川藏地区棘蝇属六新种(双翅目:蝇科)

本文报道川藏地区棘蝇６新种,１．暗基棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｃｏｘａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,２．宽条棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌａｔｉｓｔｒｉａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．３．似唇棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｃｈｉｌｉｔｉｃａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,４．瘤叶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｒａｔｙｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,５．茂汶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍａｏｗｅｒｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．６．平叶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｆｌａｔｉｃｅ     

四川省棘蝇属四新种记述：（双翅目：蝇科）

１９８０－１９８３年采自四川西部地区的棘蝇属标本中发现四新种,命名为毛胫棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｈｉｒｔｉｔｂｉａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;拟灰白棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍｉｍｉｎｃａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;拟活棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍｉｍｏｖｉｖｉｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及黑膝棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｇｅｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

黑龙江省棘蝇属两新种(双翅目:蝇科)

本文描述采片黑龙江省的蝇科中棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ,１８３０二新种;黄尾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｆｌａｖｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,黑荡棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｅｒｒａｎｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

青海省棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述青海省门源地区产蝇科二新种,褐翅棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｐｅｎｎｉｆｕｓｃａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及半脊棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｓｅｍｉｃａｒｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,它们分别隶属于栉胫棘蝇群（ｓｉｅｂｅｃｋｉ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）和蒙古棘蝇群（ｃｈａｌｃｈｉｃａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）。     

中国刺中属半月棘蝇种团及三种记述（双翅目：蝇科）

报道采自四川地区棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｉｄｙ,１８３０半月棘蝇种团Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ ｇｒｏｕｐ及３种新：半月棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,亚半月棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｕｂｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及宝麟棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｂａｏｌｉｎｉ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学     

中国棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文报道了采自中国贵州省梵净山的棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｏｉｄｙ,１８３０二新种：拱腹棘蝇Ｐ．ａｒｃｕａｔｉｃａｕｄａ Ｃｈｅｎ ｅｔ Ｘｕｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,板齿棘蝇Ｐ．ｌａｍｉｎｉｄｅｎｔａ Ｘｕｅ ｅｔ Ｃｕｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院生物系。     

棘蝇属一新种记述：双翅目：蝇科

本文记述采自辽宁朝阳地区的蝇科棘蝇属一新种,朝阳棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｃｈａｏｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

云南省棘蝇属一新种：（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述采自中国云南省的蝇科棘蝇属ＰｈａｏｎｉａＲ．－Ｄ．,１８３０１新种：小鸦棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌｅｐｔｏｃｏｒａｘ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院生物系。     

棘蝇属一新种记述：双翅目：蝇科

本文记述采自我国山西省的棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ。－Ｄ。,１８３０一新种：方山棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｆａｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本保存在沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

山西省棘蝇属一新种

本文记述采自山西北部山区的蝇科棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ－新种,命名为宁武棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｎｇｗｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本保存于山西省大同市地方病防治所。新种属于光泽棘蝇群Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｙｍｐｈａｅａｒｕｎ－ｒｏｕｐ,同欧洲种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｗａｈｌｂｅｒｇｉ Ｒｉｎｇｄａｈ１,１９３０近缘,与后者区别是新种额宽约为后方两单眼外缘间距的４／５,间额约为一侧额宽的２倍,触     

中国四川西部蝇科五新种（双翅目）

记述采用四川西部山区蝇科5新种：黄肩妙蝇Myospila flavihumera,sp.nov。炎黄肩妙蝇Myospila flavihumeroides,sp.nov.,大雄棘蝇Phaonia daxiongi,sp.nov,,盾叶阳蝇Helina aspidocerca,sp.nov。及世纪阳蝇Helina shijia,sp.nov,模式标本存北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆。     

一些蜘蛛类群味觉毛的形态、数量和分布

化学通讯是蜘蛛最基础和最普遍的种内及种间通讯方式之一,蜘蛛体表的味觉毛能够接触性地或者近距离地感知环境中的化学物质,但味觉毛的相关研究仅在少数几种蜘蛛中有过报道。我们通过扫描电镜分别对幽灵蛛科(Pholcidae)、弱蛛科(Leptonetidae)、泰莱蛛科(Telemidae)、蟹蛛科(Thomisidae)和球蛛科(Theridiidae)共5科32种蜘蛛味觉毛的形态、数量及分布进行了观察。结果显示:蜘蛛味觉毛一般呈"S"形或弧形;毛根部与体表形成较大角度,末端开口。一般分布在步足的跗节和后跗节,一些种类在步足胫节亦有味觉毛分布。所观察的蜘蛛中绝大部分种类在触肢上未发现味觉毛,仅有2种蟹蛛即角红蟹蛛(Thomisus labefactus)和膨胀微蟹蛛(Lysiteles inflatus)以及1种球蛛即鼬形微姬蛛(Phycosomamustelinum)在触肢上有味觉毛。味觉毛的数量在不同蜘蛛种类中有较大差异,从十几根到上百根不等。蜘蛛味觉毛的形态、数量和分布等特征除了与遗传相关外,亦有可能与其生境和生活方式等有关。     

Central organization of common inhibitory motoneurons in the locust: role of afferent signals from leg mechanoreceptors

Intracellular recordings of mesothoracic common inhibitory neurons (CI₁, CI₂ and CI₃) were made while tactile hairs of the middle legs of locusts (Locusta migratoria) were mechanically stimulated. Generally the three common inhibitory neurons were excited by stimulation of tactile hairs on the ventral and dorsal surface of femur and tibia. The response pattern of all three CI neurons was similar suggesting that they work as a functional unit. Touching hairs on the dorsal surface of tibia and tarsus in some cases led to inhibition of CIs. The connection between sensory cells of tactile hairs and common inhibitory neurons is polysynaptic.To identify interneurons which mediate afferent signals, simultaneous intracellular recordings from CIs and interneurons were made. Different spiking interneurons were identified which made excitatory or inhibitory monosynaptic connections with CIs. Interneurons with inhibitory input to CIs belonged to the ventral midline group of spiking local interneurons. Behavioral and electrophysiological results indicate that reflex movements of the leg are accompanied by activity of CI neurons. Further it appears that CI activity is inhibited when reflex movements of the leg are actively suppressed by the animal.Abbreviations CI common inhibitor - IN interneuron - LY Lucifer Yellow     

Differential effects of nitric oxide on the responsiveness of tactile hairs

The responses of tactile hairs located on legs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) are modulated by nitric oxide (NO). There are two types of tactile hair on the tibia of the hind leg of the locust which differ in their thresholds for mechanical stimulation, their location on the leg and in the effect of NO on their responses to deflection. The spike response rates of mechanosensory neurons of low-threshold hairs decreased when exposed to elevated NO levels caused by perfusion of the leg with saline containing the NO donor PAPANONOate. In contrast, in high-threshold hairs, which show low responsiveness under control conditions, an increase in spike rates was observed during PAPANONOate application. These opposing effects of NO reduce the differences in the spike responses of the two types of tactile hairs to mechanical stimulation and are likely to have an impact on behaviours elicited by mechanical stimulation of the legs.     

中国棘蝇属三新种记述 (双翅目：蝇科)

报道了采自中国四川地区的棘蝇属Phaonia Robineau Desvoidy,1830三新种：凹铗棘蝇Phaonia holcocerca Feng et Ma,sp.nov.,高巅棘蝇Phaonia supernapica Feng et Ma,sp.onv.,孟氏棘蝇Phaonia Mengi Feng,sp.nov.。后者系纪念我国已故著名昆虫学家孟庆华教授对医学昆虫学研究所作的贡献而命名。模式标本存于北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所。     

Behavioral response to antennal tactile stimulation in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

We examined behavioral responses of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus to tactile stimuli to the antennae. Three stimulants of similar shape and size but different textures were used: a tibia from the hunting spider Heteropoda venatoria (potential predator), a tibia from the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi (less likely predator), and a glass rod. Each stimulus session comprised a first gentle contact and a second strong contact. The evoked behavioral responses were classified into four categories: aversion, aggression, antennal search, and no response. Regardless of the stimulants, the crickets exhibited antennal search and aversion most frequently in response to the first and second stimuli, respectively. The frequency of aversion was significantly higher to the tibia of H. venatoria than to other stimulants. The most striking observation was that aggressive responses were exclusive to the H. venatoria tibia. To specify the hair type that induced aggression, we manipulated two types of common hairs (bristle and fine) on the tibia of the predatory spider. When bristle hairs were removed from the H. venatoria tibia, aggression was significantly reduced. These results suggest that antennae can discriminate the tactile texture of external objects and elicit adaptive behavioral responses.     

Hairy attachment structures in Reduviidae (Cimicomorpha, Heteroptera), with observations on the fossula spongiosa in some other Cimicomorpha

Reduviidae and some other groups of cimicomorphan Heteroptera possess a hairy attachment structure on the apex of the tibia called “fossula spongiosa”. The fossula spongiosa was never studied comparatively across Reduviidae, its fine structure and mode of function is not well documented, and attachment structures in immature stages are virtually unknown. Here, a sample of 171 species of Reduviidae representing 22 subfamilies is examined for presence-absence of the fossula spongiosa on the three pairs of legs. Representatives of 11 of the 22 subfamilies are shown to possess a fossula spongiosa. The fine structure of the fossula spongiosa is examined for a more limited sample of Reduviidae and several Pachynomidae and Nabidae. In addition, scanning micrographs for the fossula spongiosa in other Cimicomorpha are given, among them Anthocoridae, Cimicidae, Microphysidae (first record of a fossula spongiosa), and Thaumastocoridae. The fossula spongiosa in Reduviidae consists of tenent hairs (acanthae) with spatulate or tapering apices interspersed with sensory setae, both of which are embedded in a thick and flexible cuticle, underlain by a hemolymph cavity separated almost entirely from the interior of the remaining tibia by a cuticular invagination. Judging from comparison with non-reduviid Cimicomorpha, this separation of the fossula spongiosa cavity from the tibial interior may be unique to Reduviidae. A simple experiment using live specimens of Platymeris biguttata (Reduviinae) revealed a liquid on the tip of the tenent hairs that might be involved in the attachment of the fossula spongiosa by adhesion mechanisms. The nymphs of Reduviidae whose adults have a fossula spongiosa are here documented for the first time to possess pads of ventrally barbed setae instead of tenent hairs and their tibia lacks the internal cuticular invagination. The nymphal attachment structures seem to rely on increase of friction rather than the adhesion mechanism proposed to be present in the adult. Combined with the tenent setae on the third tarsomere known in some Emesinae and here documented for Saicinae, three types of hairy attachment structures occur on the legs of Reduviidae: tenent hairs (acanthae), which form the fossula spongiosa in many Reduviidae, barbed setae that substitute the fossula in the immatures, and tenent setae on the tarsus which are restricted to only a few taxa.     

Absence of Root Hairs in Non-Nodulating Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L.

Root hairs observed at the site of lateral root emergence innodulating groundnut cultivars were found to be absent in non-nodulatinggroundnut lines. In a segregating F₂-population of the crossNC 17 x PI 259747 a strong association was observed betweenthe presence of root hairs and nodulation, and the absence ofroot hairs and non-nodulation. Key words: Root hairs, Arachis hypogaea, Non-nodulation     

Observations on the ultrastructure of the flagella and periplast in the Cryptophyceae

The flagella in Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg and two other un-named strains of Cryptomonas both bear stiff hairs with fine distal filaments of the same type as those found in the Xanthophyceae, the Chrysophyceae sensu stricto, the Phaeophyceae, the Bacillariophyceae, the Eustigmatophyceae and the Oomycetes. On the longer of the two flagella the hairs are 2·5 µm long and in two opposite rows whereas on the shorter flagellum they measure only 1 µm, are arranged in a single row and are more closely spaced. The long flagellum also bears a characteristic lateral swelling with a tuft of hairs of the same type as on the remainder of the flagellum, at approximately the level at which it emerges from the gullet. The hairs on the flagella of Hemiselmis rufescens Parke are distributed in a similar manner to those in Cryptomonas but they are more flexible and the swelling and tuft of hairs appear to be absent from the long flagellum. Hairs are apparently absent from the short flagellum of Chroomonas sp. The periplast in Cryptomonas ovata shows a hexagonal pattern in surface view and in sections of all three Cryptomonas strains appears as a typical plasmalemma underlain by a discontinuous layer of electron-dense material with variable substructure. The distribution of flagellar hairs and the structure of the periplast appear to be characters unique to the Cryptophyceae and these features emphasise the isolated position of this class of algae.     

Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of a giant cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, and a comparison with those of several other species (Dictyoptera, Blattaria)

Two kinds of tactile hairs, plain and wavy, thick-walled chemoreceptors and two types of thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on the antennal flagellum of Gromphadorhina portentosa males. These are described and their location on the antenna noted. Females of this species have plain tactile hairs and the same types of chemoreceptors as do the males but wavy tactile hairs are absent. The antennal sense organs of a few specimens of five other species of cockroaches — Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, Supella longipalpa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis and Diploptera punctata — were also examined. All lacked tactile hairs but were provided with thick-walled chemoreceptors and with two types of thin-walled chemoreceptors similar to those described for Gromphadorhina portentosa.