Description of a new grylloblattidan insect from Montceau‐les‐Mines (Late Carboniferous; France) and definition of PhenopterumCarpenter, 1950

The grylloblattidan species briggsi sp.n. from the Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) deposit of Montceau‐les‐Mines (France) is described from a well‐preserved specimen exhibiting parts of both wing pairs. The forewing variability of the closely related species elongatum Sellards, 1909: 156 , from the Artinskian deposit of Elmo (KS, U.S.A.), is documented. On the basis of new data, the taxon name Phenopterum Carpenter, 1950 is associated with a definition under the cladotypic nomenclatural procedure. The species briggsi sp.n. , elongatum Sellards, 1909: 156 , unicolor Storozhenko, 1992 , elegans Handlirsch, 1911 and raketa Kukalová, 1964 belong to Phenopterum as defined. Advantages of the cladotypic nomenclatural procedure are discussed in this case. For compliance with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, it is proposed to assign the species briggsi sp.n. to the taxon Phenopterum, which has the status of a genus under the Linnaean nomenclatural procedure.     

Description of a New Species of the Genus Macromotettixoides Zheng (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Metrodorinae) from China

A new species, Macromotettixoides lativertex Deng et al n. sp. is described with detailed illustrations of external morphology. Comparison between the species M. lativertex n. sp. and allied species is compiled into a table for identification. The distribution and an updated identification key to all known species of the genus is given.     

Vetuformosa buckleyi n. gen., n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae; Vetuformosinae n. subfam.), a new subfamily of mayflies in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber

A new subfamily, genus and species of mayflies, Vetuformosa buckleyi n. gen., n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae; Vetuformosinae n. subfam.), are described as the first representative of the family Baetidae from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. The female fossil is characterised by unusually long antennae, two pairs of gonostyli representing a primitive appendiculate ovipositor, sensory patches on sternites 8, 9 and 10, protuberances on the egg chorion and the absence of a costal projection on the hind wing. This is the first documentation of such long antennae and a primary ovipositor in the Ephemeroptera.     

New species of Allorhogas Gahan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from galls on Lycium cestroides Schltdl. (Solanaceae) in Argentina

Allorhogas cordobensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) is described from the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Its representatives can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the unusual morphology of the ovipositor tip and the expanded clypeus apically. Remarkably, this species is also characterized by having a tridentate mandible, a feature known only in exodont braconids, mostly of the subfamily Alysiinae. The new species was reared from stem galls on Lycium cestroides, which constitutes the second record of an Allorhogas species associated with galls on representatives of the plant family Solanaceae.     

Habrophlebia antoninoi sp.n., a New Species from Spain,with an Account of the European Species of Habrophlebia Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae,Habrophlebiinae)

The adults and egg of Habrophlebia antoninoi sp. n. are described and illustrated from material collected in southern Spain. Although the genitalia of the new species is characteristic of Habrophlebia, the chorionic sculpturing of the egg and the shape and venation of hind wings are unique among European members of the genus. A discussion of its relationships with other European species of Habrophlebia is included and a key to male imagines of European species of Habrophlebia is provided.     

New species of Neophyllobius and Tycherobius (Acari, Camerobiidae) from turkey

Two new species of Neophyllobius (Acari, Camerobiidae) viz. N. populus sp. n., N. karabagiensis sp. n., and a new species of Tycherobius (Acari, Camerobiidae), Tycherobius dazkiriensis sp. n., are described from Turkey and illustrated based on females and a protonymph. A key to the known species of Tycherobius is presented.     

Hover-flies of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melanostoma</Emphasis> closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melanostoma dubium</Emphasis> (Diptera,Syrphidae)

Two new species of the genus Melanostoma Schin., 1860, closely related to M. dubium (Zetterstedt, 1838), are described, and a key to the species of this group is given. Melanostoma clausseni sp. n. and M. tschernovi sp. n. are closely related to M. dubium (Zett.), but differ in the uniformly black abdomen and legs. Melanostoma clausseni sp. n. differs from M. tschernovi sp. n. in the lustrous mesonotum and finely pruinose frons and face (in M. tschernovi, the face, frons, and mesonotum are covered with gray pruinosity). Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the collection of the Siberian Zoological Museum (Novosibirsk).     

The Indian triatomine genus Linshcosteus (Reduviidae)

The Indian genus Linshcosteus is revised and a key provided to the three species L.carnifex Distant; L.confumus sp.n.; L.costalis sp.n. One or both of the new species described here is the host of the egg parasite Gryon linshcostei Masner (Scelionidae) which may be used in the biological control of the Triatoma vectors of Chagas' disease in South America.     

New Middle Cambrian bivalved arthropods from the Burgess Shale (British Columbia,Canada)

The morphology of two new bivalved arthropods, Loricicaris spinocaudatus gen. et sp. nov. and Nereocaris briggsi sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) Burgess Shale Formation (Collins Quarry locality on Mount Stephen, Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada), is described. The material was originally assigned to the genus Branchiocaris, but exhibits distinctive character combinations meriting its assignment to other taxa. Loricicaris spinocaudatus possesses an elongate and spinose abdomen comparable to the contemporaneous Perspicaris and Canadaspis, as well as chelate second head appendages and subtriangular exopods, comparable to Branchiocaris. Nereocaris briggsi possesses a laterally compressed carapace, elongate and delicate appendages and a medial eye located between a pair of lateral eyes on a rhomboidal eye stalk. Although undoubtedly congeneric with Nereocaris exilis from a slightly younger horizon of the Burgess Shale Formation, N. briggsi differs in overall proportions and segment number, warranting assignment to a new species. The newly described taxa were coded into an extensive cladistic analysis of 755 characters, and 312 extinct and extant panarthropods, including a variety of Cambrian bivalved arthropods from both the Burgess Shale and the Chengjiang Lagerstätten. Cambrian bivalved arthropods consistently resolved as a paraphyletic assemblage at the base of Arthropoda. Important innovations in arthropod history such as the specialization of the deutocerebral head appendages and a shift from a nekton‐benthic deposit feeding habit to a benthic scavenging/predatory habit, the symplesiomorphic feeding condition of Euarthropoda (crown‐group arthropods), were found to have occurred among basal bivalved arthropods.     

Novel isotrichid ciliates endosymbiotic in Australian macropodid marsupials

Samples of foregut content were collected from 86 macropodid marsupials and examined for the presence of endosymbiotic ciliates. Four host species were examined: Macropus giganteus (eastern grey kangaroo), M. fuliginosus (western grey kangaroo), M. robustus (common wallaroo) and Thylogale billardierii (Tasmanian pademelon). Ciliate morphology was determined by microscopical examination of live and silver-impregnated specimens. Isotrichid ciliates were detected in 51 (59%) of the 86 animals examined. Five new species and one new genus are described. Three of the species belong to the genus Dasytricha Schuberg, 1888: D. dehorityi n. sp. from M. giganteus, D. dogieli n. sp. from M. robustus and D. mundayi n. sp. from T. billardierii. Bitricha n. g. is characterised by the possession of two fields of somatic ciliation, a transverse ventral and a longitudinal dorsal field. B. oblata n. sp. is described from M. giganteus and M. fuliginosus and B. tasmaniensis n. sp. is described from T. billardierii. The occurrence of isotrichid ciliates in both metatherian and eutherian mammals suggests that the family either evolved prior to the divergence of the mammalian lineages or switched hosts from one group to the other following host diversification.     

Two new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zercon</Emphasis> (Acari: Zerconidae) from Turkey

Two new species of zerconid mites, Zercon uludagicus sp. n. and Z. huseyini sp. n., from Turkey are described and illustrated. The similarities and differences between the species are discussed. The lists of the taxonomic diagnostic key to adults of Zercon species known from Turkey are also given.     

Three new species of the genus Probles F?rster (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) from?South Korea

Three closely related species of the genus Probles Förster, P. fulgida sp. n., P. korusa sp. n. and P. rukora sp. n., belong to the subgenus Euporizon Horstmann and differ from other Palearctic species of the genus by a combination of long and apically weakly sinuate ovipositor and short temple. These three species are assigned to a newly designated fulgida species-group, and a portion of the key for identification of this species-group is provided. Based on the shape of the ovipositor apex, the fulgida species-group resemble members of the subgenus Microdiaparsis Horstmann but are distinct in having a much shorter temple.     

Nectonema zealandica n. sp. (Nematomorpha: Nectonematoidea) parasitising the purple rock crab Hemigrapsus edwardsi (Brachyura: Decapoda) in New Zealand,with notes on the prevalence of infection and host defence reactions

A new species of Acusicola is described based on adults of both sexes taken from plankton samples collected in the upper reaches of the Piauí River estuary, in the northeast of Brazil. Ovigerous females were present in the plankton. The new species, Acusicola minuta n. sp., can be distinguished from its congeners by its small body size, female antennal morphology and leg setation. The male described here as A. minuta n. sp. is the first known male attributed to the genus.     

Phylogenetics and evolutionary morphology of the Neotropical true bug genus Epipolops (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Geocoridae)

Species of Epipolops Herrich‐Schaeffer (Hemiptera: Geocoridae), comprising the largest genus of Pamphantinae, are among the most bizarre true bugs because of their striking morphology. To elucidate evolutionary morphology in Epipolops, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using 17 species and 36 adult morphological characters. Two cladograms were obtained under equal and implied weight analyses, showing slight differences between them. Two new species, E. stridulatus sp.n . and E. univallensis sp.n ., are described, and E. meridionalis Pirán is resurrected from synonymy with E. frondosus Herrich‐Schaeffer. A key to the known species of Epipolops is provided. The systematic relevance of the unique characters of the genus is discussed and the sequence of character state transformations for both the anterior and posterior lateral processes of the pronotum are optimized on the cladogram obtained under implied weights. Species of Epipolops are found in the Neotropical region and the Mexican Transition Zone, with some clades and species restricted to certain South American subregions. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CB72D5DA‐D86B‐4B91‐93A2‐88894F7120C9 .     

A New Species of Freshwater Tardigrades from Disko Island (Greenland) Increases an Unsolved Paradox in Tardigrade Systematics

During the “Workshop on Arctic tardigrades” at the Danish Arctic Station (Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island, Greenland) an undescribed species of Dactylobiotus was found in freshwater sediments of the Isunngua spring. We have the honour and pleasure to describe this new taxon that we dedicate to all participants of that symposium, naming the species Dactylobiotus octavi sp. n. The animals appear similar to Dactylobiotus dispar and Dactylobiotus haplonyx with the presence of a very short secondary branch in the claws of the first three pairs of legs, but they differ from these species in the size of claw and buccal tube width. This new species also has peculiar ornamented eggs. The eggshell consists of bowl-like processes, each one surrounded by a band of fine pores. A morphological parsimony analysis to identify phylogenetic relationships among D. octavi sp. n. and the other Dactylobiotus species was performed, obtaining inconclusive results. The discovery of this new species increases an unsolved paradox in tardigrade systematics related to the presence of closely related species which share a very similar morphology of the animals but clearly differ in their egg morphology, while, conversely, there are species belonging to different evolutionary lines that have similar eggs, but very different adult morphology. The finding of D. octavi sp. n. increases the already high number of species found in Disko Island and once again underlines the importance of tardigrades in the biodiversity of the Arctic area.     

A taxonomic review of Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus) (Psychodidae)

Five known species (asperulus Quate & Fairchild, erebicolus Quate, pholetor Quate & Fairchild, sejunctus Quate, and stellae Quate) of the caverni-colous subgenus Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus) are discussed in relation to newly recognized species from West Malaysia and India. P. frondifer n.sp. and P. tubifer n.sp. are described and a key to the adults of all seven species is given. General features of the subgenus are discussed, with particular reference to the functional relationships between the specialized morphology of the mouthparts and the probable bat hosts of these species.     

EOCENE ALGAE AND PLANT HAIRS FROM THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION OF WYOMING

Four new species of algae and two kinds of fossil plant hairs are described from a rich oil shale bed of the mid-Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. Two of the algae belong to the Cyanophyceae and two to the Chlorophyceae. On the basis of their morphology alone, they are assigned to four new species among four genera, as follows: Symploca hedraia, sp. n.; Stigonema anchistina, sp. n.; Schizochlamys haywellensis, sp. n.; and Spirogyra wyomingia, sp. n. One kind of fossil plant hair is similar to those observed in organic sediments of an existing lake and identified with trichomes on the under surface of live oak leaves (Quercus virginiana). Assignment of the fossil trichomes to a taxon is not warranted at present.     

Review of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dotocryptus</Emphasis> Brèthes (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), with a New Species from Colombia

The taxonomic limits of the Neotropical genus Dotocryptus Brèthes are reviewed. The genus is characterized mainly by the very long ovipositor, at least 2.2× as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor distinctly depressed, ventral valve expanded, and overlapping dorsal valve as a sheath; and mandible long with ventral tooth longer than dorsal one. A new species, Dotocryptus arcadius sp. nov., from Colombia is described and illustrated. The new species can be diagnosed mainly by the head and mesosoma with multiple whitish marks; epicnemial carina reaching 0.2–0.3 of distance to subalar ridge; legs marked with dark brown, orange, and whitish; and metasoma polished and glabrate. This is the northernmost record of the genus, previously known from Ecuador to southern Chile. An updated identification key to the species of the genus is provided, as well as diagnoses and new records for the previously known species.     

New genera and species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from New Zealand

Abstract

New genera Isothraulus, Arachnocolus, and Penniketellus are established for three species of leptophlebiid mayfly from New Zealand. Each genus is monotypic and endemic to New Zealand. Isothraulus and Arachnocolus are known only from the northern North Island, and Penniketellus is known only from the Arthur's Pass area of the central South Island. The male and female imago, nymph, and egg of Isothraulus abditus n.sp., the male imago, male subimago, and nymph of Arachnocolus phillipsi n.sp., and the male and female imago, female subimago, and egg of Penniketellus insolitus n.sp. are described. The relationships of each genus and the ecology of nymphs of each species are discussed.