起以微藻为食的水生动物Cd~(2+)富集;微藻也是去除水体Cd~(2+)的潜在吸附剂原料。     

纤毛类原生动物中宿主－共生体系统的研究

目前已经在100多种纤毛虫中观察到细菌、藻类和其他微生物等共生体。对纤毛虫中宿主－共生体系统的研究表明,双小核草履虫中卡巴粒的遗传为细胞质遗传理论提供了例证;含细菌共生体的许多厌氧纤毛虫无线粒体,共生体对宿主代谢有重要作用;尾草履虫－钝状全孢螺菌共生作用中,共生菌感染形式的39kDa、15kDa周质蛋白可分别与IF-3-1、IF-3-2两种单抗反应,其共生体早期感染过程中两种抗原的量发生显著变化,并且共生体生殖形式选择性地合成63kDa蛋白质,该蛋白质可能是与共生作用有联系的关键分子;绿草履虫－小球藻共生系统中,共生藻中存在葡糖胺硬性壁是其与草履虫发生共生关系的基本条件,其中,共生藻参与宿主代谢,与宿主形成相互受益的专一性关系,并且藻类共生体的作用可能影响了宿主草履虫基因组有关结构,改变了其基因表达。作者推测,探索共生体对宿主基因结构及其表达产物的影响可能是对纤毛虫中共生作用研究的主要趋势,这对于深入了解真核细胞中宿主－共生体双方的相互作用、物质交流在分子水平上的调控机理、细胞结构与功能的关系等细胞生命活动规律是有意义的。     

关于石油母质来源的探讨

浮游微藻是海洋和湖泊中的初级生产力,生物量巨大,平均脂类含量高,是沉积岩中有机质的主要母质来源,对石油和天然气的形成贡献最大。对下辽河坳陷早第三纪的大量微体浮游藻类化石研究表明,该坳陷油气资源的形成和微体浮游藻类,特别是沟鞭藻的大量存在密切相关,浮游藻类是该坳陷盆地油气形成有机质来源的重要基础之一。在微藻热模拟成烃实验中引入成岩早期生物、地化因子的影响,使模拟实验更接近自然界的实际情况。对微藻来源的生物标志物研究表明,作为高盐环境重要标志物的2,6,10,14,18—五甲基二十烷也可能来源于藻类生物。在藻类热模拟产物中发现惹烯的存在,提示在解释油气藏的生物母质来源时必须特别谨慎。     

纤毛类原生动物中宿主—共生体系统的研究

目前已经在100多种纤毛虫中观察到细菌、藻类和其他微生物等共生体。对纤毛虫中宿主－共生体系统的研究表明,双小核草履虫中卡巴粒的遗传为细胞质遗传理论提供了例证;含细菌共生体的许多厌氧纤毛虫无线粒体,共生体对宿主代谢有重要作用;尾草履虫－钝状全孢螺菌共生作用中,共生菌感染形式的39kDa、15kDa周质蛋白可分别与IF－3－1、IF－3－2两种单抗反应,其共生体早期感染过程中两种抗原的量发生显著变化,并且共生体生殖形式选择性地合成63kDa蛋白质,该蛋白质可能是与共生作有联系的关键分子;绿草履虫－小球藻共生系统中,共生藻中存在葡糖胺硬性壁是其与草履虫发生共生关系的基本条件,其中,共生藻参与宿主代谢,与宿主形成相互受益的专一性关系,并且藻类共生体的作用可能影响了宿主草履虫基因组有关结构,改变了其基因表达。作者推测,探索共生体对宿主基因结构及其表达产物的影响可能是对纤毛虫中共生作用研究的主要趋势,这对于深入了解真核细胞中宿主－共生体双方的相互作用、物质交流在分子水平上的调控机理、细胞结构与功能的关系等细胞生命活动规律是有意义的。     

藻菌共生处理污水的机制与应用研究进展

在污水处理领域,藻菌共生有同步脱氮、除磷效率高、排放温室气体量低、生物质可资源化回收等优势,近年来受到学者的重视。目前鲜有综述污水处理中藻类与细菌、真菌及混合藻菌间互作机制的文章。本文从藻类-细菌、藻类-真菌、混合藻-混合菌3个方面介绍藻菌共生处理污水的研究进展,重点阐述藻菌间营养物质交换、信号传导及生物絮凝3种不同互作机制,总结污水处理中常见的藻菌共生生物反应器及其应用效果,并从互作机理研究、规模化应用及生物质回收利用的角度展望了今后的研究方向。     

Utilization of iron sulfides for wastewater treatment: a critical review

Acid mine drainage due to weathering of iron sulfide minerals is one of the biggest global environmental issues. However, due to the unique physicochemical properties of natural and synthesized iron sulfides (i.e. pyrite, pyrrhotite, and mackinawite), they can be effectively used for wastewater treatment. These properties, such as ≡SH functional groups as Lewis bases, reducibility of surface Fe and S species, dissolved Fe²⁺ as a catalyst, and dissolved S^2? as an electron donor, are extensively reviewed in this article. The target water pollutants include toxic metals (i.e. lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium) and metalloid (i.e. arsenic), radionuclides (i.e. uranium and selenium), organic contaminants (i.e. chlorinated organic pollutants, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus). The dominant interaction mechanisms between iron sulfides and these contaminants, and the removal efficiencies are elucidated. This article focuses on the role of iron sulfides as functional materials for wastewater treatment. A recent development of nanostructured pyrrhotite with a high specific surface area for wastewater treatment is also highlighted.     

Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from wastewater using algae-based technologies: a review

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) consist of a variety of compounds extensively used for the treatment of human and animal diseases and for health or cosmetic reasons. PPCPs are considered as emerging environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and high environmental risks. In wastewater treatment plants using conventional activated sludge processes, many PPCPs cannot be efficiently removed. Therefore, there is an increasing need for more effective and cost-efficiency ways of removing PPCPs while treating wastewater. Algae-based technologies have recently attracted growing attentions for their potential application in wastewater treatment and hazardous contaminant removal, which are advantages in reducing operation cost while generating valuable products and sequestrating greenhouse gases at the same time. This work reviews the up-to date researches to reveal potential toxic effects of PPCPs on algae and algae-bacteria consortia, identify mechanisms involved in PPCP removal, and assess the fate of PPCPs in algae-based treatment systems. Current researches suggest that algae and algae-bacteria consortia have great potentials in PPCP removal but more works are required before algae-based technologies can be implemented in large scales. Knowledge gaps are identified and further research focuses are proposed in this review.     

Optimization and/or acclimatization of activated sludge process under heavy metals stress

The present study aimed to overcome the toxicity of the heavy metals load, discharged with the industrial effluents into Alexandria sewerage network, on the activated sludge treatment system through effective acclimation for organic matter and heavy metals removal. Optimization and/or acclimatization of the activated sludge process in the presence of Cu, Cd, Co and Cr contaminating mixed domestic-industrial wastewater was investigated. Acclimatization process was performed through abrupt and stepwise addition of tested metals using sequencing batch reactors treatment approach and evaluated as microbial oxygen uptake rate (OUR), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), organic matter (COD) and heavy metals removal. Abrupt addition of metals adversely affected sludge bioactivity leading to decline in the removal efficiency of the targeted contaminants and loss of floc structure. Metals IC₅₀ confirmed that copper possessed the highest toxicity towards the OUR, DHA activity and COD removal with orders Cu > Cd > Cr > Co; Cu > Cd > Co = Cr and Cu > Cd > Cr > Co, respectively. The highest metal removal was recorded for Cd followed by Co, Cu and finally Cr, most of which was retained in the dissolved influent. However, controlled stepwise application of the tested metals exhibited high sensitivity of DHA and OUR activities only at the highest metal concentrations although enhanced at the lowest concentrations while COD removal was not significantly affected. In conclusion, this approach resulted in adaptation of the system where sludge microbes acquired and developed natural resistance to such metals leading to remarkable enhancement of both organic matter and heavy metals removal.     

Do Contaminants Originating from State-of-the-Art Treated Wastewater Impact the Ecological Quality of Surface Waters?

Since the 1980s, advances in wastewater treatment technology have led to considerably improved surface water quality in the urban areas of many high income countries. However, trace concentrations of organic wastewater-associated contaminants may still pose a key environmental hazard impairing the ecological quality of surface waters. To identify key impact factors, we analyzed the effects of a wide range of anthropogenic and environmental variables on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community. We assessed ecological water quality at 26 sampling sites in four urban German lowland river systems with a 0–100% load of state-of-the-art biological activated sludge treated wastewater. The chemical analysis suite comprised 12 organic contaminants (five phosphor organic flame retardants, two musk fragrances, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, octylphenol, diethyltoluamide, terbutryn), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 12 heavy metals. Non-metric multidimensional scaling identified organic contaminants that are mainly wastewater-associated (i.e., phosphor organic flame retardants, musk fragrances, and diethyltoluamide) as a major impact variable on macroinvertebrate species composition. The structural degradation of streams was also identified as a significant factor. Multiple linear regression models revealed a significant impact of organic contaminants on invertebrate populations, in particular on Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species. Spearman rank correlation analyses confirmed wastewater-associated organic contaminants as the most significant variable negatively impacting the biodiversity of sensitive macroinvertebrate species. In addition to increased aquatic pollution with organic contaminants, a greater wastewater fraction was accompanied by a slight decrease in oxygen concentration and an increase in salinity. This study highlights the importance of reducing the wastewater-associated impact on surface waters. For aquatic ecosystems in urban areas this would lead to: (i) improvement of the ecological integrity, (ii) reduction of biodiversity loss, and (iii) faster achievement of objectives of legislative requirements, e.g., the European Water Framework Directive.     

Response of sulfate-reducing bacteria to an artificial oil-spill in a coastal marine sediment

In situ mesocosm experiments using a calcareous sand flat from a coastal area of the island of Mallorca in the Mediterranean Sea were performed in order to study the response of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to controlled crude oil contamination, or heavy contamination with naphthalene. Changes in the microbial community caused by the contamination were monitored by a combination of comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes, fluorescence in situ hybridization, cultivation approaches and metabolic activity rates. Our results showed that crude oil and naphthalene negatively influenced the total microbial community as the natural increase in cell numbers due to the seasonal dynamics was attenuated. However, both contaminants enhanced the sulfate reduction rates, as well as the culturability of SRB. Our results suggested the presence of autochthonous deltaproteobacterial SRBs that were able to degrade crude oil or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene in anaerobic sediment layers.     

Application of zero valent iron coupling with biological process for wastewater treatment: a review

As a promising technology, zero valent iron (ZVI) coupling with microorganisms has attracted extensive attention for contaminants removal from wastewater. The current paper provides a comprehensive review on recent developments in: (1) the chemical behavior of ZVI and potential mechanisms of integrated bio-ZVI technology in contaminants removal; (2) synergistic effects of bio-ZVI towards various common environmental pollutants in wastewater, including inorganic oxyanions, organic compounds, heavy metals and dyes; (3) promotion effects of ZVI on the biologically anaerobic digestion of waste sludge; (4) operating factors affecting the effectiveness of bio-ZVI process; (5) measures developed to enhance the long-term performance of the bio-ZVI technology. The chemical behavior and stimulating roles of ZVI playing in the growth and diversity of microorganisms is reasonable for the synergistic effects of the combined system. It was demonstrated that combined bio-ZVI system showed appreciable removal efficiencies for several types of contaminants. Additionally, the formation of passive layer on the ZVI surface can be avoided by the means of electrochemical and microbial method. Lastly, this review highlighted the research gaps to improve the sustainability of this technology. Based on these understandings, further efforts should be made to expand the applications of this combined technology and establish some feasible strategies to provide opportunities for the engineering applications.     

Protocols To Enhance Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Soil

Protocols were developed to determine whether microbial metabolism limits the ultimate removal of contaminants from soil. Two soils were used: a creosote contaminated soil and a soil contaminated with crude oil. A laboratory-scale slurry-phase bioreactor was used to maximize the rate of desorption of components from the soil to the aqueous phase. The protocols to enhance the ultimate removal of hydrocarbons were as follows: stimulation of the bacterial cultures with either naphthalene or a mixture of anthracene and phenanthrene, the use of static conditions to enhance bacterial attachment to the nonaqueous phase liquids in the soil, and increased incubation temperature. Addition of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds did not stimulate removal of individual target compounds, classes of compounds or total thermally extractable organics. A comparison of well-mixed and static culture conditions showed equivalent removal, except for the lightest PAH and petroleum fractions that were removed more under well-mixed conditions. Increasing the temperature to 30°C from 21°C gave more rapid initial removal of petroleum components, but the ultimate removal was unaffected. Removal of components from the creosote-contaminated soil was unaffected by temperature. These results suggest that desorption of contaminants from the soils limited the ultimate removal of contaminants, not the biological activity.     

The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the reactive oxygen species in the modulation of glutathione transferase by heavy metals in murine hepatoma cell lines

Glutathione transferase (GST) is a phase II detoxifying enzyme that plays a protective mechanism against oxidizing substances and toxic contaminants. Among these contaminants, heavy metals and polycyclic and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) have been shown to exert their toxic effects through the modulation of detoxifying enzymes, including the GSTs. Recently, we showed that heavy metals particularly Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ modulate the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and Gsta1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. However, the effect of heavy metals and their potential interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, PHAHs, on total Gst activity is still unknown. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ in the absence and presence of four AhR ligands on the total Gst activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in wild-type and AhR-deficient Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Our results showed that Hg2+ and Cu2+, but not Pb2+, significantly induced Gst activity in wild-type cells, whereas all metals induced the Gst activity in AhR-deficient cells. The induction of Gst activity by heavy metals was strongly correlated with an increase in the ROS production in wild-type, but not in AhR-deficient cells. Co-administration of heavy metals with AhR ligands differentially modulated Gst activity, in that co-exposure to Hg2+ plus AhR ligands could be beneficial in protecting against cytotoxicity as demonstrated by the increase in Gst activity with a proportional decrease in ROS production. Whereas co-exposure to Cu2+ plus AhR ligands was more toxic in that a decrease in Gst activity and an increase in oxidative stress of the cell were observed. We concluded that heavy metals differentially modulate the Gst activity through oxidative stress- and AhR-mediated mechanisms.     

微藻降解废水污染物的研究进展

微藻在废水处理方面有着很好的开发潜能和极大的优势,在去除氮、磷、富集重金属和降解有毒有机物质的同时,还能作为食品添加原料和养殖饲料等。重点针对微藻的特点及类型、水处理体系的优缺点、废水中的应用及氮磷的去除、重金属离子的富集和难降解有机物的降解机理进行了介绍,并阐述了微藻处理废水中存在的问题及展望了该领域今后的研究方向。