三种生物源农药对桃树蚜虫的防治效果研究

为筛选生产上防治桃树蚜虫的生物源农药,开展了1.5%除虫菊素水剂、0.3%苦参碱水剂和5%桉油精可溶液剂对桃树蚜虫的田间防效试验。结果表明,3种生物源农药中以0.3%苦参碱水剂防治效果最好,药后1 d防效为70.12%,药后7 d防效为91.96%,与对照药剂70% 吡虫啉水分散粒剂防效相当,具有较好的速效性和持效性。苦参碱对桃树安全,是防治桃蚜的理想药剂,生产上推荐使用浓度为1 000倍液。     

转基因油菜"超油1号"昆虫的生物多样性初步研究

包括转基因油菜"超油1号"、受体油菜"浙优油1号"、非受体油菜"浙双72"等3个油菜品种的随机区组田间试验显示,蚜虫、潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等7种油菜主要昆虫的发生情况,转基因油菜与其受体油菜均无显著性差异;转基因油菜与其非受体油菜,蚜虫以前者为多,潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等6种昆虫则无显著性差异。初步结果表明转基因油菜转入基因不影响油菜上主要昆虫的多样性,转基因油菜通过改变其非靶标生物的多样性从而导致农田生态系统可观改变的风险很小。     

广东肇庆柑橘木虱田间种群对常用药剂的抗药性

室内采用浸叶法测定了柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri敏感种群与田间种群对广东常用药剂的敏感性,明确了柑橘木虱田间种群对阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和甲维盐6种药剂的抗药性.柑橘木虱田间种群对70％吡虫啉水分散粒剂、20％啶虫脒可溶液剂、3％甲维盐微乳剂处于低水平抗药性,LC50抗性倍数分别为5.89倍、8.53倍和9.86倍;对25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10％高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8％阿维菌素乳油仍具有较高的敏感性.田间防治柑橘木虱推荐不同作用机理的药剂交替使用,综合运用多种防控措施,以延缓柑橘木虱抗药性的产生.     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫林间化学防治试验

选用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、40%毒死蜱乳油、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂以及这3种农药的混配剂,分别稀释成5、10、20倍液,采用注干法对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫进行林间药效试验。试验表明,施药30 d后,相同浓度的不同药剂对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的校正死亡率则存在极显著差异。混配剂5倍液的防治效果最好,在30 d内对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的校正死亡率为81.63%。施药后5～10 d,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的死亡率增长速度最快;施药10 d后,死亡率的增长速度明显变缓。同一种药剂的浓度越高,对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫的致死时间越短。     

油菜潜叶蝇春季为害的预测

油菜潜叶蝇(Phytomyza atricornis Meigen)是油菜食叶的重要害虫。由于体型小,生活隐蔽,钻蛀破坏为害普遍而严重,对油菜生产影响极大。在湖南安仁县,是当前油菜生产上急 作者于1967年开始在安仁县农作物病虫测报站设点,进行观祭。1969年到1970年注意该虫的发生规律,并进行药剂防治试验。1971年以后,继续进行此项试验研究,探索有效的防洽措施,为油菜增产提供科学依据。现将1967年到1979年的初步研究结果报道如下。     

昆明地区菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律

为明确菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律及季节动态，采用五点取样法，利用粘虫板对2018—2020年温室种植的菊苗上优势种害虫进行调查，利用四分位法对优势种害虫发生期进行划分，同时分析了菊苗上优势种害虫的发生规律、季节动态及时间生态位。结果表明：西花蓟马在一年大部分时间均可危害菊苗，主要发生期集中在4—8月，3年的发生高峰分别在5月、6月和7月，此时西花蓟马的种群数量分别为636、1411和256头·板^-1,西花蓟马的生态位宽度呈现逐年降低的趋势；菊潜叶蝇的生态位宽度较小，每年的危害主要集中在1—6月，主要发生期在3—6月，3年的发生高峰均在3月，此时菊潜叶蝇的种群数量可达256、239和124头·板^-1;桃蚜和白粉虱在3年的生态位宽度较大，说明桃蚜和白粉虱在菊苗上的发生时间最长，主要发生期均在2—4月，发生高峰在全年内不固定。4种害虫间的生态位重叠指数相似，说明4种害虫在发生的时间维度上具有相似性且存在竞争关系。因此，在防治菊苗优势种害虫时应以西花蓟马和菊潜叶蝇为主，1—6月主要防治菊潜叶蝇，3—10月主要防治西花蓟马。     

合肥郊区春季菜园和茶园昆虫群落的组成及差异

20 0 0年春对合肥郊区菜园和茶园进行了 5天 1次的系统调查 ,共发现菜园有 3 7科 49种昆虫和蜘蛛 ,主要害虫为小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、几种蚜虫和潜叶蝇 ;茶园有 3 1科 44种。重要害虫是茶蚜和黑刺粉虱等。菜园和茶园中主要天敌是黑带食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、蚜茧蜂和斜纹猫蛛。自 4月中旬 ,菜园物种数、个体数和多样性指数明显增大。茶园物种数、个体数和多样性指数波动性稍小。菜园害虫种数较多 ,个体数波动较大。茶园中益害物种数之比是 1 0 0 ,菜园中则为 0 5 8。主成分分析显示茶园群落的稳定性稍强。     

乙拌磷拌种防治油菜苗期蚜虫的试验

在油菜蚜虫的忌避剂尚未问世之前,探索以内吸剂拌种代替苗期多次喷药来防治油菜蚜虫和减少病毒传播机率、缩短病毒传播时间的可能性,从而找出油菜治蚜防病的新途径,是具有相当意义的。为此,我们在1951年秋季进行了乙拌磷拌种防治油菜苗期蚜虫的试验,现作如下报导。     

核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对三种常见害虫的杀虫活性

在室内测定了核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对三种常见害虫即温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella及豌豆蚜Aphis craccivora的毒力作用。结果表明,核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对白粉虱、小菜蛾和蚜虫均表现出较好的毒杀作用,其LC50分别为0.7527、0.7924和0.2121 g/L;在稀释质量浓度为2.0395 g/L时,白粉虱成虫和小菜蛾幼虫的校正死亡率分别为9448%和9800%,而在稀释浓度为0.9518 g/L时,蚜虫的校正死亡率为89.35%。核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对温室白粉虱、小菜蛾幼虫及蚜虫表现出较好的杀虫活性。     

美洲斑潜蝇等重要潜蝇的鉴别

双翅目中的潜蝇科、花蝇科、果蝇科、实蝇科和水蝇科等类群虽然都含有潜叶种类,但只有潜蝇科绝大部分种类以潜叶为主,其潜叶种类包含不少农作物和花卉害虫。在潜蝇科的这些害虫种类中,又以豌豆彩潜蝇ＣｈｒｏｍａｔｏｍｙｉａｈｏｒｔｉｃｏｌａＧｏｕｒｅａｕ,番茄斑潜蝇Ｌｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｂｒｙｏｎｉａｅ（Ｋａｌｔｅｎｂａｃｈ）,拉美斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｈｕｔｈｅｂｒｅｓｉｓ（Ｂｌａｎ－ｃｈａｒｄ）,美洲斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｓａｔｉｖａｅ　Ｂｌａｎｃｈａｒｄ和三叶斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｉ（Ｂｕｒｇｅｓｓ）最为重要,造成较大的损失,…     

芥蓝田主要害虫种群生态位研究

2001年秋季在福州郊区对芥蓝田BrassicaalboglabraBailey害虫种群的生态位进行了初步研究,研究结果表明:蚜虫、粉虱和小菜蛾为秋季芥蓝田的优势种害虫,菜青虫、黄曲条跳甲和斑潜蝇为随从种害虫。这些主要害虫的生态位在时间、空间维度和时-空二维上存在明显分化,各种害虫对资源的竞争主要集中在对空间资源的竞争,即随着时间的推移,害虫间的竞争主要集中在对植株上可获得的产卵、取食和栖息的空间资源的竞争。     

The development of an action threshold for cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in oilseed rape in the UK

Replicated small plot field experiments were done at two sites growing winter oilseed rape (ADAS Boxworth, Cambridgeshire and ADAS High Mowthorpe, North Yorkshire) and two sites growing spring oilseed rape (ADAS Bridgets, Hampshire and ADAS Rosemaund, Herefordshire) to investigate the effect of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on crop yield and quality. All four sites were included in the first 2 yr of the experiment in 1994 and 1995 but only those with winter oilseed rape were continued into the final year in 1996. Plots were artificially inoculated with cabbage aphids at either five aphid 4 m^-2 or 5 aphids 16 m^-2 or left uninoculated to become naturally infested. In 1995 and 1996 the naturally infested treatment was omitted. Sprays of the aphicide pirimicarb at GS 3.3, 3.7, 4.5, 4.9 and 5.5 were used to manipulate aphid populations. Once a plot had been treated at a target growth stage it was sprayed on all subsequent occasions to prevent recolonisation. Aphid numbers were assessed prior to each spray date and their effect on the crop measured in terms of yield of seed and oil and glucosinolate content. Artificial inoculation of aphids was often successful in establishing different populations of the pest at a range of growth stages. Results showed that cabbage aphid sometimes reduced both crop yield and quality. Yield responses to insecticide treatment tended to be larger in spring oilseed rape than in winter oilseed rape mainly because it became more heavily infested at an early growth stage. Tentative thresholds are proposed for control of the pest in both winter and spring oilseed rape. It is stressed that cabbage aphid is a sporadic pest and rarely likely to reach these threshold levels in field crops.     

Screening of oilseed rape cultivars relation to diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) in fields of Tehran

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most important pests of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., in the world. In this study, resistance of oilseed rape cultivars to DBM was evaluated in fields of Tehran based on injury rate of the cultivars. To evaluate cultivar resistance, 19 cultivars of oilseed rape were planted in randomised complete-block design with three replications. Total experiments were conducted in experimental field of Shahed University. Results showed that DBM had activity on the plants during season and peak of the injury occurred on 27 May. Results indicated that the total of oilseed rape cultivar was spotty. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference among determined characteristics in all cultivars. The highest and lowest numbers of holes in the leaf were observed in Midas, Karaj3, Zarfam and Hyola420, Hyola308 cultivars, respectively, in sampling of the end growth. Opera and Midas cultivars have the highest percentage of leaf infestation and the lowest percentage of leaf infestation was observed in Hyola420 and Hyola308. Also, Karaj3 and Zarfam cultivars have the highest percentage of meristem infestation and the lowest percentage of meristem infestation was observed in Licard and Hyola420 cultivars. Based on peak of the injury rate and importance of meristem injury, Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars were relatively resistant to DBM, and Karaj3 and Zarfam were relatively sensitive to DBM.     

Invertebrate pests of canola and their management in Australia: a review

Abstract  In Australia, canola is subject to attack by at least 30 species of invertebrate pests, although the composition of this pest complex can vary between regions. Mites (e.g. the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor and the blue oat mites Penthaleus spp.), lucerne flea ( Sminthurus viridis ) and false wireworms (e.g. the grey false wireworm Isopteron punctatissimus and the bronzed field beetle Adelium brevicorne ) are the major pests threatening the seedling establishment, whereas aphids (the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae , the turnip aphid Lipaphis erysimi and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae ), the native budworm ( Helicoverpa punctigera ), the diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) and the Rutherglen bug ( Nysius vinitor ) can cause irregular and unpredictable damage to the flowering and podding plants. Current tactics of pest management for canola rely largely on the use of synthetic pesticides, but this single-technology approach is likely to incur negative effects on natural enemies and the risk of pest resistance. Thus, the sustainable production of canola requires integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, in which cultural control, crop resistance and biological control are used as important components, with chemical inputs applied only when absolutely needed to restrict pests from reaching economically damaging densities. Such IPM strategies should be built around a fundamental understanding of pest ecology at both regional and local farm levels and the integration of renewable technologies. Therefore, future research efforts need to be focused on the canola-cropping system, with a particular emphasis on the impact of pest species, natural enemies of the pests, varietal resistance to pests and the spatial ecology of pest species.     

秋季菜心田主要害虫生态位

对福州郊区菜心田害虫种群的生态位进行了初步研究。结果表明,黄曲条跳甲、小菜蛾和蚜虫为秋季菜心田最主要的害虫。不同害虫的生态位上存在明显分化,黄曲条跳甲在时间生态位上占有较多资源,小菜蛾则在空间生态位上占有相当多资源。并分析探讨了田间不同害虫种群混合发生的竞争机制及相应的害虫控制策略。     

Combining intercropping with semiochemical releases: optimization of alternative control of Sitobion avenae in wheat crops in China

Overreliance on pesticides has large environmental and human health costs that compel researchers and farmers to seek alternative management tactics for crop pests. For insect pests, increasing crop species diversity via intercropping and using semiochemicals to alter local arthropod populations have separately proven effective at reducing pest densities. Here, we combine these two tactics in an effort to gain better control of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the English grain aphid, a major pest of cereal production worldwide. We conducted field experiments over 2 years testing the effectiveness of combining intercropping of wheat and oilseed rape with release of methyl salicylate (MeSA). We found that maximum and mean aphid densities were highest in wheat monocultures, significantly lower in intercropped plots and MeSA plots, and lowest when intercropping and MeSA release were combined by obtaining highest densities of predatory lady beetles and parasitoids rates. Importantly, grain yield and quality showed a similar pattern: they were highest for combined intercropped/MeSA plots, intermediate in plots with intercropping or MeSA alone, and lowest in control monoculture plots. Our results suggest that combining these two tactics holds significant promise for improved management of aphid populations and emphasize the need to integrate alternative pest control approaches to optimize sustainable insect pest management.     

中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算

过去30年来我国农作物的播种面积并未产生太大变化,但病虫害的发生和防治次数却不断增加。根据6种中国主要农作物的病虫害发生情况,收集了相应的农药用量及其制造的温室气体排放量数据,估算了中国主要农作物在种植过程中,因对病虫害使用杀虫剂和杀菌剂而产生的温室气体排放量现状。结果表明,我国主要农作物小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的每公顷病虫害防治时使用农药所产生的温室气体排放量分别是9.19(1.86—23.24)、20.54(2.03—50.95)、10.38(3.45—19.32)、5.91(2.15—18.34)、10.84(8.10—13.62)、19.51(5.11—49.01)kg CE hm~(-2)a~(-1),即水稻和棉花最高;但论单产农药温室气体排放量,则油菜和棉花远高于其余4种粮食作物。每年小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的病虫害防治使用农药所产生的总温室气体排放量分别是220.8(44.7—558.4)、606.7(60.0—1505.1)、336.4(112.0—606.3)、30.9(11.2—96.0)、79.5(59.4—99.8)、96.4(25.2—242.2)Gg CE,总计1.37(0.31—3.13)Tg CE。将以上6种作物的病虫害防治情况外推到全国农作物,则我国一年因为农作物病虫害防治而产生的温室气体排放量为2.13(0.48—4.85)Tg CE。另外由于缺乏草害面次数据而没有包括除草剂本分,所以以上数字仍是低估。病虫害防治由于作物本身、防治对象、防治方法以及药剂用量的固有差异,导致农作物病虫害防治的温室气体排放量计算结果存在着较大的不确定性,目前基于自下而上农户调查的估算方法无法克服这些问题,更精确的估算需要自上而下的企业级调查数据。     

Intercropping oilseed rape as a potential relay crop for enhancing the biological control of green peach aphids and aphid‐transmitted virus diseases

Tobacco viruses transmitted by green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), cause severe disease in flue‐cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), in China and throughout the world. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Longyan City, Fujian Province, China, to determine whether M. persicae and aphid‐transmitted virus diseases are affected by intercropping of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), in tobacco fields. The results showed that, compared with those in monocultured fields, the densities of M. persicae and winged aphids in intercropped fields significantly decreased in both 2016 and 2017. In particular, the appearance of winged aphids was delayed by ca. 7 days. Moreover, the densities of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasitoid of the aphid, significantly increased in 2016 and 2017. Accordingly, the incidence rates of aphid‐transmitted virus diseases (those caused by the cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, and tobacco etch virus) significantly decreased in the intercropped fields in 2016 and 2017. Tobacco yields and monetary value significantly increased in 2016 (by 10–25 and 14–29%, respectively) and 2017 (by 17–22 and 22–34%, respectively). Consequently, our results suggest that intercropping oilseed rape in tobacco fields is a good approach to regulating and controlling aphids and tobacco mosaic viruses, for example potyvirus, and this intercropping can help control aphid‐transmitted virus diseases in tobacco.     

Effects of Bt plants on the development and survival of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in susceptible and Bt-resistant larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

A range of crops have been transformed with delta-endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to produce transgenic plants with high levels of resistance to lepidopteran pests. Parasitoids are important natural enemies of lepidopteran larvae and the effects of Bt plants on these non-target insects have to be investigated to avoid unnecessary disruption of biological control. This study investigated the effects of Cry1Ac-expressing transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on the solitary braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia plutellae in small-scale laboratory experiments. C. plutellae is an important natural enemy of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), the most important pest of brassica crops world-wide. Bt oilseed rape caused 100% mortality of a Bt-susceptible P. xylostella strain but no mortality of the Bt-resistant P. xylostella strain NO-QA. C. plutellae eggs laid in Bt-susceptible hosts feeding on Bt leaves hatched but premature host mortality did not allow C. plutellae larvae to complete their development. In contrast, C. plutellae developed to maturity in Bt-resistant hosts fed on Bt oilseed rape leaves and there was no effect of Bt plants on percentage parasitism, time to emergence from hosts, time to adult emergence and percentage adult emergence from cocoons. Weights of female progeny after development in Bt-resistant hosts did not differ between plant types but male progeny was significantly heavier on wildtype plants in one of two experiments. The proportion of female progeny was significantly higher on Bt plants in the first experiment with Bt-resistant hosts but this effect was not observed again when the experiment was repeated.     

Effects of plant spacing and interplanting with oilseed rape on colonisation of dwarf hops by the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli

The pattern of colonisation of dwarf hops (Humulus lupulus) by damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli (Schrank)) migrating from Prunus spp. was investigated at six plant spacings and where some of the hops were replaced by oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a non-host of the aphid. The number of migrant aphids that accumulated on hop stems (bines) increased with increasing bine size and density. The numbers of aphids that colonised hops interplanted with oilseed rape reflected the density of the hop plants only and not the overall plant density. As the physical size of the wind shadow within which flying aphids can manoeuvre and land was unimportant unless provided by a host plant, the finding supports the theory that flying aphids respond to olfactory stimuli associated with their hosts. Variation in bine height (as a measure of plant size) explained 29–93% of the variance in aphid counts during the 3 years' study and bine density 1–14%. Standardising the data as the numbers of aphids per metre of bine and taking a square-root transformation of these standardised counts improved the precision of the analyses and, by stabilising variances, facilitated comparisons between years as growth became more vigorous as the plants matured. Each year, the rate of increase in numbers of aphids settling on plots of hops declined curvilinearly with increasing bine density. Maximum colonisation by P. humuli occurred at a bine density of five per metre row, a density similar to that used commercially by growers of dwarf hops.