石棉地区藏族、彝族和汉族人群肠道微生物菌群构成与分布

目的探讨石棉地区藏族、彝族和汉族人群肠道微生物菌群构成分布情况。方法将2017年7月至2019年7月在我院进行健康体检的并符合纳入和排除标准的125例健康人作为研究对象,其中汉族65例,彝族32例,藏族28例。收集受试健康人群清晨空腹粪便标本,利用高通量测序技术测定石棉地区藏族、彝族和汉族人群粪便样本16S rRNA序列并建立分类操作单元(OTU),分析肠道微生物结构特征及优势菌群,并对各民族人群肠道微生物进行聚类分析。结果共获得514 069条高质量16S rRNA序列,每个样品平均生成序列数为(4 112.55±1 258.67)条;97%相似度归并共获得68 232个OTU,每个样品平均OTU为(545.86±157.49)个;石棉地区汉族人群粪便标本中占优势细菌门为拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门,彝族及藏族人群粪便标本占优势细菌门为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,菌门水平上丰富度差异存在统计学意义(F=13.810,P0.001;F=17.797,P0.001);石棉地区汉族人群粪便标本优势细菌属为拟杆菌属、栖粪杆菌属,彝族及藏族人群粪便标本优势细菌属为普氏菌属、栖粪杆菌属和拟杆菌属,在拟杆菌属和栖粪杆菌属水平上丰富度差异存在统计学意义(F=39.836,P0.001;F=141.194,P0.001);石棉地区彝族和藏族与汉族人群肠道微生物差异度48%。结论石棉地区藏族和彝族与汉族人群间肠道微生物优势细菌门及细菌属虽相似但在丰富度上存在差异,汉族健康人群肠道微生物菌群呈现不规律、分散聚类现象,彝族、藏族健康人群肠道微生物菌群呈现集中聚类现象,临床应根据种族差异对人群进行膳食指导以调控肠道微生态平衡。     

胃癌患者化疗前后口腔菌群与肠道菌群变化特征

目的研究胃癌患者化疗前后口腔菌群与肠道菌群的变化特征,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。方法选取2017年2月至2020年2月于我院接受治疗的96例胃癌患者为观察组,另外选取同期我院健康体检者90例为对照组,收集两组对象唾液样本和粪便样本,其中观察组患者需收集化疗前及化疗后两个时间点的样本。采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序法检测菌群构成,分析两组对象组间及观察组患者化疗前后口腔菌群与肠道菌群变化特征。结果化疗前,观察组患者唾液样本、粪便样本菌群Simpson指数、Shannon指数、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门丰富度与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。化疗前,观察组患者唾液样本及粪便样本中放线菌门丰富度显著高于对照组,变形菌门丰富度显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。化疗后,观察组患者唾液样本中厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门丰富度较化疗前显著下降,拟杆菌门丰富度显著上升(均P<0.05);同时粪便样本中厚壁菌门、变形菌门丰富度较化疗前显著上升,拟杆菌门、放线菌门丰富度显著下降(均P<0.05)。化疗后,观察组患者唾液样本中韦荣球菌属、罗氏菌属、普氏菌属丰富度较化疗前显著增加,放线菌属、链球菌属、奈瑟菌属、粪梭杆菌属丰度显著下降(均P<0.05);同时粪便样本中链球菌属、肠志贺菌属、乳杆菌属丰富度较化疗前显著增加,粪梭杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、拟杆菌属丰富度显著下降(均P<0.05)。结论化疗对胃癌患者口腔菌群及肠道菌群构成有一定程度影响,患者口腔菌群中韦荣球菌属丰度上升,而肠道中正常菌群的生长受抑制。     

湿疹患儿肠道菌群高通量测序初步探索

目的为了解湿疹患儿肠道菌群的结构与湿疹之间的关系,通过对湿疹患儿和健康儿童粪便样本细菌总DNA提取,利用高通量测序技术,比较健康儿童和湿疹患儿肠道菌群的异同。方法 10例年龄在2个月~2岁婴幼儿由皮肤科门诊确诊为湿疹伴有过敏性疾病家族史作为研究对象,年龄和性别相当健康儿童10例作为对照,分别收集其粪便标本并提取所有样本中细菌的总DNA,对16SrRNA基因进行高通量测序,获得两组的肠道菌群结构数据并进行菌群差异性分析。结果通过Roche 454高通量测序,两组肠道微生物菌群多样性指数比较差异无统计学意义。两组主要由Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)、Proteobacteria(变形菌门)和Actinobacteria(放线菌门)4个门组成;两组在门水平上进行菌群结构比较,差异无统计学意义。两组样本在属水平上共获得200个不同属的细菌,其中Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)、Bilophila(噬胆菌属)、Christensenella(纺锤状细菌属)、Coprobacillus、Eikenella(艾肯菌属)、Enterobacter(肠杆菌属)、Eubacterium(真杆菌属)、Lactococcus(乳球菌属)、Megamonas(巨单胞菌属)、Leuconostoc(明串珠菌属)、Morganella(摩根菌属)、Rhizobacter(根杆菌属)、Proteus(变形菌属)、Sutterella(萨特菌属)、Veillonella(韦荣球菌属)、Akkermansia、Anaeroglobus、Anaerotruncus、Butyricicoccus、Epulopiscium、Gordonibacter、Lachnospiraceae uncultured、Robinsoniella和Varibaculum共24个属在两组间差异具有统计学意义。结论湿疹患儿肠道菌群与健康儿童相比,菌群多样性指数(Shannon指数和Simpson指数)未见明显差异,但在菌群结构上发生了一些变化,某些特别的细菌菌属存在显著性差异。     

不同饲料饲育的家蚕幼虫肠道细菌的多样性分析

【目的】为研究饲料对不同家蚕Bombyx mori品种肠道微生物菌群的影响。【方法】以筛选到的家蚕广食性品种GS和普通品种1015为研究对象,收集从收蚁开始分别饲育桑叶(GS. m和C1015. m组)和人工饲料(GS. b组)至4龄盛时期的家蚕肠道样本,采用高通量测序的方法对其肠道微生物16S r DNA的V3-V4区进行测序分析,比较它们之间肠道微生物的差异。【结果】在门水平上,所测家蚕肠道样本的优势菌为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria);在科水平上,所测样本主要优势菌为明串珠菌科(Leuconostocaceae)、乳酸杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)等;在属水平上,所测样本主要的优势菌为魏斯氏属Weissella、乳酸菌属Lactobacillus、布赫纳氏菌属Buchnera、甲基杆菌属Methylobacterium、叶瘤菌属Phyllobacterium、肠球菌属Enterococcus和脆弱拟杆菌属Bacteroides等。家蚕品种GS经桑叶和人工饲料饲育后,甲基杆菌属Methylobacterium、布赫纳氏菌属Buchnera等菌属仅在桑叶饲育的GS肠道内出现,而魏斯氏菌Weissella、短芽孢杆菌属Brevibacillus等菌属只在人工饲料饲育的GS肠道内出现。同是桑叶饲育的家蚕品种GS和1015,其肠道内相同的优势菌有叶瘤菌属Phyllobacterium、脆弱拟杆菌属Bacteroides、不动细菌属Acinetobacter等。相较于广食性蚕品种GS的肠道菌群,肠球菌属Enterococcus、草螺菌属Herbaspirillum、丝硫菌属Thiothrix等菌属仅在普通蚕品种1015肠道中被检测到。GS. b组家蚕肠道细菌的物种多样性低于GS. m和C1015. m。GS. m肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),GS. b肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为杆菌纲(Bacilli)和乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales),而C1015. m肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为粪肠球菌属Enterococcus和肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)。【结论】经桑叶饲育的不同蚕品种(GS和1015)的肠道微生物比人工饲料饲育的家蚕肠道微生物更趋于一致;经桑叶饲育的广食性家蚕肠道微生物物种多样性较高于经人工饲料饲育的广食性家蚕。     

中国深圳和芬兰艾斯堡地区 健康婴幼儿肠道菌群的比较

目的探索中国与欧洲沿海发达地区婴幼儿肠道菌群的结构差异及随年龄增长的变化趋势。方法招募深圳地区健康婴幼儿35名并收集其粪便样本,采用Illumina的MiSeq平台对肠道菌群的16S rRNA V4序列进行测序。同时,结合40名芬兰艾斯堡地区健康婴幼儿肠道菌群数据,进行两地儿童菌群结构比较。结果中国与芬兰地区幼儿肠道菌群结构较为一致,在物种多样性及均匀度方面差异无统计学意义。菌属水平分析中,两组幼儿肠道内均呈现以拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属为主导的菌群结构。回归分析表明,幼儿肠道内菌群多样性随年龄的增长明显增加(R~2=0.174,P0.05),0～1岁与1～3岁幼儿的菌群结构差异有统计学意义(R~2=0.079,P0.05)。韦荣球菌、肠球菌和布劳特菌等菌属随年龄增长丰度明显降低,而粪杆菌、瘤胃球菌、罗斯菌等菌属显著增加。结论生命早期肠道菌群的发育主要与年龄因素密切相关,地区因素为次要因素。     

抑郁症患者肠道菌群研究

目的研究抑郁症患者肠道微生物群落分布情况。方法选择2017年1月-2018年1月在本院临床心理科就诊的确诊为抑郁症的患者79例,以及同时期在本院体检的健康者80例。收集患者新鲜粪便,利用16SrRNA基因测序技术分析患者肠道菌群。结果对159例粪便标本进行16SrRNA基因测序,共获得1 276 841条有效16SrRNA基因序列,抑郁组Shannon指数明显高于对照组。在门水平,共发现20个细菌门,抑郁患者肠道菌群丰度前3位的分别是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门;在科水平,前3位主要为拟杆菌科、普雷沃氏菌科和瘤胃菌科;在属水平,前3位分别是多形杆菌属、普氏菌属、另枝菌属。对照组肠道菌群丰度前3位的分别是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门;在科水平,前3位主要是拟杆菌科,普雷沃氏菌科和瘤胃菌科;在属水平,前3位分别是多形拟杆菌属、普氏菌属、另枝菌属。抑郁组多形杆菌属、普氏菌属、另枝菌属、栖粪杆菌属、考拉杆菌属丰度明显低于对照组,抑郁组毛螺菌属、副杆菌属、布劳特氏菌属、巨单胞菌属丰度明显高于对照组。抑郁组拟杆菌属和栖粪杆菌属丰度与SDS评分成负相关,毛螺菌属丰度与SDS评分成正相关。结论抑郁症患者病情严重程度与抗炎性细菌拟杆菌属和栖粪杆菌属丰度成反比,与毛螺菌属丰度成正比。     

强直性脊柱炎患者咽部菌群变化

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎患者的咽部菌群变化。方法筛选入组7例强直性脊柱炎患者和7例健康者咽拭子样本,提取咽部DNA,扩增16SrRNA基因,在Illumina平台测序,对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果从ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数综合来看强直性脊柱炎患者的咽部菌群Alpha多样性差异不大。Beta多样性分析显示两组研究对象咽部菌群样本可被区分。强直性脊柱炎患者咽部菌群组成和含量发生显著改变,主要变化包括:拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)显著降低。拟杆菌门中普雷沃杆菌属(Prevotella)相关的纲目科属水平都显著降低。放线菌门变化落实到属水平,放线菌属(Actinomyces)显著降低,丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)和棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)显著增高。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)中,芽胞杆菌纲(Bacilli)所属的与链球菌属(Streptococcus)相关的纲目科属水平显著增加,而梭状芽胞杆菌纲(Clostridia)包含的韦荣球菌属(Veillonella)、消化球菌属(Peptococcus)显著下降。此外,变形菌门中出现弧菌属(Vibrio)的增加和弯曲菌属(Campylobacter)的降低等变化。结论强直性脊柱炎患者(本次研究样本)的咽部菌群出现紊乱,以普雷沃杆菌属、放线菌属、韦荣球菌属、消化球菌属和弯曲菌属等显著降低,丙酸杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、链球菌属和弧菌属等显著增加为主要特征。     

普氏蹄蝠胃肠道菌群的多样性

【目的】研究普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)胃肠道菌群多样性及致病菌的种类。【方法】采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术,通过对16S r RNA基因V1-V2区基因进行测序,研究普氏蹄蝠胃肠道细菌的群落组成。应用MG-RAST V3.3.6分析和统计样品序列和操作分类单元(OTU)数目,分析胃肠道菌群物种丰度,并进行聚类分析。【结果】从普氏蹄蝠胃和肠道中分别获得144 998条和275 274条原始序列以及48 332条和91 758条有效序列,分属于894个和756个操作分类单元。胃中菌群丰度指数Chao指数(1 490)和ACE指数(2 221)分别低于肠道菌群的Chao指数(2 051)和ACE指数(3 556);Shannon多样性指数(2.405)低于肠道(2.407);Simpson多样性指数(0.168)高于肠道(0.151)。系统进化分析表明胃肠中的细菌主要分布在6个门,均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(胃中占56.4%,肠中占46.0%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(胃中占40.7%,肠中占49.2%)为优势菌门。胃肠道中丰度在0.1%以上的属有24个,胃中优势类群为乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia),分别占整个菌群的26.1%和21.0%;肠道中优势类群为肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和沙门氏菌属(Salmonella),分别占整个菌群的15.2%和12.7%。普氏蹄蝠胃肠道中的优势菌群均为人类的致病菌或者条件致病菌。【结论】普氏蹄蝠携带有大量人类致病菌。因此,应注意防止向人类传播。     

黎族人肠道微生物群落结构特征及其与饮食关联性

【目的】对采集自海南省白沙地区的黎族健康志愿者肠道菌群进行研究,旨在揭示黎族人肠道微生物群落结构特征及其与饮食的相关性。【方法】以海南省白沙黎族自治县征集的22名志愿者晨便为研究对象,应用基于16S r RNA基因V3–V4可变区的高通量测序技术测定其肠道菌群组成,并与其他民族肠道菌群进行比较分析,详细记录黎族22名志愿者的营养物质摄入情况,探索其肠道微生物群落结构特征及其与饮食的相关性。【结果】在门水平上,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,58.96%)和硬壁菌门(Firmicutes,37.77%)在黎族志愿者肠道内含量最高;在属的水平上,普氏菌属(Prevotella,49.38%)在黎族健康志愿者肠道内含量最高。基于微生物群落α和β多样性的分析结果表明,黎族人肠道菌群与中国其他民族人群肠道菌群呈现出显著差异且α多样性显著低于其他民族,特征性差异菌属为:链型杆菌属(Catenibacterium)、普氏菌属(Prevotella)、巨型球菌属(Megasphaera)、巨单胞菌属(Megamonas)、考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium)和布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)。基于肠道核心微生物与营养物质相关性的研究显示,普氏粪杆菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)与膳食纤维、Cu、Mg和Mn的摄入量呈现显著正相关,与脂肪和VB2的摄入量呈现显著负相关,而罗氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rogosae)与膳食纤维、Zn和Fe的摄入量呈显著正相关,与烟酸摄入量呈显著负相关。【结论】揭示了肠道微生物在不同地域和民族之间的差异,研究结果提供了一种通过膳食来优化菌群结构、调控宿主肠道微生态平衡的新思路。     

基于16S rDNA测序绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群结构与功能性分析

目的 通过16S rDNA测序技术对绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能进行分析,探讨肠道菌群与绝经综合征抑郁发生的关联。方法 选取2021年6月至2022年3月就诊于我院妇科门诊的绝经综合征抑郁患者19例为观察组（A组）,同期绝经综合征患者10例为对照组（C组）。利用16S r DNA基因测序法对患者肠道菌群进行物种注释分析和功能比较,统计两组肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能的变化。结果 两组肠道菌群差异明显。GraPhlAn物种组成图显示,患者肠道菌群总体以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门组成。在门水平,与C组相比,A组放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度较低,拟杆菌门相对丰度较高。在属水平,与C组相比,A组拟杆菌属、小杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、Lachnospiracea＿incertae＿se相对丰度较高,而Gemmiger、布劳特菌属、普雷沃菌属、粪球菌属、粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属相对丰度偏低。进一步在属水平上选取了10种相对丰度差异具有统计学意义的菌群（P<0.05）：韦氏球菌属、消化球菌属、巨单胞菌属、史雷克菌属在A组的相对丰度较高（P<0.05）,柯林斯菌属、C...     

Differences in the gut bacterial flora of healthy and milk-hypersensitive adults, as measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization

We enumerated the predominant gut genera from fecal samples of nine healthy and eight milk-hypersensitive adults both before and after 4 weeks Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplementation. The anaerobic intestinal microflora of milk-hypersensitive adults was found to resemble that of healthy adults. LGG-consumption resulted in a significant increase in the number of bifidobacteria in healthy but not in milk-hypersensitive subjects, as well as a general increase in bacterial numbers in all other bacterial genera tested in both groups. In conclusion, the composition of the gut microbiota in milk-hypersensitive adults appears to be normal. LGG may have potential in reinforcing the endogenous flora.     

斑头雁成鸟与雏鸟泄殖腔微生物的对比分析

肠道微生物通过维持稳态、辅助消化和促进免疫系统发育等方式维护宿主的健康状态。肠道微生物本身则受到宿主的基因、饮食、年龄和环境等因素的影响。然而,肠道微生物的变化与宿主年龄之间的关系仍有许多未知。本研究分别收集斑头雁(Anser indicus)2只成鸟及3只雏鸟泄殖腔样品,提取肠道微生物总DNA,采用16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,分析并比较两年龄阶段鸟类肠道微生物的菌群结构及组成差异。研究发现,斑头雁雏鸟泄殖腔微生物属于9个门,含量最高的前5个门分别是梭杆菌门(48.29%)、厚壁菌门(22.21%)、变形杆菌门(22.07%)、放线菌门(5.02%)和软壁菌门(1.93%)。成鸟泄殖腔微生物属于17个门,最多的依次是变形菌门(64.69%)、厚壁菌门(23.92%)、蓝细菌(8.48%)、放线菌门(1.43%)和梭杆菌门(0.56%)。在属的水平,斑头雁雏鸟泄殖腔微生物属于18个属,而成鸟含有24个属。成鸟泄殖腔微生物的α多样性显著高于雏鸟(P0.05,Welch′s t-test)。有186个操作分类单元(OTU)属于成鸟和雏鸟共有,而其他640个OTU和90个OTU则分别隶属于成鸟和雏鸟。雏鸟中67.39%的OTUs是成鸟所具有的。基于OTU的聚类结果与年龄分组一致。本结果对认识鸟类肠道微生物与宿主年龄变化之间的关系有一定的参考价值。     

基于性别二分类的青海天峻藏民肠道菌群差异分析

目的对青海省天峻县的藏族牧民健康志愿者肠道菌群进行研究,探讨青海藏民肠道菌群结构及性别对肠道菌群组成的影响。方法以28例藏族牧民志愿者的粪便样品作为研究对象,应用基于16SrDNA V3+V4可变区的高通量测序技术测定肠道菌群组成及核心菌群;通过db-RDA和菌群多样性分析,探索性别因素对肠道菌群结构的影响。结果在门水平上,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是青海藏族志愿者的优势菌群。在属水平上,优势菌属是普氏菌属、Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis、Faecalibacterium和拟杆菌属;特有优势菌属是Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis。db-RDA结果显示性别因素对肠道微生物群结构有一定分离趋势,多样性结果进一步证实性别差异显著影响菌群结构。男性和女性存在12种差异菌群,包括普氏菌属、Acidaminobacter属等。结论性别差异对青海藏民肠道菌群影响显著。     

Validation of fluorescent in situ hybridization combined with flow cytometry for assessing interindividual variation in the composition of human fecal microflora during long-term storage of samples

This work was conducted to assess the accuracy of in situ hybridization to show differences in human microflora composition between volunteers and to optimize the storage of fecal samples to allow delayed analysis of gut microflora composition in humans. Fecal samples from 25 healthy subjects (14 women, 11 men aged 24-51) were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution at 4 degrees C overnight and stored at -70 degrees C. Twenty samples were analysed to quantify the variation due to interindividual differences in the composition of fecal microflora. The five remaining samples were stored either after PFA fixation or directly frozen at -70 degrees C and were monitored on a 12-month period. The fecal microflora was analysed by in situ hybridization combined with flow cytometry detection. Ribosomal RNA-targeted probes were used to assess the relative proportions of four phylogenetic groups: Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale (Erec 482), Bacteroides (Bac 303), Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fprau 645) and Bifidobacterium (Bif 164). Our results demonstrated that the method used is adapted to detect significant differences in fecal microflora composition in humans. Moreover, samples stored in PFA solution demonstrated a stable composition even after 8 months of storage. Conversely, frozen samples were less stable as the Bifidobacterium and C. coccoides-E. rectale groups showed significant differences after 2 months of storage. In conclusion, the fecal microflora composition can be analysed up to 8 months after 4% PFA fixation and storage at -70 degrees C. It represents an extended time compared with the 2-month period currently recommended. This will give more flexibility for applying this technology in epidemiological studies including a large number of samples.     

Bacteria abundance and diversity of different life stages of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), revealed by bacteria culture‐dependent and PCR‐DGGE methods

Microbial abundance and diversity of different life stages (fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., collected from field and reared in laboratory, were investigated using bacteria culture‐dependent method and PCR‐DGGE analysis based on the sequence of bacteria 16S rRNA V3 region gene. A large quantity of bacteria was found in all life stages of P. xylostella. Field population had higher quantity of bacteria than laboratory population, and larval gut had higher quantity than pupae and adults. Culturable bacteria differed in different life stages of P. xylostella. Twenty‐five different bacterial strains were identified in total, among them 20 strains were presented in larval gut, only 8 strains in pupae and 14 strains in adults were detected. Firmicutes bacteria, Bacillus sp., were the most dominant species in every life stage. 15 distinct bands were obtained from DGGE electrophoresis gel. The sequences blasted in GenBank database showed these bacteria belonged to six different genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed the sequences of the bacteria belonged to the Actinobacteri, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Serratia sp. in Proteobacteria was the most abundant species in larval gut. In pupae, unculturable bacteria were the most dominant species, and unculturable bacteria and Serratia sp. were the most dominant species in adults. Our study suggested that a combination of molecular and traditional culturing methods can be effectively used to analyze and to determine the diversity of gut microflora. These known bacteria may play important roles in development of P. xylostella.     

维吾尔族与汉族儿童肠道细菌群落分析

【背景】肠道菌群是人体的重要组成部分,在人体的多种生命活动中发挥着重要作用。【目的】探究维吾尔族和汉族儿童肠道细菌群落特征,为儿童营养健康状况监测和营养改善工作提供更有效精准的营养干预策略。【方法】从新疆维吾尔自治区泽普县维吾尔族和河南省民权县汉族人群中分别随机选取10?12岁学龄期儿童各20名,同一时间段收集其新鲜粪便,提取细菌总DNA,通过高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究两地区健康维吾尔族儿童与汉族儿童肠道细菌群落的差异。【结果】获得测序序列2 007 100条,归类于994个OTU;所有样本共含15个细菌门139属。α多样性和β多样性分析表明,调查地区的2个民族儿童肠道细菌的丰富度和多样性均有统计学意义上的差异,维吾尔族儿童肠道细菌群落丰富度高于汉族儿童,而物种多样性不如汉族儿童。其中,维吾尔族儿童肠道细菌丰度相对占优势的门和属及其丰度值为：拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,63%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,22%)、普氏菌属(Prevotella,61%)、琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio,9%)和粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium,5%);汉族儿童肠道细菌丰度占优势的门和属及其丰度值为：厚壁菌门(57%)、拟杆菌门(23%)、粪杆菌属(16%)、普氏菌属(11%)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides,11%)。【结论】调查地区维吾尔族与汉族儿童肠道细菌群落差异较大,这为进一步研究肠道菌群与膳食因素及人体营养健康状况之间的关系提供了依据。     

Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut.

The human intestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem which plays a key role in nutrition and health. Although this microbiota has been studied in great detail by culture techniques, microscopic counts on human feces suggest that 60 to 80% of the observable bacteria cannot be cultivated. Using comparative analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences, we have investigated the bacterial diversity (both cultivated and noncultivated bacteria) within an adult-male fecal sample. The 284 clones obtained from 10-cycle PCR were classified into 82 molecular species (at least 98% similarity). Three phylogenetic groups contained 95% of the clones: the Bacteroides group, the Clostridium coccoides group, and the Clostridium leptum subgroup. The remaining clones were distributed among a variety of phylogenetic clusters. Only 24% of the molecular species recovered corresponded to described organisms (those whose sequences were available in public databases), and all of these were established members of the dominant human fecal flora (e.g., Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and Eubacterium rectale). However, the majority of generated rDNA sequences (76%) did not correspond to known organisms and clearly derived from hitherto unknown species within this human gut microflora.     

基于高通量测序的褐飞虱肠道微生物多样性分析

【目的】探明褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens成虫肠道微生物群落结构和多样性。【方法】分离褐飞虱成虫完整肠道并提取总DNA,利用Illumina MiSeq(PE300)技术对其肠道细菌16S rRNA的V3-V4变异区和真菌ITS2序列进行测序,统计肠道微生物的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)数量,分析其物种组成、丰度及Alpha多样性。并通过qPCR技术验证随机挑选注释到的4种肠道菌的高通量测序数据的有效性。【结果】分别获得褐飞虱成虫肠道细菌16S rRNA和真菌ITS2优质序列32 395和24 986条,根据序列相似性进行聚类分析分别获得235和128个OTUs。其中,细菌共注释到7个门, 15个纲, 26个目, 45个科和73个属;真菌共鉴定到3个门, 9个纲, 12个目, 15个科和18个属。在门分类水平上,细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势门类;真菌以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为绝对优势菌门。在属分类水平上,细菌的优势属为不动杆菌属Acinetobacter以及紫单胞菌科(Porphyromonadaceae)未确定属和毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)未确定属,其丰度分别为36.37%, 17.22%和15.01%;真菌的优势属为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)未确定属,丰度为95.77%。Alpha多样性分析结果显示,褐飞虱肠道细菌(真菌)的观测物种数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson 指数分别为235(128), 262.64(165.40), 3.90(0.91)和0.62(0.75)。4种肠道菌的qPCR结果显示高通量测序数据具有较高的有效性。【结论】褐飞虱成虫肠道细菌和真菌群落整体多样性比较丰富。研究结果为从共生微生物角度解析褐飞虱的环境适应性以及开发基于微生物防治的新技术等方面提供了依据。     

Analysis of the Gut Microbiota by High-Throughput Sequencing of the V5–V6 Regions of the 16S rRNA Gene in Donkey

Considerable evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is complex in many mammals and gut bacteria communities are essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. To date the research on the gut microbiota of donkey is surprisingly scarce. Therefore, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes V5–V6 hypervariable regions from gut fecal material to characterize the gut microbiota of healthy donkeys and compare the difference of gut microbiota between male and female donkeys. Sixty healthy donkeys (30 males and 30 females) were enrolled in the study, a total of 915,691 validated reads were obtained, and the bacteria found belonged to 21 phyla and 183 genera. At the phylum level, the bacterial community composition was similar for the male and female donkeys and predominated by Firmicutes (64 % males and 64 % females) and Bacteroidetes (23 % males and 21 % females), followed by Verrucomicrobia, Euryarchaeota, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Akkermansia was the most abundant genus (23 % males and 17 % females), followed by Sporobacter, Methanobrevibacter, and Treponema, detected in higher distribution proportion in males than in females. On the contrary, Acinetobacter and Lysinibacillus were lower in males than in females. In addition, six phyla and 15 genera were significantly different between the male and female donkeys for species abundance. These findings provide previously unknown information about the gut microbiota of donkeys and also provide a foundation for future investigations of gut bacterial factors that may influence the development and progression of gastrointestinal disease in donkey and other animals.     

ERIC-PCR fingerprinting-based community DNA hybridization to pinpoint genome-specific fragments as molecular markers to identify and track populations common to healthy human guts

Bacterial populations common to healthy human guts may play important roles in human health. A new strategy for discovering genomic sequences as markers for these bacteria was developed using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprinting. Structural features within microbial communities are compared with ERIC-PCR followed by DNA hybridization to identify genomic fragments shared by samples from healthy human individuals. ERIC-PCR profiles of fecal samples from 12 diseased or healthy human and piglet subjects demonstrated stable, unique banding patterns for each individual tested. Sequence homology of DNA fragments in bands of identical size was examined between samples by hybridization under high stringency conditions with DIG-labeled ERIC-PCR products derived from the fecal sample of one healthy child. Comparative analysis of the hybridization profiles with the original agarose fingerprints identified three predominant bands as signatures for populations associated with healthy human guts with sizes of 500, 800 and 1000 bp. Clone library profiling of the three bands produced 17 genome fragments, three of which showed high similarity only with regions of the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron genome, while the remainder were orphan sequences. Association of these sequences with healthy guts was validated by sequence-selective PCR experiments, which showed that a single fragment was present in all 32 healthy humans and 13 healthy piglets tested. Two fragments were present in the healthy human group and in 18 children with non-infectious diarrhea but not in eight children with infectious diarrhea. Genome fragments identified with this novel strategy may be used as genome-specific markers for dynamic monitoring and sequence-guided isolation of functionally important bacterial populations in complex communities such as human gut microflora.