外来种刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要寄生性天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在中国的地理分布

刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso(膜翅目:细蜂科)是我国外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldeman)(双翅目:瘿蚊科)十分重要的寄生性天敌,为卵-幼虫跨期寄生蜂,专化性强,在自然抑制害虫虫口密度中起着非常重要的作用。为摸清刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在我国的地理分布,探讨其与刺槐叶瘿蚊的相互关系,本文根据寄主刺槐叶瘿蚊在我国的分布范围,采用踏查的方法,对全国17个省、市、自治区的29个地区进行了调查。结果显示,刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在其寄主分布区都有分布,分布范围在26°35.451′-43°53.482′N,103°51.816′-125°15.969′E,海拔4-1 097 m。     

新入侵种桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的危险性评估

采用GARP生态位模型预测分析桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybeinvasa Fisher&La Salle在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性定量分析方法,对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国东南部大部分地区都是该虫的适生区,该虫在我国潜在分布区风险评估R值为2.14,存在高度危险性。据此提出针对性的风险管理措施。     

中国钩瘿蚊属分类研究(双翅目,瘿蚊科)

记述了中国鼓瘿蚊亚科钩瘿蚊属7种,其中2种:长角钩瘿蚊C.longicornis sp.nov.(模式产地:陕西凤县)、背折钩瘿蚊C.retrorsa sp.nov.(模式产地:云南屏边)为科学上的新种,另外5种:美丽钩瘿蚊C.formosa(Bremi)(分布:湖南、云南、吉林),日本钩瘿蚊C.mpponensis Yukawa(分布: 甘肃、四川、湖北),尖瓣钩瘿蚊C.hamata (Felt) (分布:湖南、贵州),狭眼钩瘿蚊C.neueitasis (Zetterstedt)(分布:甘肃)和锯齿钩瘿蚊C.serrata Yukawa (分布:陕西、甘肃、福建)为中国新纪录种.编制了钩瘿蚊属中国已知种种类检索表.模式标本保存于南开大学生物系昆虫标本室.     

新入侵种刺桐姬小蜂在中国的危险性评估

采用GARP生态位模型预测分析了刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinaeKim在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性定量分析方法,对刺桐姬小蜂在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国东南部大部分地区都是该虫的适生区。在福建、广东、海南地区风险值为2.0585,存在高度危险性;在其他东南部省区存在中度危险性。据此提出了针对性的风险管理措施。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫空间格局及抽样调查技术

本文采用聚集指标法分析了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)越冬幼虫的空间分布格局,结果表明:刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫在林间呈聚集分布;其聚集的原因与刺槐叶瘿蚊自身的行为习性有关或由刺槐叶瘿蚊本身与环境的异质性共同作用所造成。采用"z"字型、平行线、棋盘式、大五点、对角线5种抽样方法估计林间刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫虫口密度,确定对角线法调查15样方为最佳抽样方法。对土壤不同深度土层中越冬幼虫数量调查,明确最适取样深度为3cm。同时利用Iwao回归建立了理论抽样数量模型:n=t2/D2(1.1957/x珋+0.8905)。利用过筛手检和过筛水漂2种方法检数土中幼虫,对检出刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫虫量及检虫时间进行了对比分析,结果表明过筛水漂法检虫较为可取。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊发育起点温度和有效积温

在实验室条件下对刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期缩短;刺槐叶瘿蚊的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.51,6.15,4.79和14.17℃,有效积温分别为62.20,281.42,124.45和55.48日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为8.01℃,有效积温为506.93日.度;刺槐叶瘿蚊在秦皇岛年发生代数的预测值为5.12~5.76代。     

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann) 原产北美洲东部, 2006 年在中国发现, 危害刺槐叶片, 严重影响刺槐的健康生长, 已经列入我国检疫性害虫名单。在河北省秦皇岛市野外调查, 发现了一种广腹细蜂科天敌--叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso, 该寄生蜂属中国新记录种。野外观察表明其对刺槐叶瘿蚊最高寄生率达84.8%, 具有良好的生物防治应用前景。本文对该广腹细蜂的外部形态和初步观察的生物学特性进行了描述。     

蒙古黄芪潜在分布区预测的多模型比较

根据蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao) 123个样本点数据和19个环境数据,采用4种生态位模型对蒙古黄芪在中国的潜在适生区进行综合分析,并采用受试者工作特征曲线ROC和Kappa统计量,比较不同模型的预测效果。结果显示:4个模型预测精度良好,一致性显著。AUC值均达到0.8以上,Kappa值均达到0.6以上;其中DOMAIN模型的AUC值和Kappa值均最大,说明该模型的预测精度最佳,预测结果最稳定。潜在适生区的预测结果发现,GARP模型预测的最适宜区范围最广; MAXENT和BIOCLIM模型预测结果较为相似; DOMAIN模型预测结果比较分散。4个模型预测结果均表明西北一带可以作为蒙古黄芪栽培引种的主要产区。蒙古黄芪潜在适生区主要分布于中国北纬33°以北地区;最适宜区主要分布于甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北和内蒙古等地区。     

入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的风险分析

2008年12月16日调查发现,扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley在广州市的扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)树上多点发生。采用GARP生态位模型分析预测该虫在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性分析方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、云南、重庆、湖北、安徽、上海、江苏、山东、河南等17省区的大部分区域,新疆、四川、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北、北京、天津、辽宁、内蒙古等11省区的部分地区,都是该虫的适生区。危险性综合评价值为0.886,在中国的危害风险性很大。     

蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险分析

【目的】蓝莓瘿蚊是蓝莓上的一种重要害虫,近年来在世界范围内传播扩散迅速,随着我国蓝莓引种和种植面积的不断增加,其入侵我国的风险不断升高,一旦入侵我国,将对我国蓝莓产业造成巨大损失,有必要对该害虫入侵我国风险进行分析。【方法】采用有害生物风险分析程序对其进行安全性评估,应用多指标综合评价方法,对蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险进行定性和定量分析,确定蓝莓瘿蚊入侵我国的风险性等级。【结果】蓝莓瘿蚊综合风险值(R)为2.12,是对中国蓝莓产业具有潜在威胁的有害生物。【结论】蓝莓瘿蚊属于高风险有害生物,建议口岸检疫部门采取针对性风险管控措施,严防其传入我国。     

入侵害虫螺旋粉虱及其在我国的适生区预测

主要介绍热带亚热带入侵害虫螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell的形态特征、分布、寄主与生物学特性;利用DYMEX软件分析螺旋粉虱在我国潜在的分布区。模型分析结果表明,最适宜的潜在的适生区主要集中在中国的南部,包括海南、广东、广西以及台湾等的大部分区域;在云南只有零散的潜在适生区;而广大的西北和东北不利于该虫的生存;依据适生性风险预测结果,提出了应急处理措施。     

Potential geographical distribution of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China

Abstract Apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is a major pest causing considerable economic losses of fruits in North America. During the development of international trade, apple maggot fly has become a threat to Chinese agriculture. In this study, CLIMEX and ArcGIS were used to predict the potential geographical distribution of apple maggot fly in China. The parameters used in CLIMEX for apple maggot fly were derived from ecological data and the present geographical distribution of apple maggot fly in North America. Then the potential distribution map in China was presented based on the adjusted values of these parameters. The results showed that apple maggot fly has a wide potential distribution area in China; 47.5% of 748 meteorological stations presented high or medium suitability of pest establishment. These high suitable stations are mainly located in northeast, southwest and northwest of China, such as Liaoning, Shandong, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces. These areas are also the central regions of apple, pear and peach production in China. Two hundred and twenty‐five stations (30.1%) in western and southern China, such as Tibet, Qinghai, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Taiwan, were unsuitable for establishment of apple maggot fly populations. In order to prevent the introduction of apple maggot fly in China, the present plant quarantine measures should be enhanced, especially in the areas with high suitability for the presence of apple maggot fly.     

Analysis of potential distribution of Spodoptera frugiperda in western China

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a newly invaded pest that breaks out fast and severely, causes a serious threat to the national security of food production in China. In this study, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the potentially suitable distribution area of S. frugiperda in western China. The potential distribution of S. frugiperda was predicted using meteorological factors from the correlation analysis. According to the result, a satisfactory AUC value in the MaxEnt model indicates that the prediction model has good accuracy, which is sufficient for predicting the suitable distribution areas of S. frugiperda in western China. The prediction results show that the potential distribution risk of S. frugiperda is high in western Gansu, eastern Qinghai, Shaanxi, most regions of Ningxia, and part regions of Tibetan, and the most suitable areas for S. frugiperda in Xinjiang are Hami, Ili, Urumqi, Hotan and Aksu, and more than 60% of western China are suitable distribution areas for S. frugiperda. Western China is one of the main wheat and corn producing areas in China. Clarifying the potential geographical distribution of S. frugiperda in western China is essential for early warning as well as prevention and control.     

基于CLIMEX和GIS的南松大小蠹在中国的适生性分析

南松大小蠹Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann是美洲地区危害松杉类针叶树种的蛀干害虫.本文采用CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS分析相结合的预测方法,通过确定南松大小蠹的CLIMEX气候适应性参数,分析了南松大小蠹在我国的适生范围,并利用南松大小蠹的最低致死温度对适生范围进行限制.结果表明南松...     

Predicting potential distribution of chestnut phylloxerid (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) based on GARP and Maxent ecological niche models

The chestnut phylloxerid, Moritziella castaneivora, has been recently recorded as a forest pest in China. It heavily damaged chestnut trees and has caused serious economic losses in some main chestnut production areas. In order to effectively monitor and manage this pest, it is necessary to investigate its potential geographical distribution worldwide. In this study, we used two ecological niche models, Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production (GARP) and Maximum Entropy (Maxent), along with the geographical distribution of the host plants, Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), to predict the potential geographical distribution of M. castaneivora. The results suggested that the suitable distribution areas based on GARP were general consistent with those based on Maxent, but GARP predicted distribution areas that extended more in size than did Maxent. The results also indicated that the suitable areas for chestnut phylloxerid infestations were mainly restricted to Northeast China (northern Liaoning), East China (southern Shandong, northern Jiangsu and western Anhui), North China (southern Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin), Central China (eastern Hubei and southern Henan), Japan (Kinki, Shikoku and Tohoku) and most parts of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, some provinces of central and western China were predicted to have low suitability or unsuitable areas (e.g. Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet). A jackknife test in Maxent showed that the average precipitation in July was the most important environmental variable affecting the distribution of this pest species. Consequently, the study suggests several reasonable regulations and management strategies for avoiding the introduction or invasion of this high‐risk chestnut pest to these potentially suitable areas.     

我国新发现一种重要外来入侵害虫——刺槐叶瘿蚊

在我国首次发现了一种新的重要外来入侵害虫——刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann)。该害虫原产北美洲东部,危害刺槐叶片。其危害特征十分明显：一般是3～8头幼虫群集危害,在刺槐叶片背面沿叶缘形成纵向卷曲的虫瘿,隐藏其中取食。在我国河北省秦皇岛市、辽宁省一些地区刺槐树的受害率近100％,严重影响刺槐的健康生长,进而引起次期性害虫的发生和危害,造成刺槐死亡。因此,该害虫对我国大面积栽培的刺槐林的生态、经济以及社会效益的发挥造成重大威胁。必须提高警惕,加强检疫,防止其扩散蔓延,并开展防治研究。     

三叶草斑潜蝇的入侵、鉴定及在中国适生区分析

介绍了2005年12月首次发现入侵中国大陆的三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyzatrifolii(Burgess)的形态特征及其与近缘种的形态区别、入侵历史与危害性;利用GARP生态位模型对三叶草斑潜蝇在中国的潜在适生区进行了分析预测,结果表明该虫在中国的潜在适生区涉及范围广,以东部地区的最适宜潜在适生区为主,它的潜在适生区涵盖了热带、亚热带和暖温带等3种气候类型;依据中国大陆目前的发生情况提出对该种入侵害虫的监测方法与防控建议。