个性对中华倒刺鲃群体运动特征和食物占有能力的影响

为了探讨鱼类个性特征(勇敢性和社会性)对集群行为的影响及其与食物占有能力之间的关联, 实验选取中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为实验对象, 分别测定其勇敢性、社会性和单尾饲养条件下的食物占有能力(摄食率)和生长、集群时每尾鱼个体运动特征及其食物占有能力(摄食率)。研究发现: (1)中华倒刺鲃的勇敢性和社会性具有较好的重复性, 且两者呈显著负相关, 但均与食物占有能力无关联; (2)社会性高的个体集群时运动时间比和速度同步性较低。(3)集群时较为活跃且距离鱼群质心距离较远的个体往往具有较高的食物占有能力。研究表明: (1)中华倒刺鲃的社会性在集群运动时能够很好的保留, 且个性差异会对集群运动特征产生重要影响。(2)在集群行为中, 群体成员运动特征的异质性会导致其食物占有能力出现差异, 这进一步表明个性分化对鱼类的集群生活具有重要的影响。     

食物丰度对宽鳍鱲的能量代谢、个性和集群行为的影响

水生生境中的食物资源经常变化,鱼类的能量代谢和行为随食物丰度改变的可塑性调节具有重要的进化和生态意义。为考察食物丰度对机体行为和代谢的影响,以雌性宽鳍鱲（Zacco Platypus）为实验对象,分别测定实验鱼在高、低食物丰度组4周喂养期前后的标准代谢率（Standard metabolic rate,SMR）、个性及集群行为。研究发现：（1）经4周喂养,高食物丰度组的体重和SMR上升,而低食物丰度组维持不变,喂养期结束时高食物丰度组的体重和SMR均显著大于低食物丰度组;（2）食物丰度对个性没有显著影响,但集群时,低食物丰度组活跃性较高,凝聚力较低;（3）高食物丰度下SMR保持稳定,低食物丰度下SMR不稳定。研究表明：宽鳍鱲的个性不受食物丰度影响;但食物丰度减少导致能量代谢下降、鱼群活跃性上升和凝聚力下降,可能与食物丰度较低时代谢的适应性下调和食物资源竞争加剧导致的觅食活动需求上升相关。     

饥饿对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼代谢、个性和集群的影响

在自然界中,环境变化、季节更替和人为因素造成食物资源时空分布的不均一性,导致鱼类经常面临食物资源短缺的环境胁迫,对其能量代谢和行为造成一定影响。为考察食物资源短缺下暖水性鲤科鱼类能量代谢、个性与集群行为的应对策略及其可能的内在关联,选取中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为实验对象,分别测定饥饿组(2周)和对照组(维持日粮)在处理前后实验鱼的标准代谢率(Standard metabolic rate,SMR)、个性行为(勇敢性、探索性和活跃性)以及实验处理后的集群行为(凝聚力和协调性)。研究发现:(1)饥饿组和对照组实验过程中实验鱼SMR均显著下降,但仅饥饿组实验鱼SMR具有重复性;(2)饥饿导致中华倒刺鲃幼鱼勇敢性、探索性、活跃性均显著增加;(3)饥饿导致群体成员间距离缩短,游泳速度及其同步性上升。研究表明:饥饿后的中华倒刺鲃不仅适应性降低SMR以减少能量消耗,而且呈现出更高的勇敢性、探索性和活跃性以利于获取食物资源;饥饿迫使中华倒刺鲃群体提高凝聚力和协调性,可能有助于提高群体的生存能力。     

鱼类摄食代谢和运动代谢研究进展

摄食和运动不仅是动物最主要的生理活动,同时也是机体代谢能量消耗的主要过程。相关研究表明鱼类摄食代谢主要由营养物质同化过程的耗能组成,其食物蛋白质同化耗能远低于陆生脊椎动物,而摄入营养物质不平衡可能导致摄食代谢耗能增加;鱼类摄食代谢和运动代谢上可能存在能量消耗与性能维持之间的权衡,且都可能受最大代谢能力限制。鱼类不仅在摄食和运动代谢的相对大小及其他特征上存在差异,而且在摄食和运动代谢竞争上存在不同的模式。从功率分配的角度,研究鱼类摄食和运动代谢特征及其与物种生态习性的关系将成为鱼类能量学研究的重要方向之一。     

鳊鱼和宽鳍鱲幼鱼流速选择与运动能量代谢特征的关联

为考察喜好激流环境的宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)和喜好缓流环境的鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)的最适游泳速度和流速选择的关联以及运动能量代谢特征对流速选择的影响,在(25±0.5)℃条件下将实验鱼(n=13×2)单尾分别置于梯度流速选择仪(设定流速范围为18.6—102.7 cm/s,等距离划分为5个流速区域)中获取视频资料,采用Ethovision XT19软件分析视频资料并计算两种实验鱼在5个流速区域的平均停留时间百分比(P_t)和平均出入频率百分比(Pf);另外,使用游泳代谢仪测定两种实验鱼的临界游泳速度(U_(crit))和不同游泳速度下的运动耗氧率(M_(O2)),并计算出不同速度下单位位移耗能(COT)、最适游泳速度(U_(opt))、静止耗氧率(RMR)和净单位位移耗能(COTnet)。结果显示:鳊鱼的U_(crit)和RMR均显著小于宽鳍鱲(P0.05),但二者的最大耗氧率(MMR)无显著差异;随游泳速度的增加,两种实验鱼的M_(O2)均显著上升,尽管在较低游泳速度下,鳊鱼的M_(O2)和COT均小于宽鳍鱲,但在高游泳速度下则相反;两种实验鱼的U_(opt)分别为(6.20±1.29)体长(BL)/s和(11.56±1.57)BL/s,鳊鱼显著小于宽鳍鱲;两种实验鱼的COTnet随着游泳速度增加差异逐渐增大,鳊鱼显著高于宽鳍鱲(P0.05);两种实验鱼在最低流速区域(18.6—23.8 cm/s)的P_t和Pf显著大于其他速度区域(P0.05),由此可见两种实验鱼的偏好游泳速度(U_(perf))等于或小于(18.6—23.8 cm/s),然而鳊鱼在最低速度区域P_t和Pf均显著大于且在较高速度区域的P_t和Pf则均显著小于宽鳍鱲(P0.05)。结果表明:有别于过往研究的是两种实验鱼的U_(perf)均与U_(opt)偏离;在激流环境中生存的宽鳍鱲更加偏好较高的水流速度,生境水流对实验鱼的水流速度选择特征存在显著影响,这种影响的主要能量学机制与鱼类的运动能量效率有关。     

温度对宽鳍鱲运动能力和行为特征的影响

为了探究温度对宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)运动能力和行为特征的影响,分别在15和25℃的水温下对捕捞自乌江重庆武隆段的宽鳍鱲进行了为期3周的温度驯化,随后对其临界游泳能力、快速启动能力和行为特征(活跃性和隐匿行为)进行了测定。结果表明:相比25℃组,低温下(15℃)实验鱼临界游泳速度、最大代谢率、日常代谢率和代谢范围均显著降低(P0.05);低温下快速启动参数中最大速度、最大加速度和120 ms移动位移均显著降低(P0.05),但反应时滞无显著变化;此外,低温下实验鱼活跃性显著降低,而隐匿行为显著增加(P0.05);提示低温下宽鳍鱲运动能力的整体水平显著下降,对温度反应较为保守的快速启动反应时滞可能是低温下宽鳍鱲应对捕食压力的重要方式,而行为上降低活跃性和提高隐匿行为可能是对运动能力降低的补偿。     

北京地区宽鳍(魚巤)的生长及食性

2004-2006年,作者对分布于北京市怀柔水库上游入库河流怀沙河和怀九河宽鳍鱲的生物学进行了研究。结果显示:北京地区宽鳍鱲年龄组成较小,雄鱼最大3龄,雌鱼最大2龄。体长和体重相关关系式为:W=9×10-6L3.1947(r=0.9784),其种群呈异速增长。1龄组雌雄鱼体长和体重无显著差异,2龄组雄鱼体长和体重显著大于雌鱼,可能与雌鱼性成熟后生长速度减慢有关。雄鱼VonBertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=121.56×(1-e-0.3718(t 0.6272)),最大体长121.56mm;Wt=41.16×(1-e-0.3718(t 0.6272))3,最大体重41.16g;生长拐点tr=2.41龄;雌鱼最大为2龄,未能拟合VonBertalanffy生长方程。丰满度和饱食指数均呈周年变化,这可能与水温变化和繁殖期的影响有关。北京地区的宽鳍鱲为植食性,主要摄食硅藻,取食具选择性,且获得的食物量与藻类的多度一定程度上正相关。雌雄性比接近1∶1,1冬龄性成熟;繁殖期5-7月,5月份成熟系数最高。与嘉陵江种群相比,北京种群体长、体重均小于嘉陵江种群;食性上,前人研究认为嘉陵江种群为肉食性,但经我们重新鉴定,嘉陵江种群也为植食性,个别肉食性食物成分可能是随摄食的藻类带入的;在年龄组成、种群增长方式、性比及繁殖特性上,未发现二者有明显差异。基于北京地区宽鳍鱲的生物学特性,结合该地区的环境特点,我们建议通过控制捕捞数量、选择最适捕捞时间、保护原有生境来维持北京地区宽鳍鱲资源的可持续利用。     

尾鳍缺失和恢复生长对不同生境的两种鲤科鱼类快速启动游泳能力的影响

为了考查尾鳍切除及其恢复生长对偏好静水环境的鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)与偏好激流环境的宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)两种鲤科鱼类快速启动游泳能力的影响,将鲫鱼幼鱼((6.34±0.02)cm)和宽鳍鱲幼鱼((6.26±0.12)cm)各16尾,其中8尾在(25.0±0.5)℃的条件下分别进行尾鳍切除、20 d恢复生长、再次切除处理,另外8尾作为对照组;测量计算两种实验鱼的相关形态参数并采用电刺激方式,通过高速摄像机获取实验鱼的影像资料,分析计算后获得快速启动相关参数。结果显示:鲫鱼的细度比(FR)显著小于宽鳍鱲(P0.01),尾鳍指数(FI)却显著大于宽鳍鱲(P0.01),两种实验鱼的快速启动最大线速度(Vmax)、移动距离(d)、相对旋转半径(RTr)和弯曲指数(BC)均无显著差异;尾鳍切除后,两种实验鱼快速启动的Vmax、d和RTr与正常组相比均呈现显著下降(P0.01),其中鲫鱼Vmax下降39%而宽鳍鱲下降24%;经过20 d的恢复生长,两种实验鱼的尾鳍面积均恢复至切除前的60%,而快速启动的Vmax、d、RTr和BC却与正常组(同样经过20 d生长)无显著差异;尾鳍再次切除后与正常组相比,鲫鱼和宽鳍鱲Vmax的下降幅度(17%和9%)与首次切除后的(39%和24%)相比均呈现降低的趋势,其中鲫鱼的下降幅度更大;尾鳍再次切除后与正常组相比,宽鳍鱲的BC显著增大(P=0.046)。结果表明:(1)鲫鱼尾鳍对快速启动能力的作用大于宽鳍鱲;(2)而偏好急流环境的宽鳍鱲经过恢复生长表现出更加明显的功能补偿现象。     

黄山陈村水库河源溪流鱼类群落的食性

基于2010年11月在黄山陈村水库河源溪流中所采集的鱼类标本,对其中9种优势鱼类的食性特征进行了研究。结果表明:宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus fasciatus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)等9种鱼类都以有机碎屑、藻类和无脊椎动物为主要食物,属典型的杂食性或无脊椎动物食性鱼类;食物组成的相似性分析结果表明,不同物种间的食物组成差异显著但存在部分重叠(P<0.001)。不同物种间的食物多样性和食性宽度也存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中底栖型鱼类具有相对较高的饵料来源,而鱼类的食物多样性可能与其小生境选择性有关。根据食物重叠指数,9种优势鱼类之间存在明显的食物重叠(D>0.3),尤其是宽鳍鱲、光唇鱼、麦穗鱼、高体鰟鮍(Rhodeus ocellatus)和稀有花鳅(Cobitis sinensis)间的食物重叠指数超过0.9。陈村水库河源溪流的鱼类群落所表现出的食物组成、食物多样性、食性宽度和种间食物重叠性等特征,可能与其生态系统所具有的营养外源性和物理栖息地周期动荡性等密切相关。     

鲤幼鱼标准代谢率的个体差异与运动性能和摄食代谢的关系

为考察鲤科鱼类种内个体标准代谢率的差异及其与运动性能和摄食性能的内在关联,本研究以我国广泛分布的鲤(Cyprinids cardio)幼鱼[体重(4.79±0.08)g,n=36]为实验对象,在(25.0±1.0)℃下分别测量实验鱼的标准代谢率(SMR),随后测定单尾鱼的特殊动力作用(SDA)、自发运动、临界游泳速度以及活跃代谢率(MO2active)。实验鱼标准代谢率(SMR)的变幅为76.7~317.6 mg/(kg·h),其变异系数(CV)达24.4%;实验鱼在10 min内的尾鳍摆动次数(P0.05)和摄食代谢峰值(P0.05)均与标准代谢率(SMR)呈正相关;活跃代谢率(MO2active)(P0.05)与摄食代谢峰值以及活跃代谢范围与摄食代谢范围(P0.05)均呈正相关。然而,鲤幼鱼的标准代谢率(SMR)与相对临界游泳速度、活跃代谢率(MO2active)、特殊动力作用(SDA)时间和特殊动力作用(SDA)总量均不相关(所有P0.05)。研究表明,较高标准代谢率(SMR)的鲤幼鱼个体表现较高的活跃性和较强的摄食代谢能力,可能有助于其更易发现食物、逃避天敌以及加快食物处理。     

活跃性和社会性对中华倒刺鲃集群行为的影响

为考察群体中不同的个性组成对鱼类集群行为的影响及其内在机制,选取中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为实验对象,依次测定其活跃性和社会性,随后分别根据活跃性和社会性的高低分为高、低和混合活跃性(或社会性)鱼群,考察鱼群中不同个性组成对集群时的整体运动特征以及每尾鱼的个体运动特征的影响。研究发现：(1)中华倒刺鲃的个性特征稳定且个体间变异较大;(2)高活跃性鱼群的运动时间比和速度同步性均大于低活跃性鱼群,而混合鱼群位于二者之间且与两个同质性鱼群均无显著差异;高社会性鱼群速度同步性显著小于低社会性和混合社会性鱼群,而后两者之间没有显著差异。(3)活跃性特征与集群运动时每尾鱼的运动特征(速度及其同步性等)相关,社会性特征不仅与上述运动特征关联,还与凝聚力大小(距鱼群质心距离)相关。研究表明：(1)鱼群的活跃性和社会性组成均对集群行为产生重要影响,但其内在机制截然不同。主要表现为：就活跃性而言,群体的运动状态是由群体中所有成员共同决定(平均决定机制);就社会性而言,少数低社会性成员对鱼群的运动水平表现有着主导作用(少数决定机制);(2)实验鱼的活跃性在集群行为中得到了较大...     

The relationship between foraging and shoal position in a mixed shoal of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus): a field study

Feeding rates of mixed shoals of juvenile roach and chub were observed in a shallow stream near Cambridge (UK). Roach at the front of the shoal had significantly higher feeding rates than roach at the back and than chub in either front or back positions. Position in the shoal also had a significant effect on the kind of food consumed, with front roach feeding more on plankton and back roach more on bottom food. Altogether 36 fish from the stream were caught and marked. Half of these were deprived of food and the other half well-fed for 3 days in captivity. After release 36% of them joined their old shoal again. Individuals from the starved group occupied front positions significantly more often than well-fed fish, but after 2 days this difference disappeared.     

异育银鲫易钓性的表型基础和生态结果及饥饿响应

为考察鲤科鱼类易钓性种内差异的表型基础、生态结果及饥饿响应, 研究以异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼为实验对象, 在饥饿前(对照组)测定其表型特征(能量代谢、游泳能力和个性行为)并垂钓, 随后在饥饿1周后再次垂钓(饥饿组), 最后进行2周的恢复摄食生长实验(恢复组)。垂钓实验具有4个重复, 每个重复的样本量为40尾, 垂钓1.5h即停止, 垂钓20尾为钓出组, 剩余20尾为未钓出组。研究发现: 除钓出组的相对代谢空间(FAS)小于未钓出组外, 钓出组的外部形态(体重、体长和肥满度)、能量代谢参数(标准代谢率SMR、最大代谢率MMR和代谢空间AS)、游泳能力(最大匀加速游泳能力U_cat和最大有氧运动能力U_gt)及个性行为(探索性、活跃性和勇敢性)与未钓出组均无明显差异(所有P>0.05); 在经历捕食者模拟袭击后, 实验鱼勇敢性的潜伏时间比大于探索性, 导致勇敢性的运动时间比和穿门频率小于探索性。SMR与U_cat及U_gt不相关(P>0.05), 但MMR和AS与U_cat及U_gt均呈正相关(P<0.05); 能量代谢参数与个性行为存在部分相关。饥饿增加异育银鲫的垂钓总时间、单尾平均垂钓时间和单尾垂钓时间的变异系数。钓出组在饥饿期的特定生长率(SGR)小于未钓出组, 而恢复期钓出组的SGR与未钓出组无显著差异; 除MMR和AS外, SMR与饥饿期及恢复期的SGR均呈负相关(P<0.05), 即SMR越高个体在饥饿期间的体重下降更快, 在恢复摄食后生长却较慢。研究表明: 异育银鲫幼鱼的易钓性可能不具备表型基础, 并且因环境食物匮乏而降低; 虽然饥饿期间两种易钓性表型个体的生态结果存在差异, 但该生长差异在营养恢复后消失, 表明异育银鲫的易钓性具有一定的环境依赖性。     

The Influence of Food Competition and Prédation Risk on Size-assortative Shoaling in Juvenile Chub (Leuciscus cephalus)

Size-assortative shoaling is a widespread phenomenon potentially linked to competition for resources among shoal members and anti-predator benefits gained from living in shoals. This paper investigates the influence of both factors on size-assortative shoaling in chub (Leuciscus cephalus). In a first experiment food competition was studied by manipulating the proportions of small and large chub in shoals of 20 fish. Large fish were generally more competitive than small ones. However, the competitive effect of large fish was strongly dependent on their number in the shoal. This has important consequences for the theory of competition because it makes it difficult to predict stable combinations of different phenotypes when foragers divide between food patches. Despite the strong effects of food competition no significant trend for size-assortativeness was observed in free-swimming shoals when undisturbed. This changed after the shoal had been frightened by introducing Schreckstoff (an alarm substance) to the test tank. Large and small fish still remained in the same shoal but showed a strong preference to be close to neighbours of their own size class. Large fish were observed mainly in the centre of the shoal and small fish were found more in the periphery. It is unclear whether these position differences are due to aggressive behaviour of large fish towards small fish which excludes them from the potentially safe centre of the shoal. These results indicate that prédation plays a more important role than food competition for size-assortative shoaling in chub.     

锦鲫幼鱼标准代谢率与生长性能的关联

为考察温水性鲤科鱼类在不同食物资源条件下标准代谢率(Standard metabolic rate, SMR)与其生长性能的关系, 研究在(25.00.5)℃条件下测定体重相近的30尾锦鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼的SMR, 将所有实验鱼置于多单元格水槽进行实验处理(摄食与饥饿)。实验时间为4周(0、7d、14d、21d和28d), 包括两周的生长实验(014d)和两周的饥饿实验(1528d)。摄食期间, 于每天上午9: 00和下午21: 00用商业饲料对每尾鱼饱足投喂并记录投喂量。单尾鱼的体重和体长每隔1周测定一次, 而SMR仅在第0、第14和第28天测定。结果显示:(1)锦鲫幼鱼在摄食期间的体重、体长以及SMR均明显上升, 饥饿期间体重和SMR显著降低(P0.05), 但体长变化不明显; SMR不论摄食期间还是饥饿期间呈现较好的稳定性(二者P0.05)。(2)锦鲫幼鱼在摄食期间开始时的SMR (测定Ⅰ)与摄食率(FR)、摄食转化率(FE)以及特定体重生长率(SGRBM)均无相关性, 摄食期间结束时的SMR (测定Ⅱ)仅与FR呈正相关(P0.05), 但与FE以及SGRBM不相关。(3)摄食期间(饥饿期间)实验鱼的第一周日均体重增(减)量与第二周日均体重增(减)量呈正相关, 其体重的增率与减率无显著差异(P0.05)。(4)实验鱼在摄食期间的特定体重增长率(SGRBM)与饥饿期间的不相关(P0.05), 但摄食期间的特定SMR增长率(SGRSMR)与饥饿期间的呈负相关(P0.05)。研究表明在实验室环境中锦鲫幼鱼的SMR具有稳定性, 该种鱼的日均体重变化量保持相近, 此形态变化特征与SMR不相关, 并且该种鱼在实验起始时的SMR的个体差异未能预测其在实验室食物资源变动下生长性能的适应特征。     

Predation threat modifies relationships between metabolism and behavioural traits but not their ecological relevance in Chinese bream

The aims of this study were to test whether the metabolism, behavioural traits, growth and survival under predation of a fish species phenotypically changed under predation threat with the particular emphasis on whether short-time predator exposure would amplify the relationships between metabolic rate and behavioural traits and their fitness consequences (growth and survival). We found that Chinese bream under predation threat for 20 days exhibited a lower specific growth rate (SGR), feeding rate (FR) and feeding efficiency (FE) but a higher standard metabolic rate (SMR) and survival when encountering predators compared to the bream in the no-predator group. Both activity and boldness showed no correlation to SMR in the no-predator group, while it was vice versa in the predator group according to Pearson correlation. It thus demonstrated that short-time predator exposure can mediate the relationships between metabolism and behavioural traits, suggesting that predation may play an important evolutionary role in modifying intraspecific behavioural differences via metabolism. However, no significant effect of predator treatment acted on relationships between behaviour traits and SMR according to ANCOVA, which possibly due to the small sample size of this study. Additionally, the SMR of both groups was positively correlated with survival under predation, whereas the relationships between SMR and fitness cost such as growth and survival are rather complicated and need further investigation.     

Shoal size as a key determinant of vulnerability to capture under a simulated fishery scenario

Group living is widespread among animals and has a range of positive effects on individual foraging and predator avoidance. For fishes, capture by humans constitutes a major source of mortality, and the ecological effects of group living could carry‐over to harvest scenarios if fish are more likely to interact with fishing gears when in social groups. Furthermore, individual metabolic rate can affect both foraging requirements and social behaviors, and could, therefore, have an additional influence on which fish are most vulnerable to capture by fishing. Here, we studied whether social environment (i.e., social group size) and metabolic rate exert independent or interactive effects on the vulnerability of wild zebrafish (Danio rerio) to capture by a baited passive trap gear. Using video analysis, we observed the tendency for individual fish to enter a deployed trap when in different shoal sizes. Fish in larger groups were more vulnerable to capture than fish tested individually or at smaller group sizes. Specifically, focal fish in larger groups entered traps sooner, spent more total time within the trap, and were more likely to re‐enter the trap after an escape. Contrary to expectations, there was evidence that fish with a higher SMR took longer to enter traps, possibly due to a reduced tendency to follow groupmates or attraction to conspecifics already within the trap. Overall, however, social influences appeared to largely overwhelm any link between vulnerability and metabolic rate. The results suggest that group behavior, which in a natural predation setting is beneficial for avoiding predators, could be maladaptive under a trap harvest scenario and be an important mediator of which traits are under harvest associated selection.     

Negative effect of ayu on the growth of omnivorous pale chub in experimental pools

The growth rate of pale chub Zacco platypus was negatively correlated with the number and biomass of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis in experiment pools regardless of their body weight. Both species were omnivorous, feeding upon both benthic algae and invertebrates; ayu fed principally upon algae whereas pale chub consumed invertebrates. Pale chub shifted their moving tactics from bottom moving to surface moving or sit-and-wait when they coexisted with numerous ayu, presumably due to occasional attack by ayu. It seems likely that the reduced pale chub growth rate was due to interspecific aggression and exploitation of benthic algae and invertebrates by ayu.