江西黄岗山黄腹角雉种群食性研究

2004年5月至2012年6月,在江西武夷山国家级自然保护区（黄岗山）采用野外观察和笼养观察法,对黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)的食物构成和习性进行了研究。研究期间共记录到黄腹角雉采食物种78种(类),其中,高等植物39科65属74种,伞菌目(Agaricales)口蘑科(Tricholomataceae)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蚁科(Formicidae) 、蜘蛛目(Araneae)园蛛科(Araneidae)和蜻蜓目(Odonata)各1种。显示黄腹角雉为植食性、食谱广泛的雉类,采食习性学习能力和环境适应性强,在不同环境条件下行为有较大的差异。     

江西武夷山黄腹角雉野外采食习性初步观察

2004年以来,在野外目击黄腹角雉采食植物行为24次,经鉴定被采食植物分属11科12属12种。在江西武夷山区,黄腹角雉基本以植物的叶、芽、花瓣、种子为食,采食嗜好具有季节性变化倾向,采食习性的地域适应性较强。     

江西武夷山自然保护区黄腹角雉昼间行为的红外相机监测

鸟类的行为是遗传而来,或是学习获得,多表现出对环境条件的适应。为了解黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)野生种群昼间行为和时间分配,于2012年1月至2014年11月,根据海拔、植被类型和人为活动干扰等因子,在江西武夷山自然保护区海拔444~2 133 m区间,选择了41个代表性的机位进行红外相机监测,每个机位监测时间不少于250 d。其中23个机位获得了视频资料,共记录到314只次(♂229只次,♀85只次)野生黄腹角雉的有效视频4 447 s。其昼间活动时间约11~13 h。地面行为可以分为6种,摄食、位移和休息3个刚性行为时间占总时长的97.08%,不同季节间摄食行为的平均耗费时间差异显著(P0.05),位移和休息行为的平均时间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同性别间的摄食行为和整理行为的平均时间差异显著(P0.05)。繁殖期笼养黄腹角雉主要行为与野生种群相同,但野生种群的行为时间摄食行为位移行为休息行为,而笼养种群则是休息行为位移行为摄食行为,估计与笼养种群省去了搜寻食物时间和环境异质性小、不用担心被天敌捕食等因素有关。研究结果提示:黄腹角雉的昼间行为存在性别差异,但机制尚不清楚;江西武夷山自然保护区黄腹角雉栖息地保存较好、人为干扰小,栖息地内的食物在不同季节均能够满足黄腹角雉的生存需要。     

中国蛭类动物生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展

综述中国蛭类研究如下内容:(1)生态学.山蛭生态学,包括山蛭的生态分布,海南山蛭(H. hainana)的种群动态,对温度、土壤湿度和pH值的适应,以及对温、光、湿的综合反应和人类经济活动对其种群数量的影响;山蛭行为生态学,山蛭的运动包括慢缩短、快缩短、身体摆动和转动、洗刷运动、亲吻运动、觅食行为6程序,影响山蛭行为的一些因素以及对环境因素刺激的生态学意义;淡水水蛭生态学,包括浙江水田蛭类生活习性、广州水生光润金线蛭种群数量动态与水体化学因子关系、广州水田吸血菲牛蛭生活水体化学环境;山蛭和水生吸血菲牛蛭的觅食、生长动态、生命周期和生殖生物学;(2)形态学、分类学和动物地理学.形态学包括山蛭机能组织学、山蛭器官系统解剖;分类学,中国蛭类动物有2亚纲(蛭蚓亚纲、真蛭亚纲)、3目(蛭蚓目、吻蛭目、无吻目)、9科、33属、111种,占世界蛭类物种数约1/6;动物地理学,包括世界山蛭科属动物地理,中国山蛭科动物地理、中国医蛭科动物地理.(3)蛭类的防治和驱避,淡水吸血蛭类防治所用农药种类,不同农药对海南山蛭的毒力( LD50、LD95)及使用,并比较了12种驱避剂对海南山蛭的驱避效果.(4)蛭类的医学利用,蛭素是蛭类唾液腺分泌的一种抗凝物质,蛭素有水蛭素(Hirudin)、山蛭素(Haemadin)和吻蛭素(Hementin).记述了蛭素的分离、纯化和功能以及有关分子生物学内容.     

菜子湖冬季水鸟空间分布与环境因子的关系研究

水鸟空间分布与环境因子的关系是生态研究的重要内容,环境因子的变化可以通过改变栖息地的生境特征、食物资源从而直接或间接影响水鸟的种类、数量和分布.利用网格单元对2019—2020年菜子湖冬季水鸟及其环境因子进行调查,共记录到水鸟6目12科41种,其优势种为豆雁(Anser fabalis)和黑腹滨鹬(Calidris a...     

洞庭湖光泽黄颡鱼食性研究

根据2004年4月至2005年2月在洞庭湖逐月采集到的胃含物样品,对光泽黄颡鱼摄食习性进行了研究。结果表明,光泽黄颡鱼全年摄食,在繁殖期摄食强度下降。共鉴定17类饵料生物,食物多样性指数春季最高,冬季最低。水生昆虫幼虫和甲壳类为其主要食物,二者在食物中所占重量百分比为90.6%。摄食的水生昆虫主要为蜉蝣目稚虫(数量百分比:24.2%;重量百分比:41.1%)、双翅目幼虫(数量百分比:58.4%;重量百分比:7.5%)和蜻蜓目稚虫(数量百分比:3.2%;重量百分比:22.8%)。光泽黄颡鱼的食物组成在季节上存在明显差异。从数量百分比看,春季和冬季均以双翅目(秋季64.6%;85.0%)为主,夏季以双翅目(28.2%)和蜻蜓目(22.3%)为主,秋季以蜉蝣目(45.7%)为主;从重量百分比看,春季以双翅目(53.0%)为主,夏季以蜻蜓目(55.7%)为主,秋季和冬季以蜉蝣目(秋季53.7%;冬季76.6%)为主。分析表明,光泽黄颡鱼食物组成的季节差异与食物资源的季节动态紧密相关。       

黄腹角雉

黄腹角雉 ( Tragopan caboti)隶属于鸡形目( Galliformes)雉科 ( Phasianidae)角雉属 ( Tragopan) ,是我国特产濒危雉类 ,为国家 I级重点保护动物。黄腹角雉体型比家鸡略大 ,雌雄体色差异很大 :雄鸟羽色华丽 ,背部为栗色 ,密布黄色斑点 ;头顶具有黑色的羽冠 ,羽冠下有 1对翠蓝色的肉角 ,颊部及颏部为橙红色的裸露皮肤 ,上面稀疏地长着一些黑色的毛发 ,喉部藏有 1个肉裙。腹部为单一的黄色。雌鸟全身棕褐色 ,杂以白色或黑色的斑纹 ,没有肉裙 ,肉角也不明显。每年的 3月中旬到 6月中旬为黄腹角雉的繁殖期。在此期间 ,黄腹角雉有非常复杂的求…     

重庆四面山两栖动物物种多样性研究

2005年至2007年对重庆四面山的两栖动物进行了野外调查采集,共有两栖动物1目5科11属18种,其中无尾目弧胸类(蟾类)2种、固胸类(蛙类) 16种.建议加强对该地区两栖动物物种多样性及其生境的保护.     

游禽和涉禽

正生活在不同湿地类型中的水鸟,在长期的进化和适应过程中逐渐形成了不同的生态类型,其中主要有游禽和涉禽等两种类型。游禽游禽是一类适应于在水中游泳或潜水的鸟类,包括潜鸟目、目、鹱形目、鹈形目和雁形目的所有种类,以及鸻形目的鸥科燕鸥科种类。其中,鹱形目与鹈形目的鹲科、鲣鸟科和军舰鸟科为远洋性海鸟;雁形目的鸭、雁和天鹅等往往被人们称之为水禽(Waterfowl)。鸥类在生活习性上适应于     

湖南省鸡形目鸟类及其分布

鸡形目鸟类有很大的经济意义和观赏价值。近 40多年来我国鸟类学者做了大量卓有成效的工作 ,对湖南省的鸡形目也进行过广泛调查。 195 7年梁启等首次记录了竹鸡和环颈雉 ;196 5年梁启等又在桑植发现白冠长尾雉 ;1981年李焕宁报道绥宁产红腹锦鸡 ;1984年沈猷慧报道鸡形目 9种雉及其习性产地 ,其中有 5种是省的新记录 ,它们是鹌鹑、红腹角雉、黄腹角雉、白鹇指名亚种、勺鸡 ;1990年李金声报道吉首发现白颈长尾雉 ;1993年邓学建报道了白鹇福建亚种新记录。鉴于湖南省的特殊动物地理位置 ,许多珍稀雉类分布区范围延伸到湖南境内为止。查明雉…     

气候变化对黄腹角雉潜在栖息地的影响

气候变化直接影响物种赖以生存的栖息地环境条件,进而影响物种的分布、数量和存活率。基于优化后最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测气候变化下黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)过去、当前、未来时期的潜在栖息地格局。结果表明,降水量、温度、海拔是栖息地的主要影响因子。当前时期适宜栖息地面积较过去时期下降24.69%;未来2041—2060年间,共享社会经济路径(SSP)3-7.0与SSP5-8.5情景下黄腹角雉适宜栖息地面积较当前时期分别下降55.19%、58.10%。浙江、江西和福建是当前以及未来黄腹角雉核心适宜栖息地,适宜栖息地面积呈现下降的趋势,并往高纬度区域移动。     

Chemistry of Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu is an evergreen tall tree ubiquitous to the southeastern region in China. The first chemical study on this species was published in 1987. Since then about 163 compounds including taxoids and non-taxane compounds were isolated from seeds, root, bark and leaves of this species. This review summarized the chemical investigation on T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu in the past 20 years. T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu was assigned as a variation of T. chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. in Flora of China. However, present chemotaxonomic data would suggest that these two plants might belong to two different chemotypes; further genetic investigation and comprehensive chemical studies on them are warranted to address this issue.     

Trypanosoma cruzi: variability of stocks from Colombia determined by molecular karyotype and minicircle Southern blot analysis

Nineteen Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, most of them of wild origin, and four Trypanosoma rangeli stocks from Colombia were analysed by molecular karyotype analysis with cloned DNA cruzipain as the probe. Another 27 cloned stocks of T. cruzi from different geographic areas of South America were used as reference for T. cruzi lineages. Phenetic analysis of chromosome size polymorphism demonstrated a great variability of Colombian T. cruzi stocks, suggesting that most belong to lineage I, although two of them belong to lineage II. The 2 lineage II T. cruzi, 17 T. cruzi lineage I, and 3 T. rangeli stocks from Colombia were studied further by Southern blot analysis with a panel of kinetoplast DNA minicircle probes. Hybridisation results indicate that the two T. cruzi II stocks are genetically distant from each other and from T. cruzi lineages IIb, IId, and IIe from Chile. Finally, T. cruzi minicircle probes do not cross-hybridise in any stringency condition tested with T. rangeli minicircles, a clear indication that these parasites can be easily distinguished by this method.     

First report of Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) in dogs in north-western Italy,with scanning electron microscopy of the eggs

Dogs can be infected by several nematodes of the Trichuridae family. Trichuridae eggs are all similar, barrel shaped with polar plugs, and misdiagnosis among different species can occur. The most common species is Trichuris vulpis, while the respiratory parasites Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) and Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) are rarely observed in pets. E. boehmi is reported for the first time in this study in north-western Italy with other Trichuridae. Dog faecal samples (270) were examined by flotation. E. boehmi (2.2%), E. aerophilus (4.4%) and T. vulpis (12.2%) were found; identification was done with measurements and through observation of morphological characters already known. The specific identification of E. boehmi was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy: its egg shell shows a dense network with a fine mesh, surrounding small pits, on the contrary E. aerophilus eggs present a thick mesh with wide depressions, while T. vulpis eggs surface is smooth.     

The identity of Tetracyclus constrictus (Bacillariophyceae) and a description of Tetracyclusbradburyii, a new miocene species

The siliceous valves from species of Tetracyclus (Bacillariophyceae) have variable but characteristic shapes. In this paper, species characterised by having valves with a central constriction are discussed. This distinctive shape occurs during only a period of its lifecycle. Tetracyclus constrictus and Tetracyclus celatom have been applied to fossil specimens occurring in deposits from the west coast of the USA and the east coast of Russia. Do these names apply to two closely related species or are they one and the same taxon? Two further species, Tetracyclus javanicus and Tetracyclus peragalli, have been involved in the identity of T. constrictus–T. celatom. T. constrictus M. Peragallo is the correct name and author for specimens of the extinct Miocene, circum-Pacific (or northern) fossil species with valves panduriform with rounded poles; T. javanicus refers to a species found living on Java only; fossil specimens usually referred to T. javanicus (Java) belong to a new taxon, Tetracyclus bradburyii (USA); T. peragalli is an extinct Miocene fossil, with a northern hemisphere distribution; small (≤10 μm) circular/elliptical fossil specimens, found alongside other specimens, are difficult (if not impossible) to determine to species level.     

Population Dynamics of Plant Nematodes in Cultivated Soil: Effect of Summer Cover Crops in Newly Cleared Land

Five nematode species were studied for ability to develop on seven summer cover crops in rotation with tomato transplants grown every third year. Increase of Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Trichodorus christiei, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, and Xiphinema americanum in newly cleared soil varied with different cover crops. No substantial nematode population increases occurred until the third summer of crop growth. All species except X. americanum and H. dihystera developed best on sudangrass and millet. Crotalaria caused substantial increase of H. dihystera and P. brachyurus but suppressed the other species. Marigold suppressed all species except X. americanum which increased substantially on marigold during the 5th year. Cotton favored rapid increase of T. christiei, and moderate increases of all species except T. claytoni which was suppressed. Beggarweed favored moderate increases of T. christiei and H. dihystera but suppressed the other species. Hairy indigo favored rapid increase of H. dihystera, moderate increases of T. christiei and X. americanum, and suppressed the other species. Number of marketable transplants was reduced after 2 years of sudangrass and cotton; these crops favored increases of T. christiei and T. claytoni. The better cover crops prevented increases of most plant parasitic nematodes in land cropped to tomato, a suitable host.     

Intraspecific variation in Burkholderia caledonica: Europe vs. Africa and soil vs. endophytic isolates

The best-known interaction between bacteria and plants is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, but other bacteria–plant interactions exist, such as between Burkholderia and Rubiaceae (coffee family). A number of bacterial endophytes in Rubiaceae are closely related to the soil bacterium Burkholderia caledonica. This intriguing observation is explored by investigating isolates from different geographic regions (Western Europe vs. sub-Saharan Africa) and from different niches (free-living bacteria in soil vs. endophytic bacteria in host plants). The multilocus sequence analysis shows five clades, of which clade 1 with two basal isolates deviates from the rest and is therefore not considered further. All other isolates belong to the species B. caledonica, but two genetically different groups are identified. Group A holds only European isolates and group B holds isolates from Africa, with the exception of one European isolate. Although the European and African isolates are considered one species, some degree of genetic differentiation is evident. Endophytic isolates of B. caledonica are found in certain members of African Rubiaceae, but only in group B. Within this group, the endophytes cannot be distinguished from the soil isolates, which indicates a possible exchange of bacteria between soil and host plant.     

Genetic Diversity of Taenia asiatica from Thailand and Other Geographical Locations as Revealed by Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 1 Sequences

Twelve 924 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial DNA sequences from Taenia asiatica isolates from Thailand were aligned and compared with multiple sequence isolates from Thailand and 6 other countries from the GenBank database. The genetic divergence of T. asiatica was also compared with Taenia saginata database sequences from 6 different countries in Asia, including Thailand, and 3 countries from other continents. The results showed that there were minor genetic variations within T. asiatica species, while high intraspecies variation was found in T. saginata. There were only 2 haplotypes and 1 polymorphic site found in T. asiatica, but 8 haplotypes and 9 polymorphic sites in T. saginata. Haplotype diversity was very low, 0.067, in T. asiatica and high, 0.700, in T. saginata. The very low genetic diversity suggested that T. asiatica may be at a risk due to the loss of potential adaptive alleles, resulting in reduced viability and decreased responses to environmental changes, which may endanger the species.