微波法从蛹虫草中提取虫草多糖的技术研究

以蛹虫草(Cordycepsmilitaris)为原料,采用微波法对其虫草多糖的提取工艺进行了探讨。通过对其微波功率、提取时间和料水质量比进行正交优化,得到一个最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率700 W、提取时间2.0 min、料水质量比1:60。通过正交优化的多糖得率为3.78%,比常规热水浸提法高出0.79个百分点。故此,利用微波法从蛹虫草中提取虫草多糖具有得率高、能耗小、操作简单等优点。     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取发酵虫草菌丝体多糖工艺

为优化发酵虫草菌粉多糖的微波辅助提取工艺,在单因素实验基础上,以液固比、微波功率以及提取时间为自变量,多糖提取率为响应值,采用中心组合设计的方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对多糖提取率的影响。利用SAS软件和响应面分析相结合的方法对发酵虫草菌粉多糖的微波辅助提取工艺进行优化,确定了微波辅助提取多糖的最佳条件：液固比值12．2,微波功率650．5W,提取时间11．8min,在此条件下,多糖提取率达到6．41％。采用此法提取的虫草菌丝体多糖,当质量浓度为1mg／mL时,对二苯代苦味肼基自由基（DPPH）清除率达到76％。     

低能离子束修饰蛹虫草菌株高产虫草素

虫草素具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗炎等多种功效。为了更好地开发蛹虫草资源,选择合适剂量的低能离子束注入蛹虫草,优化虫草素的提取工艺条件,采用紫外分光光度法检测注入前后菌株中虫草素的含量。结果表明:最佳注入剂量为2.60×1015ions/cm2,虫草素最佳的微波-超声波提取工艺为:乙醇浓度70%,提取功率200W,提取时间110s,料液比1:240。选育出虫草素含量较高的15株菌株,最高含量达(11.924±0.063)mg/g,比原始菌株增长了近30%。     

响应面法优化蛹虫草蛋白超声波辅助提取工艺及其营养评价

以蛹虫草为材料,采用响应面分析法对蛹虫草蛋白超声波辅助提取工艺参数进行优化,并对所提取蛹虫草蛋白氨基酸组成与营养价值进行分析。蛹虫草蛋白超声波辅助提取的最优条件为:料液比1∶50、pH=8.57,150 W功率下超声30 min,然后关闭超声波,置于35℃条件下继续搅拌提取72 min,此条件下蛋白质提取率达到85.6%,是不超声对照组蛋白提取率的1.68倍,与模型预测值相对误差为±0.77%。在最优工艺条件下所提取的蛹虫草蛋白含必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值为44.4%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为79.84%,均大于世界粮食与农业组织和世界卫生组织的推荐值,表明所提蛹虫草蛋白质具有较高的营养价值,为蛹虫草蛋白的高效提取及蛹虫草的保健食品开发提供了参考。     

从废弃蛹虫草大米培养基中高效提取纯化虫草素工艺条件研究

虫草素是蛹虫草的次生代谢产物,具有重要的药用价值,当前主要从蛹虫草子实体中提取。本文提供了一种从蛹虫草子实体生产的副产物——大米培养基中高效提取纯化虫草素的新方法。该方法包括连续逆流提取、732阳离子交换树脂柱层析和结晶三步。对每一步的工艺参数进行了系统优化。用该优化的方法从大米培养基中提取虫草素,虫草素产品的纯度达98.0%以上,产率达66.0%以上。     

蛹虫草黄色素提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化研究

本研究为了得到蛹虫草黄色素最佳提取工艺,采用Box-Behnken方法,在单因素试验的基础上以黄色素的提取率为响应值,利用响应面设计对超声波辅助乙醇提取蛹虫草黄色素工艺进行优化,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明超声波辅助乙醇提取蛹虫草黄色素的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数57.00%、液料比32.00:1、提取时间18.00min,在此条件下黄色素提取率达(1.976±0.017)mg/g。红外光谱和高效液相色谱的结果表明,该提取条件下获得的蛹虫草黄色素主要成分为cordyxanthin。蛹虫草黄色素DPPH自由基清除力IC₅₀为0.59mg/mL,在5mg/mL时,总抗氧化力高达0.587,在10mg/mL时,铁离子还原力高达1.488。     

蛹虫草饲料添加剂的研究现状及展望

蛹虫草饲料添加剂包括蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、蛹虫草菌固液发酵产物、 微生物发酵蛹虫草残基等产品。蛹虫草饲料添加剂含有粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等营养成分,以及虫草素、腺苷、多糖等活性成分,在畜禽、反刍动物、水产品等动物养殖中的应用均获得较好的 效果。对蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、利用蛹虫草菌及培养残基制作发酵饲料等蛹虫草饲料添加剂在动物养殖中的研究应用进行了总结,对存在的问题及发展前景进行了探讨及展望。     

扁蓄总黄酮提取方法的比较研究

目的:筛选扁蓄总黄酮的最佳提取方法和提取工艺.方法:以扁蓄总黄酮的提取率为指标,分别采用乙醇回流法、超声波法和微波法提取扁蓄总黄酮,通过正交试验对提取工艺中的温度、固液比、提取功率及时间等技术参数进行考察,使用分光光度法测定扁蓄总黄酮含量.结果:回流提取扁蓄总黄酮提取率为1.09%,超声波提取扁蓄总黄酮的最佳条件为温度80℃,固液比1:10,功率700 W,提取2次,每次20 min,提取率为1.67%,微波法提取扁蓄总黄酮的最佳条件为温度100℃,功率700 W,固液比1:20,提取2次,每次10min,提取率为1.98%.结论:微波提取法提取扁蓄总黄酮具有高效、省时、节能等优点,在中药提取中有良好的应用前景.     

蛹虫草优良菌株的筛选

通过对5株蛹虫草的菌丝形态和生长速率、液体培养生物量和胞外多糖、人工栽培和子实体中活性物质虫草多糖和虫草素的对比研究,筛选出优良的蛹虫草菌株。试验结果表明：蛹虫草6号菌株的菌丝的生长速率比其他菌株快;液体培养生物量和胞外多糖含量明显高于其他菌株;人工栽培的蛹虫草子实体头部大,子囊壳丰富,颜色橘黄,出草整齐均匀,出草率高,子实体中虫草多糖和虫草素的含量均高于其他菌株,表明6号菌株具有较高的经济价值,是值得开发和推广的好品种。     

蛹虫草中虫草素、虫草多糖综合提取工艺研究

以蛹虫草为材料．采用超声波水提法、超声波醇提法、水热回流法和醇热回流法4种提取方法选择虫草素和虫草多糖的最优提取办法．并用正交试验方法考察水热回流法中提取温度、提取次数、提取时间、料液比4个因素对虫草素、虫草多精综合提取效率的影响．以确定从蛹虫草中综合提取虫草素、虫草多糖最佳工艺。结果表明．水热回流法是提取虫草多糖和虫草素的最优提取方法．其最佳工艺条件为：用10倍量的水于80℃热回流提取3次．每次90min。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.