非洲爪蟾卵母细胞GABAB和GABAc受体介导的电流反应

实验应用双电极电压箝技术,在具有滤泡膜的非洲爪蟾(Xenopuslaevis)卵母细胞上记录到γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyricacid,GABA)-激活电流。此GABA-激活电流的特点及有关GABA受体类型的研究和分析如下(1)在35.5%(55/155)的受检细胞外加GABA可引起一慢的浓度依赖性的外向电流。(2)GABAA受体的选择性拮抗剂bicuculline(10     

γ-氨基丁酸对小白鼠离体胃标本胃酸分泌的促进效应

为了探索γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对小白鼠离体胃标本胃酸分泌(GAS)的影响及机制,在体外37℃缓冲液中培育离体、胃腔灌流并维持胃内12 cm水柱压力的全胃标本,用pHS-3型精密酸度计测定灌流液的pH。结果表明：γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(1～10×10-7mol/L)和巴氯芬(Bac, 0.6～9.6×10-7mol/L)以一种浓度依赖的方式显著地促进胃酸分泌(GAS),而西咪替丁(Cim, 2～20×10-7mol/L)以一种浓度依赖的方式有力地抑制GAS。印防已毒素(Pic, 3×10-7mol/L)不影响基础胃酸分泌(BGAS)和GABA促进GAS的效应,而番氯芬(Phac, 0.6×10-7mol/L)能完全阻断GABA的促进效应。Cim不能完全消除GABA和Bac对GAS的促进效应。以上结果提示,在小鼠中GABA可以通过激活胃中GABAB受体促进离体胃标本的GAS,可能胃壁胆碱能神经元和非神经细胞,如壁细胞及某些内分泌细胞上都存在GABAB受体,GABA可直接或简接地剌激胃壁细胞分泌酸。     

中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞质膜存在钙依赖性的氯离子通道

本文采用双微电极电压钳方法研究了中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞内源性电压门控型离子通道的成分及其生理特性。卵母细胞去极化至 -30 mV 及更正电压时,有一持续的电压依赖性外向电流出现。钾离子通道拮抗剂四乙基氯化氨(tetraethy-lammonium chloride, TEA, 10 mmol/L)和 4- 氨基吡啶(4-aminopyridine, 4-AP, 10 mmol/L)协同作用时,该电流只能被抑制到最大电流幅度的(23.4±0.72)%。但是,上述浓度的TEA和4-AP 与氯离子通道拮抗剂5- 硝基-2, 3- 苯酚丙胺苯甲酸盐 (5-nitro-2,3-phenypropylamino benzoate, NPPB, 30 μmol/L)、无钙 Ringer 氏液或钙离子通道拮抗剂维拉帕米(40 μmol/L)协同作用时,可分别将此外向电流抑制到最大电流幅度的(2.1±0.08)%、(2.2±0.04)% 和(3.1±0.15)%。结果表明,中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞质膜上除有钾离子电流之外,还存在钙依赖性的氯离子电流。     

霉菌毒素 Dihydroxyaflavinine 非竞争性抑制在爪蟾卵母细胞内表达的 GABA_A 受体通道

Dihydroxyaflavinine 是黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)的吲哚类代谢物。我们将鸡脑mRNA 注入爪蟾卵母细胞表达得到 GABA_A 受体通道,然后用电压箝记录方法定量研究了dihydroxyaflavinine 对 GABA 电流反应的作用。Dihydroxyaflavinine 非竞争性阻断GABA 电流反应(K_I=12μmol/L),撤药后反应迅速恢复。作为比较,青霉素对 GABA_A受体的抑制作用随 GABA 浓度的升高而增加。浓度高达1μmol/L 苯二氮(艹卓)位点配体 Ro 15-1788(KD=0.6—2nmol/L)不能阻断10μmol/L dihydroxyaflavinine 的作用,说明 dihy-droxyaflavinine 不作用于 GABA_A 受体的苯二氮(艹卓)位点。Dihydroxyaflavinine 类似印防已毒素,表观上加速 GABA_A 受体的脱敏过程,而青霉素和荷包牡丹碱与此相反。     

NMDA对GABAA受体的抑制作用由钙-钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ介导

应用制霉菌素(nystatin)穿孔全细胞记录方法,研究了N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸(NMDA)对新鲜分离的大鼠骶髓后连合核(SDCN)神经元γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)激活的全细胞电流的调控.实验结果如下:(ⅰ) 在无Mg2+及含1 μmol/L甘氨酸的标准细胞外液中,当钳制电位为-40 mV时,NMDA(100 μmol/L)可抑制GABA和muscimol (Mus)在SDCN神经元激活的全细胞电流(IGABA和IMus),且NMDA受体的竞争性拮抗剂D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate(APV,100 μmol/L)可完全阻断NMDA激活的电流,并可消除NMDA对IGABA的抑制作用.(ⅱ)当细胞外液中无Ca2+及待测神经元被Ca2+螯合剂BAPTA AM预处理2 h后,NMDA对IGABA的抑制作用消失;而用电压依赖性钙通道阻断剂Cd2+(10 μmol/L)或La3+(30μmol/L)预处理后,NMDA对IGABA的抑制作用仍然存在.(ⅲ) NMDA对IGABA的抑制作用可被钙-钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)的抑制剂KN-62所阻断.提示在大鼠SDCN神经元,NMDA对IGABA的抑制作用为一Ca2+依赖性的过程,这一过程的"下游"机制与细胞内CaMKⅡ有关.揭示了Ca2+和CaMKⅡ分别作为细胞内第二信使和第三信使将NMDA受体和GABAA受体的功能联系起来.     

精氨酸加压素对大鼠背根神经节神经元GABA激活电流的增强作用（英文）

越来越多的研究表明,精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)在痛觉调制中具有镇痛作用。已报道的研究专注于AVP镇痛的中枢作用机制,而本研究旨在研究AVP镇痛的的外周作用机制。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,在急性分离的大鼠背根神经节(DRG)神经元上,观察AVP对GABA激活电流(IGABA)的增强作用以及AVP对GABAA受体功能的影响。结果显示,AVP(1×10-10~1×10-5 mol/L)预处理后,IGABA增大,GABA剂量效应曲线上移,IGABA的最大值较之对照增加约49.1%;而EC50值几乎不变,表示此种加强为非竞争性的,而且AVP对GABA电流的作用可能是电压非依赖性的。AVP对IGABA的加强作用几乎完全被V1a受体的拮抗剂SR49059(3×10-6 mol/L)阻断。二次钳压技术胞内透析非水解GDP类似物GDP-β-S(5×10-4 mol/L)或PKC抑制剂GF109203X(2×10-6 mol/L)也可以阻断AVP对IGABA的加强作用。以上结果提示,AVP经由G蛋白耦联受体以及PKC信号通路上调DRG神经元GABAA受体的功能,可能是其诱导镇痛作用的基础。     

激活视网膜水平细胞离子型谷氨酸受体抑制γ-氨基丁酸转运体电流(英文)

本工作在酶解分离的鲫鱼视网膜水平细胞上研究了AMPA受体对γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)转运体电流的调节作用。由1mmol/L GABA所诱导的GABA转运体电流被持续50s的AMPA(30μmol/L或3mmol/L)预灌流所抑制。在细胞内液中施加10mmol/L BAPTA可以减弱AMPA对GABA转运体电流的抑制效应。施加3mmol/L AMPA+3mmol/ LNMDA所引起的抑制效应和单独施加3mmol/L AMPA或3mmol/L NMDA所引起的抑制效应相仿。以上结果表明,和激活NMDA受体调节GABA转运体的机制一样,激活视网膜水平细胞上的AMPA受体可以通过胞内钙过程来抑制GABA转运体电流。     

ACh对大鼠皮层体感区神经元延迟整流钾电流的抑制作用

利用全细胞膜片钳技术研究乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)对大鼠皮层体感区神经元延迟整流钾电流(IK)的调制作用。结果表明:(1)ACh(0．1、1、10、100 μmol/L)对大鼠皮层体感区神经元IK有抑制作用,并具有剂量依赖性关系(P<0．01)。 (2)ACh可使IK激活曲线的斜率变大,并使激活曲线向超极化方向移动。IK激活曲线的半数激活电压(V1/12)和斜率因子(k)分别由给药前的(-41．8±9．7)mV和(30．7±7．2)mV变为给药后的(-122．4±38．6)mV和(42．4±7．0)mV。(3)100 μmol/L的N受体拮抗剂筒箭毒碱(tubocurarine)可减弱ACh对IK的抑制作用,在指令电压+60 mV时tubocurarine+ACh组的IK幅度下降了(16．9± 13．8)％(n=8),与10 μmol/L ACh组引起的(36．5±7．8)％的IK下降幅度相比,有极显著差异(P<0．01)。10 μmol/L的M1受体拮抗剂哌仑西平(pirenzepin)拮抗ACh对IK的抑制作用不明显(n=7,P>0．05);而10 μmol/L的M3受体拮抗剂4-DAMP可部分拮抗ACh对IK的抑制作用,并且4-DAMP+ACh组使IK的电流值下降了(26．8±4．7)％(n=6),与ACh组引起的IK电流下降相比,有显著差异(P<0．05)。(4)蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)阻断剂chelerythrine拮抗ACh对IK的抑制作用,PKC激动剂PDBu可增强ACh对IK的抑制作用(P<0．05)。综上所述,ACh对人鼠皮层体感区神经元IK的抑制作用主要是通过烟碱受体(nAChRs)和M3受体介导,并经过PKC信号途径。     

P物质对大鼠三叉神经节神经元GABA-和5-HT-激活电流的反向调制作用

实验采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察P 物质(SP)对大鼠同一三叉神经节(TG)神经元γ-氨基丁酸激活电流(IGABA)和5-羟色胺激活电流(I5-HT)的调制作用。在受检的47 个 TG 细胞中,多数情况下可在同一细胞记录到IGABA 和 I5-HT 两种电流(63.8%,30/47)。在 30 个同时对 GABA 和 5-HT 敏感的细胞,其中 22 个细胞预加 SP(0.01 μmol/L)后,IGABA 减小(35.7 ± 6.1)%,而I5-HT 增加(65.2 ±8.7)%。此种调制作用可被SP 受体拮抗剂GR82334 及胞内透析GDP-β -S 或GF109203X 所阻断。以上结果表明:SP 受体激活后经G 蛋白耦联,通过相同的PLC-DAG-PKC 转导途径对同一感觉神经元共存的GABAA 受体和5-HT3 受体产生相反的调制效应。     

豚鼠Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞胆碱能受体通道特性

本文旨在探讨豚鼠Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞上有无胆碱能受体存在,并对其相应的离子通道特性进行研究.应用全细胞膜片钳技术检测急性分离的豚鼠Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞对乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh)的反应.结果显示,7.5%(21/279)的Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞对10～1000μmol/L ACh敏感,引发明显的外向电流.该电流对ACh的反应呈浓度依赖性,半数激活浓度(EC50)为(63.78±2.31)μmol/L,但该电流为非电压依赖性.在-50mV钳制电压和正常细胞外液中,100μmol/L ACh激活一持久缓慢的外向电流,电流幅值为(170±15)pA,该电流幅值依赖于胞外钙离子浓度,可被胞外给予的钙依赖性钾通道拮抗剂TEA阻断.Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞的再次激活时间不小于1min.长时间暴露在ACh的情况下,受体离子通道不会发生自发性关闭.以上结果提示,部分豚鼠Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞上存在胆碱能受体,胞外给予ACh可激活一持久缓慢的外向电流,其胆碱能受体通道对于ACh的作用呈浓度依赖性和外钙依赖性、非电压依赖性或失敏性.本研究结果对于阐明前庭传出神经的功能及其作用机制,证实并揭示Ⅰ型前庭毛细胞上存在传出神经递质受体以及日后临床指导眩晕疾病的康复治疗具有重要的意义.     

GABA对小鼠大脑皮质中GABA受体胚胎发育的调节

本文用ＧＡＢＡ及其受体激动剂和拮抗剂处理培养的胚胎小鼠大脑皮层神经细胞以及精确计时的妊娠小鼠,用放射配体结合法检测ＧＡＢＡＡ及ＧＡＢＡＢ的结合位点数目,研究了ＧＡＢＡ对小鼠大脑皮层ＧＡＢＡ受体胚胎发育的调节作用,结果表明：①ＧＡＢＡ可使培养１５—１７天妊龄的胚胎小鼠大脑皮层神经细胞及出生第１天的仔鼠大脑皮层中的ＧＡＢＡＡ及ＧＡＢＡＢ受体数目增加,这种作用可被蝇蕈醇（Ｍｕｓ）及巴氯芬（Ｂａｃ）分别模拟,对ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的作用可为荷包牡丹碱（Ｂｉｃ）所阻断;②用ＧＡＢＡ处理妊娠７—１３天的小鼠,仔鼠出生第１天其大脑皮层的ＧＡＢＡＡ及ＧＡＢＡＢ受体数目均无变化;③用ＧＡＢＡ处理妊娠１４—１９天的小鼠,仔鼠出生的第１天其大脑皮层中的ＧＡＢＡＡ受体数目增加而ＧＡＢＡＢ受体数目不变;④用ＧＡＢＡ处理妊娠７－１９天的小鼠,仔鼠出生第１天其大脑皮层中ＧＡＢＡＡ及ＧＡＢＡＢ受体数目增加。这说明在胚胎发育的特定时期内,ＧＡＢＡ可诱导其受体数目的增加,这个作用是由ＧＡＢＡ受体调节的。     

A method for the determination of the integrity of labeled GABA used in membrane receptor binding assay

A simple method for the determination of the proportion of true GABA within labeled GABA used for membrane binding assay is presented. The method is intended for the assessment of the integrity of refrigerator (+4°C) stored labeled neurotransmitter. Its application allows a precise determination of the binding parameters.     

Neuronal [3H]Benzodiazepine Binding and Levels of GABA, Glutamate, and Taurine Are Normal in Huntington's Disease Cerebellum

Alterations in one subunit of the proposed GABA receptor complex, namely, the GABA receptor, have been observed in Huntington's disease cerebellum. We measured binding to a second subunit, the benzodiazepine binding site, in the autopsied cerebellum of 12 patients dying with adult-onset Huntington's disease. Neuronal benzodiazepine ([3H]flunitrazepam) binding density (Bmax) and affinity in cerebellar cortex of the Huntington's disease patients were not significantly different from control values. Similarly, maximal GABA stimulation of benzodiazepine binding was normal in the Huntington's disease cerebellum. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the concentrations of GABA, glutamate, and taurine in cerebellar cortex, nor of GABA in the dentate nucleus.     

Ethanol and the γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex

Abstract: Ethanol appears to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated synaptic transmission. Using radioligand binding techniques, we investigated the possibility that the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex is the site responsible for this effect. Ethanol at concentrations up to 100 m M failed to alter binding of [³H]flunitrazepam (FNZ), [³H]Ro 15-1788, or [³H]methyl-γ-carboline-3-carboxylate (MBCC) to benzodiazepine receptors, or of [³H]muscimol to GABA receptors in rat brain membranes. Scatchard analyses of the binding of these radioligands at 4°C and 37°C revealed no significant effects of 100 m M ethanol on receptor affinity or number. A variety of drugs as well as chloride ion increased binding of [³H]FNZ and/or [³H]muscimol, but these influences were not modified by ethanol. These findings indicate that ethanol probably potentiates GABAergic neurotransmission at a signal transduction site beyond the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.     

Γ-aminobutyric acid receptors affect the progression and migration of tumor cells

Abstract

Γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a multifunctional molecule found in the nervous system and non-neuronal tissues. GABA receptors combine with GABA molecules and transmit signal stimuli into cells. In addition to traditional neurotransmission and regulation of secretion, GABA and GABA receptors are involved in cell differentiation and proliferation throughout peripheral organs, as well as in tumorigenesis. The exact mechanism of the GABAergic system in regulating tumor development is unclear, but many studies have revealed that GABA receptors exert critical regulative effects on tumor cell proliferation and migration. In this review, the molecular structure, distribution and biological function of GABA receptors associated with tumorigenesis are described. Recent advances in the elucidation of mechanisms underlying GABAergic signaling control over tumor growth are also discussed.     

GABA-gated anion channels in intact crayfish opener muscle fibres and stretch-receptor neurons are neither activated nor desensitized by glutamate

Summary The influence of glutamate on the GABA-activated Cl^- conductance was studied in the slowly adapting stretch-receptor neuron and dactylopodite opener muscle fibre of the crayfish (Astacus astacus) using a two-microelectrode and a three-microelectrode voltage clamp, respectively. Glutamate (0.5–1.0 mM) had no effect on the GABA-activated conductance in either preparation. This indicates that the availability of the inhibitory channels for activation of GABA is not influenced by glutamate. The present results are in sharp contrast to those obtained by Franke et al. (J Comp Physiol A 159:591–609, 1986) in experiments on excised membrane patches, which suggested that glutamate is capable of both activating and desensitizing inhibitory postsynaptic channels in the crayfish opener muscle fibre.Abbreviations GABA -aminobutyric acid - G_GABA and G _GABA ^p GABA-gated conductance and peak conductance - HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulphonic acid - I current - SRN stretch-receptor neuron - V_m and V_l membrane voltage in two- and three-microelectrode voltage clamp, respectively     

An N-Protected γ-Aminobutyric Acid Dipeptide with Anticonvulsant Action

Abstract: N -Pivaloyl-leucyl–γ-aminobutyric acid (PLG) is a synthetic dipeptide with a partition coefficient of 1.67 in an ethyl acetate/water system that partially inhibits the synaptosomal uptake and activates the release of [U- ¹⁴C]-γ-aminobutyric acid ([U-¹⁴C]GABA). The displacement of GAB A from crude synaptic membranes by PLG occurs with an IC₅₀ of 10⁻⁵ M . The compound has the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and increase central GABA levels. Its ED₅₀ on cardiazol-induced convulsions is 60-65 mg/kg. PLG is resistant to hydrolysis by chymotrypsin and partially inhibits the proteolytic activity of trypsin.     

Clozapine and Several Other Antipsychotic/Antidepressant Drugs Preferentially Block the Same ‘Core’ Fraction of GABAA Receptors

Clozapine and several other antipsychotic/antidepressant drugs that fully or partially block GABA_A receptors were tested at concentrations that reversed the inhibitory effect of 1 M GABA on ³⁵S-t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([³⁵S]TBPS) binding to rat forebrain membranes only about 20–30%, here designated core fractions. Clozapine at 10 M reverses 1 M GABA 25 ± 4.0% (n = 23) (its core fraction). Fourty three compounds were tested alone, and pairwise together with 10 M Clozapine. The core fractions of some of the compounds yielded significant additive reversals together with 10 M Clozapine, while others did not. A group of 14 compounds of which 7 are clinically effective antipsychotic drugs, including Chlorprothixene, Clomacran, Clopipazan, Fluotracen, Sulforidazine, Thioproperazine, and cis-Thiothixene, were statistically non-additive with 10 M Clozapine, suggesting that all of these drugs selectively block the same core population of GABA_A receptors as Clozapine. These non-additivities also suggest that Clozapine at 10 M fully saturates a subset of GABA_A receptors blocked by 1 M GABA. Therefore, Clozapine probably blocks 2 or more types of GABA_A receptors, but only half of the receptors that are sensitive to 1 M GABA. A second group of 12 compounds of which 6 are clinically active antidepressant/antipsychotic drugs including Amoxapine, Clothiapine, Dibenzepine, Inkasan (Metralindole), Metiapine and Zimelidine were slightly, but significantly, additive with Clozapine suggesting that these compounds block most of Clozapine's core fraction, plus a small additional fraction. A third group consisted of ten compounds that yielded larger (R > 80) and statistically highly significant additivities with Clozapine. Complete additivity was obtained with Bathophenanthroline disulfonate, and Isocarboxazid, suggesting that they block GABA_A receptors other than those blocked by 10 M Clozapine. Seven classical GABA_A receptor blockers, also tested at concentrations yielding 21 to 33% reversal alone, were all significantly additive with 10 M Clozapine, but in no case was the additivity complete. The largest additivity was obtained with Pitrazepine (21%) and the smallest with Tubocurarine (9%). These results provide further support for the notion that selective blockade of the same subset of GABA_A receptors may contribute to the clinical antipsychotic/antidepressant effects of Clozapine. The B_opt values for Clozapine are 50 ± 1.7% and 26 ± 2.6% ( n = 3) in whole rat forebrain and cerebellum, respectively, confirming that clozapine-sensitive GABA_A receptors are unevenly distributed in the brain. The sedative and anxiolytic properties of Clozapine and other antipsychotic drugs may be due to selective blockade of GABergic disinhibition at certain interneurons.     

GABA能抑制调制大棕蝠下丘听神经元时间编码模式

大棕幅（Eptesicus fuscus）下丘神经元对重复率为10pps(pulse per second）、30pps的串声刺激均产生跟随反应,但对90pps串声刺激的跟随反应则不尽相同,微电泳bicuculline阻断GABA能抑制作用后,所记录的58个神经元中,有13个（22％）放电率及串声刺激反应模式无;45个（78％）神经元放电率有不同程度的增加。对10pps、30pps串声刺激仍能产生跟随反应,但对90pps串声刺激的跟随反应模式有多种变化。其中：17个（29％）神经元为放电率增加的跟随反应;9个（15％）神经元放电率增加,对前100ms的串刺激产生反应且放电密集,而对随后200ms的串刺激只产生少量的放电;15个（26％）神经元放电率增加,在前几十毫秒范围内有较多的放电反应,后续的反应很弱;4个（7％）神经元只对第一个声刺激产生反应,且放电率增加,随后放电急剧减少。结果提示中脑下丘神经元对听觉信息的时间编码可能具有更复杂的机理。     

Evidence that GABAA Receptor Subunit mRNA Expression During Development Is Regulated by GABAA Receptor Stimulation

Abstract: The expression of six mRNA species (α2, α3, α5, β2, β3, and γ2) encoding for GABA_A receptor subunits was followed in cultured early postnatal cortical neurons by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In untreated control cultures it was found that these subunit mRNA expression profiles closely follow those seen during development in vivo. α3, α5, and β3 subunit expression declined, α2 expression increased, whereas β2 and γ2 subunit mRNA expression remained relatively constant. To test the hypothesis that GABA_A receptor stimulation regulates these expression profiles, we tested the effect of a GABA_A receptor positive modulator, allopregnanolone, and a GABA_A receptor noncompetitive antagonist, tert -butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS). It was found that allopregnanolone augmented the rate at which the α3, α5, or β3 subunit mRNA expression declined and prevented the increase in α2 subunit mRNA expression. As well, allopregnanolone down-regulated β2 subunit mRNA expression. TBPS, on the other hand, up-regulated α3, α5, β2, and β3 subunit mRNA expression. It also down-regulated the expression of α2 subunit mRNA. Both allopregnanolone and TBPS had no effect on γ2 subunit mRNA expression. These results imply that the developmental switchover of GABA receptor subunit mRNA expression is regulated by GABA_A receptor activity.