Bt玉米(MG95)对粘虫的抗性和拒食作用

在室内以我国自主培育的转Bt基因玉米 (简称 :Bt玉米 )为材料 ,测定了Bt玉米对不同龄期 ( 1～ 4龄 )粘虫PseudaletiaseparataWalker的影响。测定指标包括 :幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹历期、羽化率、产卵量、成虫历期、卵孵化率。结果显示 :用Bt玉米喂养的 1～ 4龄幼虫在处理 6d及 1～ 3龄幼虫在处理 9d时的体重与对照相比均差异显著 ;除 1龄幼虫外 ,2～ 4龄幼虫处理 6d及 2～ 3龄幼虫处理 9d后的死亡率差异不显著 ;用Bt玉米喂养的各龄幼虫发育历期延长 ,与对照相比差异显著 ;1、2龄幼虫的化蛹率与对照相比有显著差异 ,3、4龄则差异不显著 ;1～ 4龄幼虫的蛹重、蛹历期及羽化率均差异显著 ;成虫历期仅 1龄幼虫差异显著 ;与对照相比 ,各龄粘虫的产卵数、卵孵化率均无显著差异。结果表明 ,1龄幼虫对Bt玉米最为敏感。另外 ,拒食实验结果显示 ,在实验开始后的 8,1 6,2 4,3 2及 48h ,非选择性测定的拒食率为 63 2 0 ,64 60 ,48 99,2 3 3 5和 0 5 4% ,选择性测定的拒食率为98 3 3 ,82 43 ,71 5 4,40 1 6和 0 2 7% ,总体趋势是拒食率随时间延长而降低 ,48h后Bt玉米对粘虫幼虫无拒食活性。     

温度对空心莲子草叶甲生长发育的影响

在室内温度控制条件下,空心莲子草叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹的生长发育历期与温度呈函数关系,在22、25、28、30和32℃下,随着温度的提高,发育历期呈明显下降.幼虫有3龄,幼虫期8.8d.成虫寿命长短与温度和性别有关,雌虫寿命比雄虫长,成虫产卵前期1.5～5.0d之间,产卵期11.5～116.0d之间.卵、幼虫、蛹的起始温度分别是12.4、12℃,有效积温分别是69.192、125日度.     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

温度对食菌小蠹光滑足距小蠹实验种群发育和繁殖的影响

为了明确温度对光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus发育和繁殖的影响, 本研究分别采用真菌Acremonium kiliense和Ambrosiella hartigii在培养皿中饲养雌成虫和幼虫, 以及半人工饲料在试管中培养雌成虫的方法, 系统地研究了该食菌小蠹在16~31℃范围内6个恒温条件下的发育和16~28℃范围内5个恒温条件下的繁殖力和性比。结果表明: 从16~28℃, 光滑足距小蠹未成熟期各虫态和卵至成虫的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短, 16℃时蠹虫的发育历期为28℃时的3~4倍, 31℃时除蛹外发育历期又有延长。各温度下均以幼虫的发育历期为最长, 占卵至成虫羽化整个发育历期的50%以上。幼虫发育的最适温度为26.44℃。发育起点温度在11.0℃（蛹）至12.7℃（卵至成虫）之间。卵期有效积温最小（61.5日·度）, 幼虫期最大（189.7日·度）, 卵至成虫需要12.7℃以上约305日·度的积温才能完成发育。卵至成虫的存活率在16~25℃范围内从53.3%增大至68.3%, 28~31℃范围内又从35.0%降至3.3%。31℃时幼虫几乎不能化蛹。在半人工饲料中, 22~25℃范围内每雌平均后代数为114.3~121.5头, 以25℃时为最大, 约为16℃时的3倍、19℃和28℃时的2倍。雌雄性比以16℃时为最小（9.6∶1）, 25℃时最大（23.3∶1）, 其余温度下均为19.0∶1以上。结果说明, 温度直接影响光滑足距小蠹的发育, 主要通过影响虫道真菌生长和产孢而影响光滑足距小蠹的繁殖。     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0.小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时间的延长而增高.就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱.不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大.小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

温度对红珠凤蝶小斑亚种发育的影响

室内研究了红珠凤蝶小斑亚种Pachliopta aristolochiae adaeus(Rothschild)在19～31℃范围内5个恒温条件下的发育.结果表明,成虫在19℃时不能交配和产卵,而卵、幼虫和蛹在19～31℃范围内均能完成发育,且发育历期随温度而变化.各温度下,预蛹期最短,幼虫期最长,幼虫龄期随虫龄的增加...     

温度对外来入侵生物番茄潜叶蛾生长发育的影响研究

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta目前已成为全世界茄科作物的重要害虫之一,尤其对番茄可以造成毁灭性的危害。本研究针对重大外来入侵生物番茄潜叶蛾,研究温度对其生物学特性的影响,为综合防控措施的制定提供科学理论依据。本研究在19℃、23℃、27℃、30℃、33℃、35℃恒温条件下,对番茄潜叶蛾的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,温度对番茄潜叶蛾各虫态发育均有显著影响。19～33℃,随着温度的升高,卵的发育历期从6.20 d缩短至2.10 d, 35℃下卵期为2.90 d; 19～30℃,除了4龄幼虫,其他各龄期幼虫和蛹的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,1龄幼虫从7.20 d缩短至3.00 d, 2龄幼虫从6.00 d缩短至3.25 d, 3龄幼虫从5.80 d缩短至3.25 d,蛹从9.80 d缩短至4.00 d; 4龄幼虫在19℃下发育历期最长(7 d),27℃下最短(3 d)。23℃卵期、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫及蛹的存活率均最高,分别为98%、72%、72%和71%,而1龄幼虫在19℃条件下存活率最高,4龄幼虫在27℃条件下存活率相对较高,33℃和35℃时,幼虫无法存活。在23℃条件下,番茄...     

江西境内松墨天牛生活史特征的季节和纬度变化

【目的】探明产卵季节和地理纬度对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus生活史特征的影响,为该虫的精确测报和治理提供依据。【方法】在江西境内沿约1°的纬度梯度自南向北建立6处固定试验样地,通过林间诱木截顶网罩的方式调查松墨天牛的世代分化和发育历期,以及通过枯死树解剖的方式调查越冬虫龄的差异。【结果】松墨天牛在赣南和赣中地区存在二代分化现象,其中赣南地区二代分化比例随产卵月份从45.75%下降至2.46%,赣中地区二代分化比例随产卵月份从17.42%下降至0,而在赣北地区仅发生1代,不存在世代分化现象。比较不同纬度下同期所产的卵的二代分代比例时发现,随着地理纬度的增加平均二代分化比例从21.92%下降至0。比较松墨天牛林间的发育历期发现,分化个体的卵-蛹历期在110.66～122.01 d之间且显示同向梯度变异,未分化个体的卵-蛹历期在330.61～366.01 d之间且显示反向梯度变异,但均不存在明显差异。比较越冬幼虫的虫龄及其占比发现,赣南和赣中地区以2-5龄幼虫越冬,赣北地区则以4-5龄幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫中2龄幼虫占比随着地理纬度的增加从12.47%下降至0,而越冬5龄幼...     

栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育与几种寄主内含物的关系

【目的】探讨饲喂不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang生长发育及繁殖的影响,分析寄主植物内含物与其生长发育及繁殖的关系,为研究不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾种群动态的影响提供理论依据。【方法】在室内条件下,利用沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides、山杏Armeniaca sibirica、山杨Populus davidiana、旱柳Salix matsudana饲养该虫,观察幼虫发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量等指标,同时测定寄主叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、水分、单宁及黄酮的含量,并进行线性回归分析。【结果】不同寄主植物饲喂栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量均存在显著差异。取食沙棘的幼虫历期最短,仅为(74.50?1.76)d,而取食旱柳历期最长,达(106.00?1.51)d。取食山杨的蛹历期最长,为(44.00?1.41)d,最短的是取食旱柳的,仅为(32.70?3.13)d。饲喂沙棘和山杏的雌、雄蛹重和成虫产卵量显著高于饲喂山杨和旱柳的。对不同寄主的营养物质、次生物质和水分含量测定结果表明:不同寄主间营养物质、次生物质与水分的含量差异显著。回归相关分析表明:幼虫发育历期与寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量呈显著负相关;雌蛹重和产卵量与寄主植物可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关;雌、雄蛹重与寄主植物含水量呈显著正相关;蛹历期与单宁含量呈显著正相关,但黄酮含量的高低与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育等指标无相关性。【结论】沙棘是栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的最适寄主植物;并且寄主植物中可溶性糖、单宁的含量低、含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量高有利于栎黄枯叶蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

土壤含水量对华北大黑鳃金龟生长发育的影响

室内试验研究土壤含水量对华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita Faldermann生长发育的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量对华北大黑鳃金龟的影响因其发育阶段的不同而异。卵期适宜土壤含水量为10%～20%,幼虫期、蛹期适宜土壤含水量分别为10%～15%和15%～20%。土壤含水量为10%～15%时,成虫性比接近1∶1。土壤含水量为15%时,世代存活率最高。     

甜菜夜蛾人工饲料及饲养技术研究

研究了人工继代繁殖甜菜夜蛾饲料配方及饲养方法 ,测定了各虫态发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹畸形率及不同世代蛹重。采用改进的饲料配方饲养的深圳种群 ,第 2代幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹畸形率、羽化率分别为 7 8% ,97 3 % ,2 7%和 93 8% ,第 2 ,5 ,9,1 2代平均单头蛹重分别为 1 1 9 7± 1 6 1 ,98 3± 1 1 4,94 3± 1 2 6和 82 4± 9 6mg,平均单雌产卵量分别为 1 1 3 7 2± 63 3 ,684 5± 5 3 7,45 6 9± 40 2和 3 91 7± 45 6粒。人工饲养的甜菜夜蛾 ,卵、幼虫、蛹、雌性成虫的发育历期分别为 2 5～3 5 ,1 0～ 1 2 5 ,7～ 8 5和 8～ 1 4天 ,完成一个世代需要 2 1～ 2 5天。     

Breeding performance of Tomicus destruens at different densities: the effect of intraspecific competition

In many bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), intraspecific competition is a limiting factor governing their population dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing infestation densities on the breeding performance of Tomicus destruens (Wollaston), one of the main pests of Mediterranean pine forests. Six densities (ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 females   dm⁻²) were tested under laboratory conditions on stone pine logs, assessing the mortality of eggs, larvae, and pupae, and recording the number of emerging adults. Density significantly affected the fertile tract of the maternal galleries, i.e., those containing eggs, which was shorter at densities higher than 0.75. Numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults per female decreased markedly when density increased from 0.25 to 1.5, although differences were statistically significant only at a density of 0.75 and higher. The lowest mortality was found in larvae reared at a density of 0.25 (17.7%) and the highest in pupae at 1.5 (84.8%). Increasing density affected the pre-emergence stages in different ways, with pupae and larvae suffering the highest increases in mortality (39.5 and 163.6%, respectively). The breeding performance of T. destruens (number of eggs laid reaching adulthood) progressively decreased from 17 to 4% with increasing densities, although at low infestation, the mean number of emerging adults per dm² of bark increased with density, showing a positive trade-off between female fecundity and female density. In conclusion, breeding densities higher than 0.75 female dm⁻² decreased female fecundity and elicited high mortality, mainly in larvae.     

Population dynamics of the immature stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of dengue: a longitudinal study (1996-2000)

A four year study was conducted on a natural population of immature stages of Aedes aegypti after the re-invasion of Argentina by this vector in 1987. Thirty six plastic containers with 700 ml of dechlorinated water were placed in the La Plata Zoological Garden, La Plata, Argentina. A strip of filter paper around each container was added to facilitate egg counting. Eggs, larvae and pupae were counted weekly in each container from September, 1996 to August, 2000. After egg counting, papers were submerged to facilitate egg hatching and a new paper was placed in each container. Presence of A. aegypti immature stages was recorded from December-January to June during each of the four years of this study. In 1997, 13,105 eggs, 7,978 larvae and 1,476 pupae were registered with 54.7 % positive containers; during 1998, 8,194 eggs, 668 larvae and 142 pupae were recorded with 28.3 % positive containers; 13,510 eggs, 3,690 larvae and 743 pupae were registered during 1999 with 56.7 % positive containers; and 16,327 eggs, 4,669 larvae and 715 pupae during 2000 with 59.3 % of containers with presence of A. aegypti. Egg number and hatching rate were drastically reduced in 1998 when temperatures from December to May were 1 to 2.5 degrees C lower than the other years of this study. These colder than usual temperatures in the summer of 1998 were a consequence of the El Ni?o event.     

Insect fragments in flour: relationship to lesser grain borer (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) infestation level in wheat and rapid detection using near-infrared spectroscopy

We determined that the number of insect fragments, quantified using the standard flotation method, in flour milled from wheat infested with larvae, pupae, or preemergent adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), was proportional to infestation level. Wheat infested with a single preemergent adult contributed 28 and 10x as many fragments as wheat infested with a single larva or pupa, respectively. Using regression models that were developed from these data, we predicted that the maximum infestation level that would result in flour with fragment counts below the Food and Drug Administration defect action level (75 fragments/50 g of flour) was 0.95 and 1.5% (380-640 infested kernels/kg of wheat) for pupae and larvae, but it decreased to 0.05% (20 infested kernels/kg) when the grain was infested with preemergent adults. We also reexamined the accuracy and sensitivity of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for detecting insect fragments in flour by testing three different NIR spectrometers. NIRS-predicted numbers of insect fragments were correlated with the actual number of fragments. NIRS is less precise than the standard flotation method, but it is rapid, nondestructive, does not require extensive sample preparation, and could easily be automated for a more sophisticated sampling protocol for flour based on prescreening samples with NIRS followed up by use of the standard flotation method when necessary.     

Ionizing radiation for quarantine control of Opogona sacchari (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

A discriminating irradiation dose of 150 gray (Gy) was used to determine the most tolerant immature stages of Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Based on adult emergence, early and late pupae were determined to be the most tolerant stages, and they were significantly more tolerant than eggs, neonate larvae, and larvae that were 1, 2, or 3 wk old. Irradiation treatment of eggs, neonates, 1-wk-old larvae, 2-wk-old larvae, 3-wk-old larvae, early pupae, and late pupae at 150 Gy resulted in a 96, 96, 95, 73, 61, 8, and 9% reduction in adult emergence, respectively. Pupae were treated with irradiation doses between 60 and 400 Gy. Emergence to the adult stage was significantly reduced by irradiation, averaging 90% in experimental controls and 29% in the 400-Gy treatment. Egg production was also reduced by irradiation, although the average age of pupae at the time of irradiation had a larger effect on fecundity. In total, 2,527 pupae treated with 120 Gy eclosed and produced 47,221 eggs and three F1 larvae. In the 150-Gy treatment, 2,927 adults in total emerged from the 4,626 insects treated as pupae. These adults laid 62,878 eggs, none of which hatched. We conclude that a minimum dose of 150 Gy should be sufficient for sterilization of immature O. sacchari infesting export commodities.     

幼虫密度对二点委夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】在不同幼虫密度饲养条件下,研究二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone生长发育及繁殖的情况,明确幼虫密度对该害虫的室内种群增长的影响。【方法】本实验设置5个幼虫饲养密度即1,5,10,20和30头/瓶(750 mL),分别观察5个饲养密度下该虫的各个龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况。【结果】幼虫密度对该虫幼虫各龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况均有显著性影响。整个幼虫发育历期随着密度的增加而缩短,10头/瓶达到最短(18.27 d),之后随着幼虫密度的增加而显著延长;幼虫至蛹的存活率随着密度增高而显著下降,30头/瓶最低(39.37%)。蛹期随着密度的增加而延长(10头/瓶除外)。蛹重和每雌产卵量均以1头/瓶最高,随着幼虫密度的增加而显著下降。雌雄蛾寿命均以10头/瓶最长,与1和5头/瓶没有显著性差异。生命表分析显示:二点委夜蛾的种群增长指数以5头/瓶最高,幼虫密度过低或者过高均不利于种群增长。【结论】幼虫密度是影响二点委夜蛾种群增长的重要因子之一。     

Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Exposing larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), to sublethal ( 50% lethal dose) levels of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki at various stages of their development significantly increased development time to the pupal stage and reduced pupal size and number of eggs laid per female, but did not affect the proportion of embryonated eggs. The changes in larval development time, pupal weight and fecundity depended on the larval stage that was treated. Exposure of fourth instars delayed larval development and reduced only male pupal weights with no effects on fecundity. Exposure of sixth instars delayed larval development to a lesser extent than exposure of fourth instars but had a pronounced effect on weight of both male and female pupae. The effect on pupal weight was sex dependent, as males tended to be more affected than females. The reduction in male pupal weight did not appear to influence fecundity, because the effect of exposure was explained by the change in female pupal weight. Effects on larval growth and pupal weight were proportional to the dose that was ingested during exposure, and were observed at doses as low as one-tenth of the LD₅₀. Ingestion of an LD₅₀ caused a 29 or 45% delay in development of, respectively, female or male larvae when exposed as fourth instars and a 30% reduction in female pupal weight when larvae were exposed as sixth instars.     

The moisture content of timber in relation to attack by Lyctus powder-post beetles

The relation between moisture content of oak sapwood and rate of development of Lyctus brunneus has been investigated at 23C. Oviposition took place normally in samples of various moisture contents between 5.5 and 23.5%. The eggs hatched in wood of 7.7% moisture content, but not of 61% moisture content, although the embryos developed fully. The rate of gain in weight of young larvae increased to a maximum as the moisture content of the wood rose to about 14.2% and then fell again. The rate of development from egg to adult followed a somewhat similar curve with a maximum at 16% moisture content. At all moisture contents the first male emerged a few days earlier than the first female. The average weight of the male beetles was less and their moisture content greater than those of the corresponding females. The average weight of the beetles showed a tendency to increase at moisture contents of the wood above 97%. The average moisture content of the males was fairly constant up to 156% moisture content of the wood, but that of the females rose slowly as the moisture content of the samples increased. In wood of 15.6% moisture content at 23C. the minimum period of development from egg to adult was 167 days; at 14.2% moisture content and 27.5 C. this was reduced to 142 days. Green timber was shown to be liable to infestation as soon as a superficial skin was formed of a suitable moisture content; the upper limiting moisture content is probably the fibre saturation point. Control of moisture content of timber cannot be achieved sufficiently easily for it to become an important method for the control of Lyctus infestation.     

Sampling techniques, spatial distribution and cultural control of millet spike worm, Raghuva albipunctella (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Spike washing and direct count methods were equally effective for sampling eggs and young larvae of millet spike worm, Raghuva albipunctella (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in Senegal, but spike washing is a more economical method. Most eggs (70%) were laid on emerging millet spikes and the spike apex was the preferred oviposition site. Most larvae pupated 10–30 cm from millet hills. The maximum number of pupae was found in the upper layer (< 10 cm) in loamy soil and deeper (20–30 cm) in sandy soil. Ploughing fields after millet harvest reduced the population of spike worm pupae significantly, but may prove impracticable or socially unacceptable to farmers.