添加厨余垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧消化产沼气过程的影响

为提高剩余污泥厌氧消化的沼气产量和甲烷含量,研究了厨余垃圾的不同添加量对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,在35℃下,随着剩余污泥中厨余垃圾添加量的增加,厌氧消化系统中碳氮质量比（C／N）、胞外多聚物（EPS）等生理生化指标均有不同程度的改善。其中当剩余污泥与厨余垃圾质量比为2：1时,混合有机废弃物中沼气产量和甲烷含量均达到最大值,每克挥发性固体（VS）产生了156．56mL沼气,甲烷体积分数为67．52％,分别比剩余污泥单独厌氧消化时的产气量提高了5倍和1．5倍。     

糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解性能的BMP分析

在中温条件下,对pH值和营养比例两个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析,探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况,以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系。研究结果表明,厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低,CODcr去除率最高可达90．6％;在调节营养比例的条件下,pH=8．5时甲烷菌活性最佳,其中COD．P=300：1的产甲烷量最高。     

接种量及秸秆加入量对城市污泥厌氧发酵产气特性的影响

研究不同接种量及秸秆加入量条件下污泥的厌氧消化产气规律,并分析厌氧消化前后污泥性质的变化。实验结果表明:体积比(下同)为10%沼液接种回流污泥(碳氮比为6.16)的产气效率优于20%沼液接种回流的污泥(碳氮比为5.99),但不显著;秸秆的加入使污泥产气效率明显提高,且秸秆加入量对产气量也有显著影响。接种体积比为20%沼液的处理污泥(1600mL泥)加入20g秸秆(碳氮比为7.53)后,比加入15g秸秆(碳氮比为7.15)产气量增加783mL,碳氮比最高的为10%沼液、15g秸秆污泥,为7.94,其产气总量和CH4含量也较高。同时,厌氧消化改变了污泥的理化性质,消化后的污泥有机质质量分数(不包括秸秆)平均降低2.4%。     

高温厌氧消化液二次厌氧消化产气特性的研究

目的:对高温厌氧消化后产生的消化液进行二次厌氧消化降解的可行性研究.方法:采用经阶段性高温厌氧发酵后的消化液为原料,利用实验室自制的小型厌氧发酵装置进行中温35±2℃条件下厌氧发酵实验,测定产气量、甲烷含量和COD值.结果:经中温厌氧二次发酵30d后,消化液中的COD平均降幅达28 150ng/L,说明经阶段性高温厌氧发酵后的消化液可继续进行中温厌氧二次发酵,同时,从产气特性各指标可以看到,300g的消化液在中温条件下发酵30d后的总产气量平均为523ml,沼气中甲烷含量达到55%,沼气质量好.结论:高温厌氧消化后产生的消化液可以进行二次厌氧消化降解.     

厌氧消化酸抑制研究进展

厌氧消化工艺目前已广泛应用于各类废水的处理处置过程中,但在实际运行中,受消化条件和物料性质的影响,消化系统经常遭受由挥发性脂肪酸积累过多导致的酸抑制问题,引发产气量下降、产甲烷率降低等问题。近年来,有研究者发现,挥发性脂肪酸的种类和浓度及pH、温度是影响酸抑制的主要因素。基于此,相关研究者分别尝试了添加碱性化学药剂和微量元素及利用生物强化技术与微生物电化学技术来解除酸抑制的尝试,并都取得了不错的效果。本文综述了厌氧消化过程中酸抑制的产生过程、抑制机理及恢复方法,以期为解决厌氧消化酸抑制问题提供参考。     

农作物秸秆体外发酵营养特性及其组合利用研究

采用体外产气技术,研究了不同粗饲料及其组合的体外发酵特性,探讨了合理利用不同粗饲料的有效途径.结果表明,玉米秸秆青贮后其理论最大产气量及产气速率比玉米秸分别高19.1%和8.2%.组合秸秆的理论产气量及产气速率要高于单一秸秆,发酵48 h后,组合秸秆的产气量可获得显著的正组合效应.可以认为,青贮玉米秸秆及不同粗饲料间进行组合可有效提高其营养特性.粗料间进行组合时,以青贮玉米秸与小麦秸或稻秆按25∶75和50∶50的比例组合较为适宜.     

城市生物废弃物干式厌氧消化温度实验研究

研究了温度对干式厌氧发酵过程的影响,结果表明温度对pH值影响,高温(55℃)处理pH值迅速达到最低值,中温(35℃)和室温处理相对滞后,室温处理在消化后期出现酸积累现象,pH值维持在较低水平;发酵后期中温处理和高温处理pH值回升.温度对氧化还原电位影响更为明显,氧化还原电位在消化初期下降很快,到达最低点后波动很小.在整个消化过程中的氧化还原电位依次为室温>中温>高温.高温处理VS去除率最高,其值为36.44%;从产气量及甲烷气体含量比较可知,高温处理效率也是最高,其值分别为2548mL、62%,产气时间最长.     

啤酒废水二相厌氧消化动力学研究

本工作分阶段研究了啤酒废水厌氧消化反应特性。酸化初始速度很快,ｐＨ下降至４．０以下时,酸化产物对酸化菌代谢活性具有显著的抑制效应。系统ｐＨ值的大小对甲烷化过程中底物降解速率、产气速率和产气质量均有显著影响。ｐＨ６．５以上时,高浓度底物不构成底物抑制。底物浓度低于５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲烷化速率明显下降。合理控制预酸化程度以及甲烷化反应器的进料速率是提高厌氧消化处理效率,维持系统稳定性的关键措施。     

猪粪中温厌氧发酵制取沼气工艺条件的系统研究

我国农村的沼气池,绝大多数靠自然环境温度发酵,不仅产气率低(平均为0.1—0.2m~3/m~3·d),而且产气量随季节变化较大。为提高产气率,稳定气体产量,我们认为采用中温厌氧     

冬枣对不同形态氮素的吸收与利用

以2年生盆栽鲁北冬枣为试材,研究了其对尿素、甘氨酸（Gly）和谷氨酸（Glu）的吸收利用与响应特性．结果表明：3种形态氮均可被冬枣吸收利用,与尿素相比,氨基酸态氮吸收的量较少．若尿素的吸收量以100％计,则叶片对Gly和Glu的相对吸收量分别为28．88％和11．73％,吸收到的氮素主要分配到叶片和枣头枝中;而根对Gly和Glu的相对吸收量则分别为50．48％和42．72％．冬枣吸收尿素、Gly和Glu后,叶片中的谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性提高,可溶性蛋白质含量增加;但不同形态氮素处理对硝酸还原酶（NR）活性的影响存在差异,尿素可显著提高NR活性,Glu对NR活性影响不大,Gly降低了NR活性．与尿素相比,氨基酸态氮能明显提高冬枣果实的着色个数、着色面积以及果实中可溶性固形物含量．     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.