我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展

近年来,由于农业产业结构的调整,我国北方果树栽培种类日益增多、种植面积不断扩大。重要果树害虫梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)为害大幅回升、危害逐年增加。针对这一情况,在西北、东北和华北3个北方果树生产代表区域建立50余个监测示范点,开展了梨小食心虫的生物生态学规律及综合防治技术的研究、集成与示范。研究结果表明,气候变化和种植结构对梨小食心虫发生规律有显著影响。全球气候变暖条件下,梨小食心虫年发生世代呈增加趋势;在果树混栽区域,晚熟桃为梨小食心虫的主要越冬场所。防治技术方面,在对梨小食心虫常规农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治技术组装配套的基础上,重点开展了高效节水诱捕器、国产迷向产品研发及标准化应用技术、优势天敌饲养及释放技术、专用农药研发及农药减量化技术等研究工作。前瞻性地研发了植物源诱捕剂及迷向新剂型等贮备技术。最后针对当前梨小食心虫防治工作中存在的问题和不足,确定了下一步的研究方向:(1)全球气候变暖对梨小食心虫发生动态的影响;(2)梨小食心虫成虫不同寄主间的转移规律;(3)梨小食心虫的抗性监测技术和快速诊断试剂盒研制;(4)梨小食心虫的抗性分子机理与抗性治理技术。     

梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

梨小食心虫成虫性比、日羽化节律及活动规律

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是我国重要的果树害虫,本文利用室内饲养观察、室外田间模拟、果园采集饲养等方法系统研究了梨小食心虫成虫的性比及日羽化节律;并利用性诱剂、糖醋液、黑光灯等诱集梨小食心虫成虫,研究了梨小食心虫成虫的活动规律。结果表明:1、田间采集调查表明,梨小食心虫成虫雌雄比例为1∶1.143,室内饲养雌雄比例为1∶1.708。2、梨小食心虫成虫羽化时间主要集中在4:00—10:00,其中以6:00—8:00羽化率最高;梨小食心虫在室外羽化时间比室内推迟2 h左右,室外梨小食心虫比室内普遍晚4 d羽化,这可能与室外温度和光照条件有关;雌虫羽化较雄虫早1² d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.12 d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.1¹.7,主要在早晨及上午羽化,雌虫较雄虫先羽化;在果园活动时间主要为晚上20:00—22:00。本结果可为梨小食心虫的田间性诱剂监测和诱捕、迷向防治提供指导。     

梨小食心虫性外激素不同诱芯对诱蛾活性及持效期的影响

梨小食心虫[Grapholitha molesta(Busck)]是一种为害梨、桃、李、杏和苹果等的果树大害虫。自从Roelofs等(1969)鉴定其性外激素的主要成份为顺-8-十二碳烯-1-基醋酸酯以来,用合成的性外激素防治梨小食心虫的研究迅速开展。目前,包括我国在内的许多国家已经成功地将性外激素诱捕器用作虫情测报;大量诱杀和迷向法防治梨小食心虫也取得了可喜的进展(Roelofs,1975;孟宪佐,1979)。 诱芯,也叫散发器,是释放合成性外激素的载体,其性能对性外激素的诱蛾效果有很大影响。本文对天然橡胶、硅橡胶和聚乙烯塑料等载体以及性外激素的剂量、载体的配比、诱芯的形状等对性外激素的诱蛾活性和持效期的影响等进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

梨小食心虫对LED光的趋性及影响因素的研究

为了明确梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta Busck对LED光的趋性及果园利用LED光诱捕梨小食心虫的效果,为开发基于梨小食心虫趋光行为的新防治手段提供依据。本研究通过室内观察梨小食心虫成虫对不同波长的4种LED光及白光的趋性及暗适应时间、性别、日龄和光照强度对趋光性的影响,进一步调查了LED光对田间梨小食心虫成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明:在室内条件下,梨小食心虫成虫对520 nm的绿光趋性最强。1⁵日龄成虫中,以3日龄成虫趋光性最强,且雌虫趋光性显著高于雄虫。在暗适应0.55日龄成虫中,以3日龄成虫趋光性最强,且雌虫趋光性显著高于雄虫。在暗适应0.5³.0 h范围内,梨小食心虫成虫的趋光性表现为"抛物线形",以暗适应2.0 h时趋光性最强,并显著高于其它暗适应处理时间。在550、650、750、850 lx光照强度下,以650 lx光强时的趋光性最强。田间诱捕结果表明,不同颜色的LED灯对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果均不理想,不适于梨小食心虫的防治。     

北方果树食心虫远程便捷识别系统

针对目前果树食心虫识别方法实用性差、效率低、准确性不高的问题,开发了北方果树食心虫的远程便捷识别系统。本系统以科学性和实用性相结合为准则,创新性的以"果树种类"→"果树生育期"→"取食部位"→"受害状"→"虫体粗略特征"→"虫体细微特征"为逻辑,模拟果农识别食心虫时由表及里,由内到外,由粗及细的过程,并由此建立了远程便捷识别诊断的模型。总结苹果、梨、枣、桃、杏5种果树在萌芽、开花、抽枝、展叶和座果5个生育阶段时,桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫、桃蛀螟等14种常见食心虫在果树的芽、花、枝、叶和果实上取食的危害状,食心虫的粗略和细微识别特征及食心虫的发生规律、预测预报和防治方法等详细信息。按识别诊断模型的逻辑编写识别检索表,并建立果树发育阶段、果树受害部位及各种食心虫的信息数据库,及匹配的图片信息数据库。利用VBScript程序表达模型的逻辑关系,通过搭建web平台,基于Windows Server2003的IIS6.0架构本系统,实现了远程数据共享,即北方果树食心虫的远程便捷识别系统。本系统包含了北方果树上主要食心虫各方面信息,且操作快捷简单,较传统的食心虫分类大大提高了效率,为果园的食心虫识别和防治提供了极大的便利。     

北京密云两种蛀果类害虫的发生及防治

桃蛀果蛾与梨小食心虫是北京密云县燕落果树产区的主要蛀果类害虫 ,我们对两种食心虫的发生及其生物学特性进行了观察 ,并提出了防治两种食心虫的综合技术措施 ,使蛀果率由原来的年平均6 0 %降至 2 %。     

梨小食心虫迷向液剂的制备及应用研究

【目的】解决梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)迷向丝和迷向管在田间防治使用时悬挂数量多、人工费时等问题,并实现梨小食心虫性信息素在整个防治区域均匀释放。【方法】采用相分离法制备获得了稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂,并参考《农药田间使用准则》进行了田间应用技术研究。【结果】在6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂后,150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理区的平均蛀果率分别为0.17%和0.13%,对照处理的平均蛀果率为1.75%,而未施药果园的平均蛀果率为5.04%。梨小食心虫迷向液剂150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理对梨小食心虫的防治效果显著好于对照处理和未施药处理。【结论】相分离法可制备稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂。6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂150²00 g/667m2对梨小食心虫成虫进行防治,可获得良好的迷向和防治效果,梨小食心虫迷向液剂的成功制备对于生产无公害和有机水果具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

大面积连片应用性迷向素对桃园梨小食心虫的防控效果

为了评价梨小食心虫迷向素的实际防控效果,在大面积连片使用梨小食心虫性迷向素的北京市平谷区(约8667 ha),分别选择王辛庄镇翟各庄村、东杏园村和峪口镇西营村的3个处理果园。以临近的采用常规化学防治的顺义区杨镇小曹庄村为对照,采用性诱剂和糖醋液监测调查比较桃园梨小食心虫的发生动态、抽样法调查统计桃树蛀梢率和蛀果率等,评价性迷向素梨小食心虫田间控制效果。结果显示,迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的种群数量显著低于常规化学防治的对照区。3个迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为99.05%、98.10%和99.68%;保梢效果均在98.40%以上,保果效果几乎达到100%。说明桃园大面积应用迷向技术对梨小食心虫具有很好的控制作用。     

Seasonal and cultivar-associated variation in oviposition preference of Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults and feeding behavior of neonate larvae in apples

The Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) has become a pest of tree fruits since its introduction to the United States in the early twentieth century. Oriental fruit moth has historically been a major pest problem in peach production, and outbreaks in commercial apple (Malus spp.) orchards in the eastern United States were rare until the late 1990s. Recent outbreaks in Mid-Atlantic apple orchards have lead researchers to investigate host-associated effects on oriental fruit moth biology, behavior, and population dynamics. Studies were designed to assess cultivar level effects in apples on oviposition and larval feeding behavior of oriental fruit moth. In a mixed cultivar apple orchard, total oriental fruit moth oviposition and oviposition site preferences varied between cultivars. These preferences also varied over time, when sampling was repeated at various times of the growing season. Although most adult female oriental fruit moth preferentially oviposited in the calyx and stem areas of apple fruit, noticeable numbers of eggs also were laid on the sides of fruit, contradicting some previous reports. Oriental fruit moth females exhibited a strong ovipositional preference for fruit that were previously damaged by oriental fruit moth or codling moth, Cydia ponmonella (L.). The majority of newly hatched oriental fruit moth larvae were observed to spend <24 h on the surface of apple fruit before entry, and this behavior was observed on several apple cultivars. Neonate larvae exhibited a preference for entering fruit at either the stem or calyx ends, regardless of their initial site of placement. Our findings underscore the importance of adequate spray coverage and accurate timing of insecticide applications targeting oriental fruit moth.     

Ionizing irradiation quarantine treatment against oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in ambient and hypoxic atmospheres

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), is a pest of many rosaceous temperate fruits, including pomes, Malus spp., and stone fruits, Prunus spp., in much of the world. However, some areas are free of the pest, and shipments of fruit hosts from infested to noninfested areas may be regulated. Current quarantine treatments for oriental fruit moth include methyl bromide fumigation and cold storage for several weeks. Methyl bromide use is being restricted because it is a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance, and alternatives are sought. Cold is not tolerated by many hosts of oriental fruit moth. The objective of this research was to develop irradiation quarantine treatments against the pest under ambient and hypoxic storage conditions because some hosts of oriental fruit moth are stored in hypoxic atmospheres, and hypoxia is known to lessen the effects of irradiation. In ambient atmospheres, no adults emerged from 58,779 fifth instars (the most radiotolerant stage present in fruit) irradiated with a target dose of 200 Gy (195-232 Gy measured). In atmospheres flushed with nitrogen, 5.3% of adults emerged from 44,050 fifth instars irradiated with a target dose of 200 Gy (194-230 Gy measured), but they died at a faster rate than control adults and without laying eggs. A dose of 232 Gy (the maximum recorded when 200 Gy was targeted) is recommended to disinfest any fruit of oriental fruit moth under ambient and hypoxic atmospheres.     

不同口径陷阱诱捕器诱杀梨小食心虫研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是重要的蛀果类害虫之一,目前性信息素广泛应用于梨小食心虫防治,为明确性信息素陷阱诱捕器的诱捕效果,针对开口方式设计四面开口和两面开口两种处理的陷阱诱捕器;针对口径的大小下设计2、3、4、5、6 cm的5种口径的对口瓶陷阱式诱捕器,分别在桃园对梨小食心虫进行诱捕试验,诱捕结果显示两面开口的诱捕器诱捕效果比四面开口的诱捕器效果显著,口径为2 cm和3 cm的陷井式诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,诱捕量显著高于5 cm和6 cm,诱捕量达34.6头/日和20.4头/日。通过试验明确了陷阱诱捕器的最佳诱捕效果的参数,同时为测报及田间大量诱杀的诱捕器使用提供依据,为防控梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器提供标准化参数。     

Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and management with methoxyfenozide in North Carolina apples

The phenology of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), on apple (Malus spp.) in North Carolina was studied using pheromone traps and egg sampling in abandoned and commercial orchards in 2000 and 2001, with subsequent development of an oviposition degree-day model and management studies in relation to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), phenology. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found in greater numbers on leaves early and on fruit later in the growing season, on the top versus the bottom of the leaf surface, and on the calyx area versus the side or stem end of the fruit. A degree-day (DD) model to predict oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed based on temperature accumulations from peak moth trap capture of the first (overwintering) generation, by using 7.2 and 32.2 degrees C as the temperature limits. The model predicted four ovipositing generations of oriental fruit moth with the second beginning 507 DD after peak moth catch. Using predictions of the oriental fruit moth and codling moth degree-day oviposition models, an experiment was conducted to determine the level of second generation oriental fruit moth control with methoxyfenozide applied under different scenarios for first generation codling moth. Methoxyfenozide was equally effective in managing codling moth and oriental fruit moth for all treatment timings.     

梨小食心虫和苹小卷叶蛾在桃园的发生规律与防治

通过对山西临汾桃园苹小卷叶蛾(以下简称苹小)Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)、梨小食心虫(以下简称梨小)Grapholita molesta(Busck)的调查,明确山西临汾桃园苹小和梨小的发生规律,苹小和梨小均是临汾桃园的重要害虫,梨小和苹小不仅种群数量在年度间波动较大,而且种群动态的趋势在年度间也不一致。首次指明梨小的化蛹场所,梨小在树上寻找多种类型的隐蔽处化蛹。苹小对糖醋液的趋性显著强于对性诱剂的趋性,梨小对性诱剂的趋性显著强于对糖醋液的趋性,根据苹小梨小对糖醋液和性诱剂的趋性特点和他们各虫态的发育历期,对桃园苹小和梨小的防治提出较为合理的思路。     

间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落的结构及动态

对间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明:杂交杏李园害虫种类有蚜虫类、叶螨类、食心虫类、介壳虫类、吮吸类、食叶类等,危害最为严重的是蚜虫类、叶螨类和食心虫类,这三种害虫的数量直接影响果实的产量。蓄草果园的天敌种类主要有蜘蛛类、瓢虫类和草蛉类,这三类天敌对主要害虫具有一定的控制作用,而且对维持果园害虫及其天敌之间平衡起着重要作用。对各功能类群的数量结构、生态优势度和多样性分析表明,间种牧草果园节肢动物群落结构比较稳定,各种群落指标相对平衡,天敌自然控害效果比较明显。分析认为果园有害生物综合治理应坚持大量利用自然天敌为主的生态控制的途径,不断优化果园生物群落结构、提高群落多样性和均匀度,减少群落生态优势度,增强群落自身调节控害能力,辅助使用农药,逐步达到生态控制果园有害生物的目的。     

Potential for controlling codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Argentina using the sterile insect technique and egg parasitoids

Codling moth is the main pest affecting apples and pears worldwide. Most pest control strategies used against this insect have relied on the use of broad‐spectrum insecticides which have led to non‐desirable effects like pesticide resistance, residues in the environment, human health concerns and the reduction of access to international markets. Therefore, alternative pest control strategies that would result in sustainable fruit production systems while taking care of the environment are strongly promoted. The use of the sterile insect technique has proven to be a valuable pest control tactic within area‐wide integrated pest management strategies, and its synergistic effect for Lepidoptera pests when combined with other biological control tactics such as parasitoids has been documented. The purposes of this research were to evaluate the response of an Argentinean codling moth strain to a sub‐sterilizing radiation dose of 100 Gy and to assess the acceptability and suitability of sterile codling moth eggs by the egg parasitoids, Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) and Trichogramma nerudai (Pintureau and Gerding). Irradiated female moths survived better than irradiated male moths and non‐irradiated male and female moths. Also, the fecundity of irradiated female moths was reduced by more than 30% as compared to non‐irradiated ones whereas their fertility was close to zero. The F₁ generation was male biased with a lower fertility (inherited sterility) than the parental generation. Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. nerudai parasitized both fertile and sterile eggs. However, there was a significant reduction in acceptability for sterile eggs. Trichogramma nerudai parasitized more eggs than T. cacoeciae, but egg acceptability for this species was proportionally lower than for T. cacoeciae especially on eggs oviposited by irradiated females. Development to adult of both parasitoids species was not substantially affected by the origin of the eggs and the wasps had acceptable levels of adult emergence, survival and fecundity. These results provided useful information on the potential for controlling the codling moth using egg parasitoids and the sterile insect technique in Argentina.     

Current status and future perspectives on natural enemies for pest control in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

In Taiwan, the agricultural policy, ‘Reduce the consumption of pesticide to half in the next 10 years’, was launched in 2017. Pesticide application, which results in contamination of food by chemical residues, pest resistance, and other adverse ecological effects, is a growing public and environmental concern. Pest control by natural predators is, thus, the best alternative. Biological control methods implemented based on insights obtained from studies on pest behaviour, rearing, and various crop management modes, increase the possibility of controlling pests in modern organic agricultural systems. More than a decade has passed since the first introduction of a predatory insect in Taiwan for pest control (in the 1990s). Predatory and parasitic natural enemies, including lacewing, predatory stink bugs, Orius, and parasitic wasps, were initially used for controlling thrips, aphids, spider mites, whiteflies, and lepidopteran pests. At present, there exists a wide range of integrated pest management (IPM) methods incorporating other non-chemical, biological, and agricultural methods. However, recently, there has been an increase in research and development on the utilisation of natural enemies of insects and the associated food safety issues. Mass production and release, storage, and handling techniques of insect predators and parasitoids have been successful in recent years. The final goal of present day research is to develop natural enemy products and provide an IPM-based model to farmers for using natural enemies in agricultural production systems, thereby reducing pesticide application and ensuring food security.