梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

酪蝇蛹对其成虫的引诱效果

室内采用Y型嗅觉仪测定酪蝇蛹、蛹壳及蛹的正己烷提取液对酪蝇成虫的引诱效果.结果表明:酪蝇的蛹、蛹的正己烷提取液对雌、雄成虫有明显的引诱,随着蛹量的增加其对雄虫的引诱效果增加,对雌虫的引诱效果下降;提取液浓度为5～12.5头当量/mL时,对雌、雄成虫有明显的引诱效果,但在浓度为2.5头当量/mL时对雄虫有明显的驱避效果,雌性蛹壳对两性成虫有明显的引诱效果,而雄性蛹壳只对雄虫有明显的引诱效果,对雌虫有明显的驱避效果.     

酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对其雄虫的引诱效果

【目的】本文研究目的是验证酪蝇Piophila casei雌虫卵巢是否存在性信息素,并为酪蝇性信息素研究提供科学依据。【方法】测定了酪蝇雄虫对不同剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物的行为选择反应和触角电位反应,还利用模拟仓储实验测定了不同剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物对酪蝇雄虫的诱捕效果。【结果】当酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物的剂量分别为0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5头当量时,雄虫对0.5、1、1.5头当量的雌虫卵巢提取物有选择反应,雄虫对这5个剂量的雌虫卵巢提取物均具有触角电位反应。酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫诱捕效果的模拟仓储实验结果显示:当酪蝇卵巢提取物的剂量分别为2、4、6、8、10头当量时,在非选择性实验中各当量的雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫均有引诱效果,在选择性实验中雌虫卵巢提取物的剂量为2头当量时,对雄虫的引诱效果最好。【结论】酪蝇雌虫卵巢提取物对雄虫有显著的引诱效果,表明酪蝇雌虫卵巢中存在吸引雄虫的化学成分,即酪蝇的性信息素。     

光周期对小菜蛾羽化节律的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究光周期对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(Linn.)羽化节律的调控作用,为小菜蛾的季节性种群动态预测提供理论基础。【方法】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,观察小菜蛾每日的羽化情况。【结果】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,小菜蛾蛹在24 h均可以羽化。正常光周期下,羽化行为表现为近似抛物线形昼夜节律,雌成虫通常在黑暗阶段羽化（18:00-6:00）,而雄成虫大多在光照阶段羽化（6:00-18:00）。在逆转光周期下,小菜蛾蛹的羽化无明显规律。在正常光周期下,雌成虫的羽化频率在光期和暗期没有显著差异,但是,相比于暗期,雄成虫在光期羽化率较高;在逆转光周期后,雌成虫在暗期（6:00-18:00）的羽化数量比光期（18:00-6:00）高,雄成虫暗期的羽化数量比光期低。【结论】光周期逆转后小菜蛾雌成虫和雄成虫的羽化节律明显改变,这将有助于阐明害虫光周期变化与生物钟之间的关系。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊成虫行为学特征及性诱效果的研究

本文在室内条件下研究了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis rohiniae(Haldemann)成虫羽化、交尾、产卵行为的时间动态节律以及雌蚊性诱效果.结果表明:雌虫5:00-6:00为羽化高峰期,雄虫1:00-2:00为羽化高峰期,雌虫羽化高峰期期迟于雄虫4 h左右.雌蚊羽化后20min左右即外伸产卵器吸引雄蚊交配...     

性比对草地螟生殖潜力和寿命的影响

【目的】探明性比对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.种群繁殖的影响,为预测预报提供科学指导。【方法】室内条件(温度(22±1℃,相对湿度70%±5%,光周期16L︰8D)下,研究了草地螟成虫雌雄比例(♀︰♂=1︰3,1︰2,1︰1,2︰1,3︰1)对主要繁殖参数和寿命的影响。【结果】草地螟成虫的产卵前期随着雌蛾比例的增大而延长;性比为1︰1时雌蛾的产卵同步性最高;雌蛾的交配次数、产卵量以及最终孵出的后代幼虫量在不同性比组之间差异变化不大,而雄蛾的交配次数、对后代的贡献量却随着雌蛾比例的加大而显著增加,而当雌雄比为3︰1时,雌雄蛾的寿命均显著下降;在雌雄比为3︰1的条件下,雄蛾的交配次数以及对后代的贡献量均为雌蛾的2倍左右。【结论】性比对草地螟雌蛾生殖影响较小,而对雄蛾生殖的影响较大。在雌成虫比例较低(性比为1︰3)的情况下,雄成虫的交配和生殖能力不能得到充分发挥,进而造成种群生殖资源的浪费。根据雌雄成虫交配潜力及对后代贡献量的比较分析,可以推测性比为2︰1至1︰1时,有利于草地螟大发生种群的形成。     

石斛篓象成虫对不同来源气味的行为反应

【目的】研究不同来源气味对石斛篓象Nassophasis sp.成虫嗅觉选择行为的影响,对于发展新型石斛篓象成虫防治技术具有重要意义。【方法】应用陷阱式嗅觉测定仪测试了石斛篓象成虫对同种个体气味、蛹壳气味、成虫粪便、球花石斛Dendrobium thyrsiflorum受害植株气味的嗅觉反应。【结果】雌成虫气味对雄成虫有引诱作用,对雌成虫没有引诱作用;雄虫气味对雌、雄成虫均无引诱效果。雌、雄蛹壳气味对雌、雄成虫均有显著引诱效果。两性成虫聚集时产生的粪便对雌、雄成虫均有显著引诱作用,雌虫或者雄虫单独放置时产生的粪便对雌、雄成虫均无引诱效果。被雌虫为害的球花石斛植株茎干释放的气味仅对雌虫有引诱作用, 而受雄虫为害后的茎干产生的气味仅对雄成虫有引诱作用。【结论】本研究为进一步分离、 鉴定对该虫有引诱作用的活性物质奠定了基础。     

酪蝇交配行为和能力

在(27±1)℃,光周期L∶D=12∶12的条件下对酪蝇Piophila casei L.交配行为及能力进行了研究。结果表明,雌虫在羽化1min后即可交配,而雄虫在羽化30min后进行交配。进一步观察结果表明,羽化后80min的两性成虫交配率最高(90%),成虫一天之中的交配高峰期出现在10∶00—11∶00,次高峰出现在11∶00—12∶00。两性交配持续时间从4～9min不等,以5min为最多(43.3%),6min次之(23.3%)。一般情况下,雌虫一生只交配1次,雄虫从1～7次不等,但以2次为最多(45%),3次的次之(20%)。     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇对寄主气味的行为反应

【目的】探究番石榴果实气味对番石榴实蝇Bactroceracorrecta行为的影响,为番石榴实蝇的化学生态防治提供理论依据。【方法】利用风洞观察箱观察性未成熟、性成熟未交配和交配3种不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌、雄成虫对单个番石榴果实气味的定向反应,对不同生理状态的雌、雄虫的飞行速度进行了分析。【结果】番石榴果实气味对不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫均能产生显著的引诱效果,交配雌虫降落到气味源的数量最多,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫降落数最少。不同生理状态下的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫逆风飞行的速度均显著高于空白对照,性成熟的番石榴实蝇雌成虫的逆风飞行速度均高于雄成虫。【结论】不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄虫对寄主番石榴气味具有不同的敏感性和选择性,已交配雌虫反应最强,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫的反应最弱。     

Rhythmicity of mating and oviposition inCallosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Mating and oviposition behaviors were studied inCallosobruchus subinnotatus. Copulation was most frequent during the late scotophase, 2–3 h before onset of photophase. The females were less willing to mate during photophase, which increased the time to initiate mating while decreasing the duration of mating. Females exhibited increased movement prior to mating, resting immediately after mating, and remained stationary for 6 h when oviposition commenced. Multiple mating by both males and females affected the number of eggs laid, duration of mating, and uncoupling time at the end of mating. Females that mated two or three times laid more eggs than females that mated once or more than three times. Females that remainedin copula for less than 18 min showed greater readiness to remate than those that remainedin copula longer. There was a gradual decrease in the number of eggs females could lay with an increase in the number of previous matings by males.     

Sexual behavior of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

To get a better understanding of the mating behavior of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), we developed a robust laboratory colony derived from larvae collected in Bakersfield, California and fed on dried, roasted pistachio. In the lab at 25 degrees C, most of the mating activity was observed during the last hour of the scotophase and for the first 30 min of the photophase. Female calling was characterized by the abdomen being protruded between the wings with the distal segments perpendicular to the body and exposing a pheromone gland, as well as by continuous antennation. Males approached calling females from a short distance by displaying wing fanning and antennation. When a male antennated on a calling female's abdomen, she either accepted the male and lowered the abdomen, or walked away. The accepted male made a final approach parallel to the female's body, but after coupling he rotated 180 masculine with male and female remaining in a linear, abdomen-to-abdomen position for over 3 h in average. In a possible strategy to maximize the chances of mating, the sex ratio was significantly skewed towards males in the first two days of emergence. Almost 80% of mating took place in the first two days after adult emergence, with females mating only once. About 55% of males mated only once and approximately 40% of the observed males mated twice and 5% tree times.     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

Cuticular Compounds Recognition and Mating Behavior of the Rice Water Weevil Oryzophagus oryzae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Oryzophagus oryzae mating behavior and mate recognition were investigated. Bioassays revealed that couples had intense sexual activity in the first 3 h of photophase and scotophase. Adults mated and re-mated at any time of day in the presence of water; however, in the absence of water, only 10 % of adults mated, meaning that water was important for couples to find each other. In the sequence of pre-mating behaviors bioassay four steps were observed and females were always attracted to males, seeking them, before copulation; after mating, males showed guarding activity of variable duration, allowing remating. Cuticule extractions revealed that both sexes had similar cuticular chemical compounds. They were identified as aldehydes and a ketone, probably because of its aquatic life habits. Bioassays suggested that males recognized females by their cuticle composition.     

Role of juvenile hormone esterase and epoxide hydrolase in reproduction of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea

The role of juvenile hormone (JH) esterase (JHE) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) in reproduction of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, was investigated. Peak emergence of male and female bollworm adults occurred early in the scotophase. Female adults were added to males in a 1:2 ratio, respectively, at the beginning of the first photophase after emergence (d0). The highest oviposition rates for mated females were noted on d 2-4. The in vitro JH III esterase and JH III EH activity was measured in whole body homogenates of virgin and mated females from d0 to d8 post-emergence. Maximal JHE activity for virgin females occurred on d2 (1.09+/-0.14(+/-1 SEM) nmol of JH III degraded/min/mg protein), which was approximately twice that of mated females on the same day. The same results were observed for EH where the activity peaked on d2 at 0.053+/-0.003 as compared to 0.033+/-0.003 nmol of JH III degraded/min/mg protein, respectively. By d4, both JHE and JH EH activities declined significantly in virgin and mated females and were the same through d7. The developmental changes and effects of mating on JH degradation were similar when measured per insect. The highest levels of JHE and JH EH activity/min/mg protein in d2 virgin and mated females was found in ovaries followed by the carcass and then haemolymph; no EH activity was found in haemolymph as expected. For ovary, the JHE and JH EH activity was highest in virgin compared to mated females. The role of both enzymes in the regulation of reproduction is discussed.     

Mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nnonagrioides

The mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) [Lepidoptera:Noctuidae] was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and 16:8 (L:D) regime. The females began calling during the first scotophase following emergence, the peak of calling occurred during the second scotophase and thereafter decreased. Maximum calling was observed between the fourth and sixth hour of the scotophase. The calling pattern varied with age. During the first and second scotophase most of the females were calling continuously, while during the third and fourth scotophase periodic calling was observed. The mean onset of calling was advanced and the mean length of calling per day was increased slightly as the female became older. Females held for 72 h in continuous darkness exhibited an endogenous circadian rhythm of calling. Matings began during the first scotophase following emergence and the peak of mating was observed during the second scotophase. Mated females did not remate. Few males mated more than once during the following scotophases.     

Nocturnal Calling Behavior in Mantids

Females of Mantis religiosa and Empusa pennata were video taped for several 24 h periods to determine if they showed behaviors associated with pheromone release. In the photophase the abdomen of both species was motionless and rested in continuous contact with the wings. However, at the beginning of the scotophase the females bent the abdomen ventrally so that the space between the abdomen and the wings increased significantly with respect to the daytime posture. Calling behavior (abdominal bending) was maintained throughout the 8 h scotophase and ended abruptly at lights on. Females of M. religiosa did not start calling until they were 30 days of age. Calling disappeared in mated females, but it reappeared two weeks later. Males stayed motionless in response to the odors emitted by other males or by noncalling females, but walked when a calling female was placed in the air flow. These observations suggest that female mantids bend their abdomens at night to release a sex pheromone. The adaptive function of nocturnal sex pheromone release in sexually cannibalistic species that rely strongly on visual cues for mating is discussed.     

Mating behavior of Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) is an economically important pest of Neotropical cultures and represents a quarantine risk for Neartic and Paleartic Regions. Despite its agricultural importance, few studies have been done on mating behavior and chemical communication, which has delayed the development of behavioral techniques for population management, such as the use of pheromone traps. In this study, we determined 1) the age at first mating; 2) diel rhythm of matings; 3) number of matings over 7 d; 4) the sequence of D. speciosa activities during premating, mating, and postmating; 5) the duration of each activity; and 6) response to male and female conspecific volatiles in Y-tube olfactometer. The first mating occurred between the third and seventh day after adult emergence and the majority of pairs mated on the fourth day after emergence. Pairs of D. speciosa showed a daily rhythm of mating with greater sexual activity between the end of the photophase and the first half of the scotophase. During the 7 d of observation, most pairs mated only once, although 30% mated two, three, or four times. In a Y-tube olfactometer, males were attracted by virgin females as well as by the volatile compounds emitted by females. Neither males nor their volatiles were attractive to either sex. Our observation provide information about mating behavior of D. speciosa, which will be useful in future research in chemical communication, such as identification of the pheromone and development of management techniques for this species using pheromone traps.     

烟夜蛾雄蛾性附腺因子对雌蛾性信 息素合成的抑制作用

烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta处女蛾在交配后1 h,其性信息素滴度即显著降低,72 h内未见恢复。生测结果表明,烟夜蛾性信息素合成抑制因子主要来源于雄蛾性附腺。不同日龄雄蛾性附腺提取物的抑制活性无显著差异。光暗期对其活性具显著影响,暗期中雄蛾的性附腺物质对雌蛾性信息素合成具有较强抑制作用,而光期中雄蛾的性附腺物质不具抑制活性。在暗期的不同时间处理,对处女蛾性信息素合成的抑制作用无显著差异。雄蛾性附腺提取物对雌蛾性信息素合成的抑制作用与注射剂量有明显的相关性,0.2 ME（雄蛾当量）是产生显著抑制作用的最小剂量。对交配雌蛾注射性信息素生物合成激活神经肽（PBAN）提取物后,其性信息素合成又可恢复,这说明雌蛾交配后,性信息素滴度降低的原因是由于缺少了PBAN的调控。