枯草杆菌JSIM-1019突变株肌苷发酵研究

以肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌7171-9-1为出发菌株,经物理、化学诱变剂连续处理,获得一株腺嘌呤、组氨酸、硫胺素三重营养缺陷型并对8-氮杂鸟嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤有双重抗性的突变株JSIM-1019。在摇瓶和发酵罐试验中,该变异株的肌苷产量显著高于亲株。摇瓶试验产肌苷达20g/L,最高可达24.83g/L。工业生产试验最高达14.5g/L,稳定在12g/L。发酵周期平均为43.8小时。菌株遗传性状稳定。     

产嘌呤核苷的枯草杆菌prsA基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

为了克隆产嘌呤核苷的枯草杆菌prsA基因。用PCR扩增的方法,从产肌苷的枯草杆菌Bacillus subtilis JSIM-1019中克隆出一个长1kb长的DNA片段,经功能检测,证明正向插入片段与大肠杆菌的磷酸核糖焦磷酸营养缺陷特性（PREP-）能够营养互补。含有该重组质粒的PRPP缺陷大肠杆菌JSIM—DH-27在基本培养基上的能够生长。     

肌苷菌核酸代谢关键酶缺失和形成选育腺苷菌的研究

以肌苷产生菌Bacillus Subtilis JSIM-1019为出发菌株,根据B.subtilis核酸代谢理论设计不同筛选模型,用物理、化学诱变剂对亲株进行诱变处理,先后有序地获得不同关键酶的缺失或回复即特殊的营养缺陷型以及抗某些代谢类似物的突变株,解除终产物对代谢物的抑制和阻遏,获得了几株黄嘌呤营养缺陷型并对8氮鸟嘌呤具有抗性的突变株X-13等,获得的突变株经单菌分离后得到X-13-4,36℃培养72h在培养基中最高积累12．43g／L腺苷。     

应用遗传转化选育肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌“S14”

枯草杆菌链霉素基因位点和腺嘌呤基因位点靠近,因此利用它们共同转化频率较高的特性,从链霉素转化体中筛选腺嘌呤缺陷型转化体。用此方法使受体菌株168获得了给体菌株18R_3腺嘌呤缺陷型与产肌苷的遗传特性,并从中进一步筛选获得肌苷产生菌“S14”,它的肌苷产量为给体菌株18R_3的119.5％。     

腺苷产生菌Xn151菌株的选育及发酵条件研究

以肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌GMI-741(Ade~(--))为出发菌株,通过多因子诱变选育出具有黄嘌呤、鸟嘌呤双重营养缺陷型、丧失腺嘌呤脱氨酶的腺苷产生菌Xn151。以Xn151为发酵菌株,采用正交实验设计法对其发酵基础培养基进行优化,确定最佳发酵配方。利用此培养及配方摇瓶发酵72h,腺苷产量可达12.3g/L。     

肌苷合成关键酶活性与肌苷积累之间的关系

测定比较了高产肌苷菌、低产肌苷菌和野生菌肌苷合成途径中PRPP转酰胺酶、sAMP合成酶、IMP脱氢酶和5′核苷酸酶的比活以及活细胞的肌苷水解能力,进一步阐明了菌株产苷性能与肌苷合成途径关键酶活力间的密切关系。根据高产肌苷菌的酶学特性,确定了高产肌苷菌进一步基因工程改造的方向。研究表明酶学研究对有目的、有方向地进行高产菌株的选育工作具有重要意义。     

江苏省微生物研究所的肌苷高菌种枯草杆菌JSIM-1019于1984年12月25日在无锡通过鉴定

该鉴定会由浙江大学陈学旺副教授主持。来自各地代表39人。枯草杆菌JSIM-1019是以7171-9-1为出发菌株,先经亚硝基胍和8-氮杂呤与处理,分离出突变株后又经紫外线和6-巯     

5-氨基-4-氨甲酰咪唑核苷产生菌AIC-90菌种选育研究

已肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌GMI- 741(Ade - )为出发菌株 ,通过多因子诱变选育出具有非精确嘌呤缺陷型、丧失腺嘌呤脱氨酶的AICAR(5 -氨基 - 4-氨甲酰咪唑核苷 )产生菌AIC - 90 ,该菌株摇瓶发酵 72h产AICAR可达 2 0 .3g/L以上。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对枯草杆菌( B. subtilis )黄嘌呤缺陷型菌株产生腺苷的影响

在枯草杆菌中,嘌呤核柑酸合成途径中丰在AMP和GMP转变成IMP的环行途径,而在该菌的黄嘌呤缺陷型菌株中IMP至XMP的分枝途径被阻塞,同时在该菌株内又有强的5’一核苷酸酶活性,这使其可以生成腺苷（AR）,但反馈抑制是腺苷产率的一个重要影响因素,使用季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）可改善细胞的渗透性,减少细胞内产物的反馈抑制,促进产物的分泌,结果表明,在发酵60h添加4％的CTAB能使产率从3．0g/l提高到3．6g/l,提高幅度达20％。     

肌苷和鸟苷生产菌中嘌呤核苷合成途径三段基因序列的分析

为了研究肌苷和鸟苷生产菌中与产苷有关的嘌呤核苷合成途径的遗传背景,选择了pur操纵子的启动子序列、编码SAMP合成酶的purA基因和编码GMP合成酶的guaA基因,设计合适的引物,分别从野生菌、一株肌苷低产菌和肌苷鸟苷高产菌中扩增出相应片段,经克隆和测序后,对它们进行比较和分析。分析结果表明两株生产菌的purA基因发生了1个碱基缺失,导致阅读框发生移码突变;而鸟苷高产菌在pur操纵子的启动子部分和操纵子抑制蛋白结合区域发生了近10％的突变,可能影响整个操纵子的表达调控。     

Conversion of Purine Bases and Their Ribosides to 5′-Inosinic Acid by Bacillus subtilis

Among various nutritional mutants with weak 5′-nucleotidase derived from Bacillus subtilis IAM 1145, the adenine-requiring mutants could convert exogenously added hypo- xanthine, guanine, xanthine and their ribosides to 5′-inosinic acid (IMP) and accumulate it in the medium. Synthesis of IMP from purine derivatives was observed predominantly in an early stage of the cultivation. The conversion was stimulated by Fe²⁺ or Mn²⁺, and markedly depressed by an excess amount of adenine in the production-medium.     

Phosphohydrolases of a Bacillus subtilis Mutant Accumulating Inosine and Hypoxanthine

Although adenine-requiring auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis accumulate large quantities of inosine or hypoxanthine, or of both, they do not accumulate inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). Experiments directed at understanding this phenomenon were conducted with an adenineless auxotroph and with a mutant derived from it which lacked alkaline phosphohydrolase. It was found that B. subtilis contains four different phosphohydrolases. Only one is an extracellular enzyme; it is a 5'-nucleotide phosphohydrolase which can be inhibited by addition of CuSO(4) to the medium. Of the three cellular enzymes, only one, an acid phosphohydrolase, cannot attack 5'-nucleotides; this enzyme is not repressed by inorganic phosphate. One of the two remaining surface-bound enzymes is a nonspecific alkaline phosphohydrolase which attacks both 5'-nucleotides and p-nitrophenyl phosphate; this is the only phosphohydrolase that is markedly repressed by inorganic phosphate. The other surface-bound enzyme is a nonrepressible 5'-nucleotide phosphohydrolase with double pH optima: one at neutrality and the other near pH 9.0. The experiments indicate that the absence of IMP in the extracellular broth is due to degradation of internally accumulated IMP to inosine by the cellular 5'-nucleotide phosphohydrolase.     

Isolation and characterization of guanine auxotrophs in Neurospora crassa

An ad-9 strain of Neurospora crassa was mutagenized with ethylmethane sulfonate (5%) and selected for guanine auxotrophy. The resultant double adenine plus guanine mutant was backcrossed with wild type and a single guanine auxotroph was isolated from the progeny. In vitro assays indicated that the mutant had GMP synthetase activity comparable with wild type, but was completely lacking of IMP dehydrogenase activity. The guanine requirement can therefore be explained by the mutant's inability to convert IMP to XMP. Another guanosine auxotroph was able to adapt and grow on minimal medium after 3 days. This mutant had GMP synthetase activity comparable with wild type but had only 10% of the IMP dehydrogenase activity of wild type, which may possibly explain its ability to grow on minimal medium after 3 days. It was confirmed that the two isolates are not allelic by crossing the two and recovering 25% wild-type progeny. Out isolate must therefore be designated gua-2.     

Production of guanosine-5'-monophosphate and inosine-5'-monophosphate by fermentation

A biotin-requiring coryneform bacterium which produces glutamic acid was mutated to adenine dependency. The adenine-requiring strain, which excreted insoine-5′-monophosphate (IMP), was further mutated to xanthine dependency. As expected, IMP was also excreted by this mutant. The mutant strain was reverted to xanthine independence in an attempt to obtain a culture with an altered IMP dehydrogenase which would be less sensitive to feedback inhibition by guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP). A revertant was obtained which produced GMP and IMP, each at 0.5 g per liter. The reversion to xanthine independence had resulted in a concomitant requirement for isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Further mutation to increased nutritional requirements led to culture MB-1802, which accumulated 1 g per liter each of GMP and IMP. Both nucleotides were isolated in pure form. The concentrations of GMP and IMP produced by MB-1802 were four times that of cytidylate, uridylate, or adenylate, indicating that the mechanism of GMP and IMP production was direct and not via ribonucleic acid breakdown.     

Production of Guanosine-5′-Monophosphate and Inosine-5′-Monophosphate by Fermentation

A biotin-requiring coryneform bacterium which produces glutamic acid was mutated to adenine dependency. The adenine-requiring strain, which excreted insoine-5′-monophosphate (IMP), was further mutated to xanthine dependency. As expected, IMP was also excreted by this mutant. The mutant strain was reverted to xanthine independence in an attempt to obtain a culture with an altered IMP dehydrogenase which would be less sensitive to feedback inhibition by guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP). A revertant was obtained which produced GMP and IMP, each at 0.5 g per liter. The reversion to xanthine independence had resulted in a concomitant requirement for isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Further mutation to increased nutritional requirements led to culture MB-1802, which accumulated 1 g per liter each of GMP and IMP. Both nucleotides were isolated in pure form. The concentrations of GMP and IMP produced by MB-1802 were four times that of cytidylate, uridylate, or adenylate, indicating that the mechanism of GMP and IMP production was direct and not via ribonucleic acid breakdown.     

5′-Nucleotidase Activity in Improved Inosine-producing Mutants of Bacillus subtilis

An inosine- and guanosine-producing strain, AJ11100, of Bacillus subtilis could not grow in the minimum medium supplemented with 50 µg of sulfaguanidine per ml. When sulfaguanidine resistant mutants were derived from AJ11100, the sulfaguanidine resistance was frequently accompanied by xanthine requirement. All the xanthine auxotrophic mutants required a large amount of xanthine for cell growth and inosine accumulation. Revertants were then derived from one of the xanthine auxotrophic mutants, AJ11101, and improved inosine producers were obtained. The best mutant, AJ11102, accumulated 20.6 g of inosine per liter.

Furthermore, enzyme activities of inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, 5′-nucleotidase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase were assayed to investigate why AJ11102 accumulated an increased amount of inosine. The results showed that the increase of specific activity of 5′-nucleotidase contributed much to the increased accumulation of inosine.     

Subcellular localisation of purine-metabolising enzymes in Leishmania mexicana mexicana

Leishmania mexicana mexicana cultured promastigotes were fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on linear sucrose gradients. Guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activities were found to be associated with glycosomes, whereas adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was cytosolic. 3'- and 5'-nucleotidases and IMP dehydrogenase were shown to be particulate, the former two possibly being associated with the plasma membrane, IMP dehydrogenase with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nucleosidases and deaminases were found to be cytosolic. The results demonstrate that intracellular separation of enzymes could play a part in the regulation of the parasite's purine metabolism.     

Production of Nucleic Acid-Related Substances by Fermentative Processes

Enzymatic studies with Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 demonstrated that 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and purinenucleotide pyrophosphorylase were involved in the nucleotide synthesis from purine base by ATCC 6872 and that its actual accumulation from base seemed to take place extracellularly through the action of the salvage enzymes leaked out of cells. Mn²⁺ deficiency and the simultaneous presence of pantothenate and thiamine, essential for efficient nucleotide accumulation, caused the extracellular leakage of the two enzymes with the simultaneous excretion of R5P. In the direct IMP fermentation with the adenine auxotroph, it was verified that hypoxanthine first produced de novo was reconverted into IMP extracellularly by the salvage enzymes as speculated previously.

A guanine-requiring mutant of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 accumulated a large amonnt of 5′-xanthosine-monophosphate (abbreviated as XMP).

The quantity of XMP accumulated by the strain was affected significantly by guanine levels in the medium. The suppression of XMP accumulation by an excessive addition of guanine compounds was recovered by the supply of casamino acids in the medium.

An enzyme in the pathway of de novo XMP synthesis, IMP dehydrogenase (IMP: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.14), was repressed and inhibited by guanine compounds.

The facts that an exogenous xanthine was not converted to XMP by the growing cells and that the activity of XMP-pyrophosphorylase was very low or deficient suggest that XMP accumulation by the strain would be probably due to the direct excretion of the nucleotide from the cells.     

Effects of benzimidazole on the purine and pyrimidine metabolism of yeast.

Yeast cells inhibited by benzimidazole accumulate hypoxanthine with associated efflux of xanthine. Unlike control cells, inhibited cells contain no detectable free UMP and CMP. Benzimidazole decreases uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the intracellular pool of hypoxanthine and xanthine but causes radioactive xanthine to accumulate in the medium. In inhibited cultures there is a threefold increase in incorporation of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into the total (intracellular plus extracellular) xanthine. Uptake of [8-14C]hypoxanthine into free nucleotides and into bound adenine and guanine was inhibited by 70%. Uptake of [U-14C]glycine into IMP, AMP, GMP, DNA and RNA was also substantially decreased. Incorporation of [2-14C]uracil into the intracellular uracil pool was inhibited by 30% and into free uridine and cytidine by over 90%. Benzimidazole inhibited incorporation of [8-3H]IMP into AMP and GMP, and decreased substantially the activity of glutamine-amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). Yeast cultures were shown to N-ribotylate benzimidazole. Results are consistent with benzimidazole inhibiting yeast growth by competing for P-rib-PP and so depriving other ribotylation processes such as the 'salvage' pathways and de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.