大兴安岭不同落叶松林植被土壤微生物多样性

利用选择性培养基,研究了杜香-落叶松林(LLV)、草类-落叶松林(HLV)、柴桦-落叶松林(BLV)、皆伐-落叶松林(CL)、火烧-落叶松林(LFB)5个样地土壤微生物的数量、种群组成、Shannon指数(H)、丰富度(S)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Simpson优势度(D)。从5个样地共分离到细菌24属,优势菌属主要为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、微球菌属(Micrococcus);放线菌为链霉菌的6个类群,优势类群主要为白色类群(Albosporus)和黄色类群(Flavus);真菌20属,优势菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)和头孢属(Cephalosporium)。兴安落叶松林不同样地微生物的多样性指数(H)、丰富度指数(S)、均匀度指数(J)及优势度指数(D)随样地不同而发生变化,细菌的多样性和丰富度指数为LLVHLVLFBCLBLV,放线菌为BLVHLVLLVLFBCL,真菌为CLHLVBLVLFBLLV。     

温室黄瓜叶部微生物区系

采用稀释分离法和消毒叶片研磨液培养法对温室黄瓜叶围和内生微生物进行了分离,共分离到248个菌株,初步鉴定出13个属的叶围真菌,其中链格孢属(Alternaria)和青霉属(Penicillium)真菌为优势类群;鉴定出4个属的内生真菌,其中曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌为优势类群;10个属的叶围细菌,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)细菌为优势类群;6个属的内生细菌,其中芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)细菌为优势类群;6个属的叶围酵母菌,其中隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus)为优势类群;已鉴定出2个属的叶围放线菌,分别为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和小多孢菌属(Micropolpspora).未分离到内生酵母菌和放线菌.     

阿尔山不同时期落叶松根际土壤固氮菌的多样性研究

利用传统的细菌分离培养,结合16S rDNA序列分析等方法,对阿尔山地区不同时期落叶松根际可培养固氮菌群落的多样性进行分析,以揭示落叶松根际固氮菌的多样性及群落结构的季节变化规律,为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)从阿尔山落叶松根际土壤中共计分离纯化细菌菌株112株,分属于14属41种,包括假单胞菌属、伯克氏菌属、根瘤菌属、叶杆菌属、节杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、沙雷菌属、欧文菌属、短小杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属、柄杆菌属、红球菌属;其中优势菌群为假单胞菌属,次优势菌群为叶杆菌属、伯克氏菌属和节杆菌属。(2)季节变化对落叶松固氮菌群的变化有显著影响,表现为4月份和10月份最优势类群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-proteobacteria)中的假单胞菌属,6月份和8月份的最优势类群相同,但组成有所差别,其中6月份优势菌群包括假单胞菌属、短小杆菌属、红球菌属、节杆菌属,8月份的优势菌群为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、肠杆菌属、短小杆菌属、红球菌属和节杆菌属。(3)不同时期的物种均匀度指数(McIntosh index)差异显著,8月份最大,4月份最小,变化范围在0.83～1.164之间;物种丰富度指数(Shannon-Wiener index) 6月份和8月份显著高于4月份和10月份;优势度指数(Simpson index) 4月份和10月份显著高于6月份和8月份。研究表明,阿尔山地区落叶松根际微生物的多样性较高,群落相对复杂,分离的14个菌属多为根际促生菌,且不同时期固氮菌的群落组成受季节的影响明显。     

西洋参内生菌群落结构与多样性

摘要:【目的】分析了不同产地西洋参内生菌的组成、结构及其定殖部位差异,明确了吉林省西洋参内生菌的资源状况。【方法】利用组织块法进行内生菌的分离,通过16S rDNA和ITS序列分析,结合培养形态对内生菌鉴定,并对分离得到的内生菌进行生态指数分析。【结果】从西洋参根部分离到内生菌13属26种,茎部分离到10属18种,叶部分离到9属16种。芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas)为西洋参内生菌中的优势属,分别占内生菌总种数的17.6%和14.7%。多样性指数显示,珲春＞靖宇＞抚松＞集安＞长白;均匀度指数显示,珲春＞集安＞靖宇＞抚松＞长白;优势度指数显示,靖宇＞珲春＞抚松＞集安＞长白。【结论】西洋参内生菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,不同海拔高度产地西洋参内生菌种群数量、均匀度、奇异度存在差异,高海拔地区西洋参内生菌优势菌群集中,优势属突出,奇异度较高,而低海拔地区西洋参内生菌奇异度较低,但种群种类较丰富,且分布均匀。     

微生物型育苗垫片对水稻根围土壤微生物多样性的影响

[目的]分析微生物型育苗垫片对水稻根围土壤微生物多样性和群落组成的影响,为微生物型育苗垫片的示范应用提供科学参考。[方法]采用水稻秧盘育苗试验,基于常规微生物培养和高通量测序技术测定微生物型垫片育苗对水稻根围土壤微生物种群数量、多样性及群落组成变化。[结果]与普通壮秧剂育苗相比,微生物型垫片育苗的水稻根围土壤细菌数量在出苗后第7 d增加了36. 59%,第14 d和第21 d时降低但差异不显著;放线菌数量分别显著增加了271. 11%、702. 48%和100%;真菌数量在第7 d和第14 d分别降低了127. 05%和740%,第21 d时明显增加了160. 98%。在水稻幼苗根围微生物群落组成中,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和螺旋体菌门为优势细菌,子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门和壶菌门为优势真菌;与对照相比,微生物型育苗垫片组中变形菌门增加,螺旋体菌门和酸杆菌门减少,其中高丰度的假单胞菌属、根瘤菌属、节杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属等根围促生菌均为水稻幼苗根围优势菌;真菌的子囊菌门增加,担子菌门、接合菌门和壶菌门减少,后期子囊菌门成为单一优势菌,该门的腐质霉属、假裸囊菌属和接合菌门的被孢霉属菌为优势菌。[结论]微生物型垫片育苗在水稻幼苗前期可提高土壤细菌的丰富度,后期降低土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性,具有改善水稻幼苗根围微生态环境的作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对红花根围微生物多样性特征的影响

[目的]研究丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌对红花根围微生物多样性特征的影响.[方法]对红花接种Glomus mosseae、G.intraradices和混合菌(G.mosseae、G.intraradices、G.cladoideum、G.microagregatum、G.caledonium、G.etunicatum)3种AM真菌,采用传统的平板稀释涂布法对红花根围细菌、真菌、放线菌进行分离、培养、计数和鉴定,并结合单链构象多态性(Single stand conformational polymorphism,SSCP)分析技术对红花根围微生物多样性进行分析.[结果]3处理与对照组红花根围微生物总量表现为G.mosseae＞G.intraradices＞混合菌＞对照,且接种处理红花根围微生物总量显著高于对照.对照组红花各生长期微生物总量均为0-5 cm＞5 cm-10 cm＞10 cm-20 cm,接种处理红花生长至种子成熟期时不同土层微生物数量发生变化,微生物总量为5 cm-10 cm＞0-5 cm＞10 cm-20 cm.聚类分析发现微生物出现接种红花类群与不接种红花类群两大分类类群.[结论]AM真菌从时间和空间上影响了红花根围微生物的多样性特征,对红花农业生产和分析生态系统中微生物之间的相互作用具有重要的理论和实践价值.     

银北盐渍化土壤中6种耐盐植物根际细菌群落结构及其多样性

土壤微生物对土壤肥力的形成和植物营养的转化起着积极的作用。对盐渍化土壤中植物根际微生物群落组成和多样性进行研究,有助于发现新的重要微生物功能类群或者功能潜力,对于盐碱土壤的植被恢复和生态重建都具有十分重要的意义。通过高通量测序和分离培养方法,对宁夏银北地区盐渍化土壤中的6种耐盐植物根际细菌的群落结构和多样性进行了分析。结果表明:所有土壤样品共检测到31门(亚门) 67纲253科400属细菌类群,不同植物根际微生物群落组成相似,但丰度各有差异,厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为主要优势类群;在纲水平芽孢杆菌纲相对丰度最高,其次为α-变形菌、γ-变形菌和梭菌纲;在属水平上,芽孢杆菌属以极高的丰度(15.57%—53.85%)占据绝对优势,其次是鞘氨醇单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和节杆菌属。6种植物根际细菌的群落结构组成表现为芨芨草和柽柳相似,柳枝稷、苜蓿与枸杞相似,苦豆子则与另外5种差别最大。分离培养出的110株根际细菌多数具有较强的盐碱耐受性和一种以上生物学活性,分别隶属于芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属、节杆菌属和中华根瘤菌属,在属水平上多样性单一,其中芽孢杆菌属是优势属。传统的分离培养和高通量测序结果都反映出银北地区盐渍化土壤中定殖着许多有重要生态功能的微生物类群,可用于进一步筛选和利用根际微生物改良盐碱土壤。     

华北特有腐生型兰科植物北京无喙兰根际土壤微生物多样性研究

北京无喙兰(Holopogon pekinensis X. Y. Mu & Bing Liu)为华北地区特有珍稀腐生型兰科植物,分布在海拔约1100 m的杂木林内,生境与本区域内其他腐生型兰科植物(常在1600 m以上桦木林中生长)显著不同。本研究针对北京玉渡山和百花山两个北京无喙兰种群的根际土壤样品开展基于高通量测序技术的根际土壤微生物多样性分析,解析北京无喙兰根际土壤微生物群落组成及多样性。测序分析结果显示,共得到4973个细菌OTU(Operational taxonomic unit),发现北京无喙兰根际土壤的优势细菌类群为变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等7个门,优势属有MND1、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)和Haliangium等。1914个真菌OTU的分析结果表明,根际土壤优势真菌类群为子囊菌门、担子菌门、结合菌门等;优势属有Archaeorhizomyces、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)和被孢霉属(Mortierella)等;优势真菌多为外生菌根真菌,可能是北京无喙兰潜在的菌根真菌。多样性指数分析显示,北京无喙兰玉渡山种群根际土壤中的真菌和细菌群落的丰富度和均匀度均高于百花山种群,各种群土壤微生物多样性与北京无喙兰所在种群的乔木种类多样性具有一定的相关性。     

本溪山樱根际微生物区系

利用选择性培养基,对本溪山樱(Cerasus sachalinensis)根际微生物进行了分离、鉴定和分类,分析了不同物候期根际微生物区系的变化.结果表明:从本溪山樱根际分离纯化获得的细菌分别属于15个属,以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)为主;放线菌的7个类群中,以黄色链霉菌属(Flavus)和白色链霉菌属(Al-bosporus)为主;真菌以毛霉属(Mucor)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)为主.本溪山樱不同物候期根际微生物区系不同,落叶期根际微生物区系最丰富,萌芽期较少.     

再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和可培养微生物群落的影响

再生水回用是解决城市水危机的重要举措,但使用再生水对土壤和土壤微生物的影响研究有限。本研究以自来水灌溉为对照,采用多种土壤指标测定法和微生物稀释涂布分离法研究了再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明:经再生水灌溉,土壤pH、含水量、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量增加,其中TK的影响显著,而土壤全磷(TP)、碳氮比(C/N)和速效钾(AK)值均降低;从研究区土壤分离出62株细菌划分为20个种属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是再生水灌区土壤细菌的优势菌属,假单胞菌属(Pseudomona)是自来水灌区的优势菌属;不同水源灌溉下微生物的多样性水平存在差异,再生水灌区土壤微生物均匀度指数(Jsw)和种间相遇机率(PIE)高于自来水灌区,而多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(Jsi)、丰富度指数R1和R2均低于自来水灌区;多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数之间的密切关系可以反映微生物群落特征具有一致性。微生物类群聚类分析结果表明,微生物被划分为4个类群,再生水灌区(RW)和自来水灌区(DW)相似性最低,而再生水灌区内曝气池处(RW-B)和进水口处(RW-J)相似性最高。通过对再生水灌区微生物群落与土壤理化指标的典型对应分析发现,OM、TN、TP 3个指标与微生物群落相关性较强。OM对土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)和奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)的影响较大,TP对黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、默氏利斯特氏菌(Listeria murrayi)和缠绕棒杆菌(Corynebacterium fascians)影响较大。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.