主动筛查碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌的研究进展

碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是治疗革兰阴性菌感染,特别是肠杆菌科细菌最有效的抗生素。随着碳青霉烯类抗生素的大量使用,使碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae,CRE)也逐年增多,CRE传播速度快、范围广、致死率高,给临床治疗和防控带来了严峻挑战。目前,CRE已成为全球公共卫生安全的巨大威胁,肠道定植CRE已被认为是全身感染CRE的一个重要的危险因素,定植的CRE对危重症患者增加了其感染和死亡的风险。现就主动筛查CRE的必要性、对象、方法、防控措施等作一简要概述。     

肠道菌群对耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌定殖抗性的研究进展

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE)在肠腔中定殖通常先于或并存于CRE的感染。正常情况下,定殖的CRE、肠道菌群和宿主相互作用,处于稳定平衡的状态,当肠道菌群出现失调时,肠道正常菌群失去对定殖CRE的抵抗力,增加CRE感染的风险。大量研究表明通过肠道共生菌群对CRE的定殖抗性不仅可以预防感染,而且也可以降低医疗环境中患者间相互传播的风险。本文就CRE的流行现状、肠杆菌科细菌定殖机制以及肠道共生菌群对CRE定殖抗性机制作一综述,以期为CRE感染的防控工作提供新思路和新方法。     

感控干预在控制多重耐药定植菌医院感染的临床研究

目的研究多重耐药定植菌与医院感染的关系以及去定植措施的效果。方法对入住ICU的患者进行多重耐药定植菌筛查,观察阳性患者和阴性患者医院感染发生率;将阳性患者随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组采用常规的预防控制措施,试验组加上安尔碘Ⅲ去鼻腔MRSA、口服金双歧去肠道产ESBLs肠杆菌措施,观察两组患者医院感染发生率以及定植菌与医院感染的关系,对比两组去定植效果。结果ICU多重耐药菌定植率为31. 16% ;多重耐药定植菌筛查阴性患者医院感染率为7. 56%,阳性患者医院感染率为15.47% （P 〈0.01）;对照组医院感染率为20.79%,试验组医院感染率为22. 22% （P 〉0. 05）;对照组定植菌医院感染率为4. 95% ,试验组定植菌医院感染为0（ P 〈0.01）;对照组产ESBLs大肠埃希菌定植自行清除率为26. 31% ,试验组产ESBLs大肠埃希菌去定植率为80. 95% （P 〈 0. 01）。结论ICU患者多重耐药菌定植率高,多重耐药菌定植患者医院感染率高,口服金双歧去肠道产ESBLs细菌干预措施有效,安尔碘Ⅲ去鼻腔MRSA效果需继续研究。     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因传播机制研究现状

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae,CRE)在临床中的分离率越来越高,在抗菌药物的选择性压力下,碳青霉烯酶耐药基因可位于不同的移动元件,在不同种属和同种属细菌之间播散,给临床抗感染治疗带来了极大的困难。对碳青霉烯酶耐药基因可移动元件进行了简要综述,旨在阐明CRE耐药基因传播机制,为CRE感染的预防、治疗及感染的控制提供了参考依据。     

腹部手术与肠道细菌移位和内源性感染

目的 人体肠道定植着大量的细菌,正常情况下肠道菌群与机体处于动态平衡,腹部外科手术的刺激和创伤可以破坏肠道正常的菌群结构和屏障功能,使细菌的数量、比例发生改变或空间上发生移位,引发内源性感染,最终导致机体各种功能障碍.研究分析腹部外科手术对肠道细菌及屏障功能的影响,为今后预防和治疗提供理论依据.     

006肠道作为医源性感染的储菌库和来源

肠道是许多医源性病菌的宿主。虽然这些病菌各异，但它们在肠道中定植和传播的机制相同。本文将分析促使医源性病菌在肠道内定植及传播的常见因素，重点探讨抗生素治疗与感染之间的关系及控制感染应采取的措施。     

双歧杆菌的定植机制及其作用的研究进展

定植可被定义为微生物在身体特定部位长久存在而在正常情况下并不导致健康宿主病变,不同于感染,因为后者是指微生物在体内长期停留而有引起病变的可能.胃肠道是人体细菌定植最多的地方,胃肠道的细菌定植是一复杂的有多因素决定的过程,其特征是环境、食物、微生物和宿主相关因素动态作用的结果。双歧杆菌是人体肠道最重要的生理性细菌,对宿主发挥生物屏障、营养、免疫、抗肿瘤和改善人体代谢等多种生理作用。但是双歧杆菌定植于肠黏膜上皮细胞上是它发挥上述生理作用的前提,故有关双歧杆菌定植的研究正日益受到人们的关注。决定双歧杆菌能否在肠道中定植的条件有：一是双歧杆菌必须先与肠道细胞发生作用而粘附于肠道细胞上;二是粘附后的双歧杆菌进一步改变肠道环境而实现对肠道细胞的稳定粘附（定植）。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺部感染病原菌与肠道定植菌的关系

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺部感染病原菌与肠道定植菌的关系,为后续研究提供参考。方法选择2018年7月至2019年7月我院呼吸内科收治的60例COPD患者作为研究对象,根据是否合并肺部感染将患者分为感染组(n=38)和未感染组(n=22)。收集患者痰和粪便标本进行细菌培养,比较两组患者痰和粪便细菌检出情况,并对痰培养及粪便培养结果进行直线相关回归分析。结果感染组患者痰标本中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及大肠埃希菌检出率高于未感染组(均P0.05)。感染组患者粪便标本中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌检出率高于未感染组,肺炎链球菌检出率低于未感染组(均P0.05)。感染组患者粪便中各细菌检出率与痰培养细菌检出率呈正相关(r=0.745,P=0.009)。未感染组患者粪便中各细菌检出率与痰培养细菌检出率无显著相关性。结论老年COPD合并肺部感染患者病原菌与肠道定植菌具有一定相关性,临床治疗中应重视COPD患者肠道微生态平衡以降低肺部感染发生率。     

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌的流行病学特点与治疗现状

耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE)是近年来检出率不断升高的一种临床常见耐药菌,是导致患者死亡的独立危险因素。CRE的出现主要是由于细菌产碳青霉烯酶,包括肺炎克雷伯菌产生的碳青霉烯酶(Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase,KPC)、金属β-内酰胺酶(metallo-β-lactamase,MBL)和 苯唑西林酶(oxacillinase,OXA),少数是由于细菌外膜蛋白改变以及外排泵高表达。临床上最常见的CRE是肺炎克雷伯菌,最常暴发CRE感染的科室是重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU),感染高危因素包括接触医疗机构、各种侵入性操作以及抗菌药物使用史。由于缺乏前瞻性临床试验数据,目前在治疗CRE感染的高危患者时多采用多药联合的经验性治疗措施,一些经典药物如多黏菌素、替加环素、磷霉素等起到了意想不到的效果,一些新药如头孢他啶-阿维巴坦也投入使用并发挥了一定作用。本文就近年来CRE感染的流行病学特点以及目前临床上主要使用的药物进行综述。     

婴幼儿艰难梭菌的无症状定植与防治措施研究进展

艰难梭菌是一种肠道条件致病菌,能形成芽胞有效抵抗抗生素的杀灭。由于临床上抗生素的不规范使用,导致人体肠道有益菌被杀死。艰难梭菌因抵抗力强而大量繁殖,破坏人体肠道菌群平衡,引起抗生素相关性腹泻。艰难梭菌同时也是院内感染的主要病原菌。艰难梭菌可在人体肠道无症状定植,不同年龄阶段艰难梭菌定植率有较大差异,相比于成人,婴幼儿时期艰难梭菌在肠道的定植率较高,且婴幼儿的生理特点常导致无症状定植,但若传播给成人,则有可能造成艰难梭菌感染引起腹泻,故有必要做好防治措施。本文就婴幼儿无症状定植的特点及防控措施作一综述。     

Removal of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) from Blood by Heparin-Functional Hemoperfusion Media

Bloodstream infections due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are becoming more frequent and are associated with a high mortality. At present, combination antimicrobial therapy yields the best outcomes, but treatment options are limited. Many bacteria utilize heparan sulfate to bind to human cells. We studied the ability of a biomimetic device composed of polyethylene beads with endpoint-attached heparin to bind both sensitive and (CRE) E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from spiked blood samples. Greater than 90% of susceptible, E. coli, CRE E. coli and CRE Klebsiella were removed by the beads. Future studies in human bacteremia with this technology are planned.     

Probiotics and small bowel mucosa: Molecular aspects of their interactions

Probiotics are described as "friendly bacteria" that could improve the intestine defense by interacting with the resident microflora. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that consumption of functional food containing probiotics exerts positive effects on human health. Several clinical trials have highlighted the efficiency of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different gastrointestinal disorders including the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea, the remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, beneficial effects against Helicobacter pylori infection, positive effects in patients affected by allergies and atopic diseases. The clinical benefits of probiotics use are mainly attributed to their antimicrobial substances production and their positive interactions with the enterocytes to reinforce the intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that probiotics stimulate both specific and non-specific host immune responses. Recently, have been published some experiments performed with the DNA microarray technology which provided a global gene screening of the complex bacteria-host interplay. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which probiotics enhance the intestinal host defense are still not completely elucidated. Here, we review the experiments and clinical studies to date on the complex mechanisms regulating the communication between probiotics and their hosts.     

Clinical Significance of Community- and Healthcare-Acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolates

This study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance, manifestations, microbiological characteristics and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates, and compare the clinical features of community- and healthcare-acquired CRE isolates. A total of 78 patients were identified to have CRE. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common pathogens (n = 42, 53.8%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (n = 24, 30.8%), and Escherichia coli (n = 11, 14.1%). Most of the patients acquired CRE from healthcare settings (n = 55, 70.5%), and other cases got CRE from community settings (n = 23, 29.5%). Nine cases (11.5%) were classified as CRE colonization. Among the remaining 69 cases of CRE infections, pneumonia (n = 28, 40.6%) was the most common type of infections, followed by urinary tract infection (n = 24, 34.8%), and intra-abdominal infection (n = 16, 23.2%). The patients acquired CRE from community settings were more likely to be elderly, female, and had more urinary tract infections than from healthcare settings. In contrast, the patients acquired CRE from healthcare settings had more intra-abdominal infections, intra-abdominal surgery, and presence of indwelling device than from community settings. In conclusion, community-acquired CRE are not rare, and their associated clinical presentations are different from healthcare-acquired CRE.     

FUS-100尿沉渣分析仪在住院患者尿路感染筛检中的应用

目的 探讨FUS-100全自动尿沉渣分析仪(简称FUS-100)中的细菌和酵母定量计数在筛查住院患者尿路感染时的价值.方法 用定量细菌培养法和FUS-100检测505例疑似泌尿系统感染患者清洁中段尿标本.结果 505份尿标本培养阳性192份,阳性率为38.0％,其中36份标本有两种细菌生长,共分离出228株菌,革兰阳性球菌30株(13.2％),革兰阴性杆菌108株(47.4％),真菌90株(39.4％).以尿细菌计数≥23.72/μL、酵母计数≥0.65/μL为感染阳性标准,与中段尿培养相比较,FUS-100细菌定量计数的敏感性为85.5％,特异性为89.5％,阳性似然比为8.14,阴性似然比为0.16;酵母定量计数的敏感性为80.4％,特异性为97.2％,阳性似然比为28.71,阴性似然比为0.20.结论 FUS-100定量计数尿细菌和酵母可用于住院患者尿路感染的快速筛查.     

cAMP反应元件萤光素酶报告基因载体的构建简

目的：构建含有cAMP反应元件（CRE）的萤光素酶报告基因载体。方法：以含有ga14位点的萤光素酶报告基因质粒为模板,利用PCR方法,在去除ga14位点的同时,连入4个CRE元件得到pCRE-luc;将该载体与G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）共转染人胚肾细胞HEK293,测定萤光素酶活性;应用蛋白激酶A（PKA）抑制剂确认CRE的活性是否与Gs通路相关。结果：pCRE-luc的活性直接相关于GPCR的激活程度,并依赖Gs信号通路。结论：CRE萤光素酶报告基因载体构建成功,可用于检测Gs偶联GPCR的活性,为基于GPCR的高通量药物筛选奠定了基础。