Bt水稻对田间非靶标害虫种群动态的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63(以下简称汕优63/Bt)为材料,亲本汕优63(以下简称汕优63/CK)为对照,在田间自然感虫条件下研究汕优63/Bt对稻田几种非靶标害虫种群消长动态的影响。结果表明,汕优63/Bt上稻苞虫Pelopidas mathias(Fabricius)和稻眉眼蝶Mycalesis gotamaMoore幼虫数量都显著低于对照品种,但汕优63/Bt对稻苞虫的毒性强于稻眉眼蝶。汕优63/Bt上稻飞虱(白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath)和褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens(Stal))混合种群数量通常与对照品种基本一致,在少数调查时间显著高于对照品种。相反,除少数调查时间与对照品种没有显著差异外,稻叶蝉(黑尾叶蝉Nephotettixcincticeps(Uhler)和二点黑尾叶蝉N.viriscens(Distant))混合种群数量通常显著高于对照品种。稻飞虱和叶蝉成为汕优63/Bt上的主要害虫。     

水稻上几种主要叶蝉的为害征状

稻叶蝉为湖南省五大稻虫之一,为害双季稻仅次于三化螟。某些年份局部地区稻叶蝉(公黑尾叶蝉及白翅叶蝉为主)为害晚稻的损失,超过螟虫。 关于水稻黑尾叶蝉(Nephotcttix bipunctatus cincti-ceps Uhler)及白翅叶蝉(Empoasca subrufa Melichar)的为害状,过去国内不少书刊上发表的研究报告,均把水稻叶片上的白色斑点或白色波浪条斑看作是黑尾叶蝉     

转cry1Ab/1Ac,cry1C,cry2A基因水稻对田间稻纵卷叶螟及其捕食类天敌的影响

在转Bt基因水稻商业化之前需要评价其对靶标害虫及其天敌的影响.本研究连续2年在3个地点调查了3种转Bt水稻材料和非转基因水稻田间稻纵卷叶螟为害情况,稻纵卷叶螟及其4种捕食类天敌的种群密度、相对丰富度和种群动态.结果表明,水稻材料对卷叶率和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫种群密度有显著影响.非转基因水稻田间卷叶率显著高于3种转Bt基因水稻田.在调查期间,不同地点3种非转基因水稻田间稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的种群密度以及它在植食类功能团内的相对丰富度均显著高于3种转Bt基因水稻田.水稻材料、水稻材料×调查日期、水稻材料×调查年份、水稻材料×调查日期×调查年份对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的种群动态均有显著影响.但是,3种转Bt基因水稻材料和非转基因水稻田间4种捕食类天敌的相对丰富度、种群密度以及种群动态基本没有显著差异.从上述结果可推论,转Bt基因水稻中的Bt蛋白能明显抑制稻纵卷叶螟的发生,但对4种捕食类天敌没有显著影响.     

中国隐脉叶蝉科三新种(同翅目：叶蝉总科)

中国隐脉叶蝉科三新种（同翅目：叶蝉总科）蔡平,葛钟麟（浙江农业大学植保系杭州３１００２９）（安徽农业大学植保系合肥２３００３６）小板叶蝉属（ＯｎｉｅｌｌａＭａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ,１９１２）与额垠叶蝉属（ＭｕｋａｒｉａＤｉｓｔａｎｔ,１９０８）均隶属于同翅...     

水稻条纹花叶病毒对介体电光叶蝉生长繁殖及取食行为的影响

【目的】由电光叶蝉Recilia dorsalis传播的水稻条纹花叶病毒(rice stripe mosaic virus,RSMV)目前在我国华南稻区大面积发生并对水稻生产造成严重危害。本研究旨在明确RSMV对介体电光叶蝉生长繁殖及取食行为的影响。【方法】通过生物学实验测定RSMV侵染后电光叶蝉的生长和生命表参数;利用刺吸电位(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术比较携带和未携带RSMV的电光叶蝉成虫在健康水稻上的取食行为差异;采用Y型嗅觉仪测定电光叶蝉成虫对感染和未感染RSMV水稻的寄主选择倾向性。【结果】与无毒电光叶蝉相比,携带RSMV的电光叶蝉若虫发育历期延长,而若虫存活率、成虫羽化率、雌虫繁殖力和卵孵化率下降。无毒电光叶蝉成虫倾向于选择取食RSMV侵染的水稻,而带毒电光叶蝉成虫倾向于选择取食健康水稻。与无毒电光叶蝉相比,带毒电光叶蝉成虫取食健康水稻所产生的刺探波、障碍波和唾液分泌波次数和持续时间均显著增加,被动取食波和休息波次数减少但时间均延长。【结论】与无毒电光叶蝉相比,感染RSMV使带毒电光叶蝉若虫发育历期延长且不利于其种群的繁殖。RSMV通过调控介体电光叶蝉成虫的取食和寄主选择行为而有利于自身在寄主水稻间的传播。     

三种信息化合物对叶蝉及其优势天敌的生态效应

【目的】为了探讨外源信息化合物对茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis G?the其优势天敌时序动态的影响和对叶蝉的生态控制效应,本文研究了3种外源信息化合物对茶园小绿叶蝉和蜘蛛种群数量的影响。【方法】将用水杨酸(SA)、水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)、芳樟醇及添加有抗氧化剂和抗紫外线剂浸泡后的诱芯在田间悬挂1、3、7、14 d后,在距诱芯1、2、3 m处分别调查了茶小绿叶蝉和蜘蛛的个体数,以正己烷浸泡的诱芯作对照。【结果】不同处理均使叶蝉的种群数量下降,其中以水杨酸的抑制作用最明显,水杨酸甲酯次之;悬挂7 d后对叶蝉的数量影响最大,显著低于悬挂前。各处理均能增加蜘蛛种群数量,以水杨酸甲酯对蜘蛛的诱集作用最明显;悬挂3 d后蜘蛛数量增加最多;不同距离的诱芯对叶蝉和天敌密度影响差异均不明显。【结论】外源SA和MeSA能够降低田间茶小绿叶蝉的种群密度,并对天敌具有一定的诱集效果,研究结果为茶园叶蝉的防治与优势天敌的保护和利用提供了重要的依据。     

电光叶蝉的生物学及其传毒特性观察

<正> 电光叶蝉Recilia dorsalis (Motshulsky)是在南北各稻区分布较广泛的水稻害虫,我省以沿江双季稻区发生较多。据国内外报道,电光叶蝉除刺吸稻叶及叶鞘的汁液,影响水稻的生长外,还能传播水稻普通矮缩病和橙叶病、东格鲁病等病毒病。我省沿江稻区七十年代以来,水稻普通矮缩病逐年扩展,为害加重。笔者在参与安徽农学院植保系对该病的主要传毒媒介黑尾叶蝉的研究的同时,还对电光叶蝉的生物学及其传毒特性进行了观察,现将观察结果整理如下。     

丽叶蝉属一新种和一中国新记录种（同翅目：叶蝉科：离脉叶蝉亚科）

丽叶蝉属（ Ｃａｌｏｄｉａ Ｎｉｅｌｓｏｎ） 隶属于叶蝉科（ Ｃｉｃａｄｅｌｌｉｄａｅ）、离脉叶蝉亚科（ Ｃｏｅｌｉｄｉｉｎａｅ）、离脉叶蝉族（ Ｃｏｅｌｉｄｉｉｎｉ）,由 Ｎｉｅｌｓｏｎ 建立于１９８２年。它是离脉叶蝉族中较大的１个属,现已知５７种,分布于整个东洋区。国内张雅林于１９９４年在其专著《中国离脉叶蝉分类》一书中系统描述了中国丽叶蝉属１９种。本文记述１新种和１中国新记录种。至此全世界已知丽叶蝉属５８种,中国已知２１种。１． 叉突丽叶蝉 Ｃａｌｏｄｉａ ｂｉｆｕｒｃａｔａ, 新种（图１）♂：体长８．５ｍ ｍ 。正模♂：贵州宽阔水,１９８４－ Ⅷ－ ７,李子忠采。模式标本存放于安徽农业大学植保系。本种雄性外生殖器特征相似于粗突丽叶蝉 Ｃａｌｏｄｉａ ｒｏｂｕｓｔａ Ｎｉｅｌｓｏｎ,但本种阳基侧突长,亚端部分二叉,而后者阳基侧突粗壮,亚端部扩大,不分叉。２． 刺板丽叶蝉 Ｃａｌｏｄｉａ ｂｉｓｐｉｎｏｓａ Ｎｉｅｌｓｏｎ, 中国新记录（图２）♂：体长７．８ｍ ｍ ～８．０ｍ ｍ 。分布：泰国：中国（云南）。该种为 Ｎｉｅｌｓｏｎ （１９８２） 根据泰国１雄虫标本建立的新种,作者首次发现中国云南亦有其分布。本种雄性外生殖器特征相似     

隐脉叶蝉族一新属新种(同翅目:叶蝉科:隐脉叶蝉亚科)

本文记述隐脉叶蝉族１新属,凹片叶蝉属Ｃｏｎｃａｖｅｐｌａｎａ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．,１新种,端刺凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｓｐｉｎａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,２新组合,红线凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｒｕｆｏｌｉｎｅａｔａ（Ｋｕｏｈ）,ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．和三带凹片叶蝉Ｃ．ｔｒｉｆａｓｃｉａｔａ（Ｈｕａｎｇ）,ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本保存于贵州农学院。     

中国叶蝉科四新种记述 (同翅目：叶蝉总科)

 报道横脊叶蝉属Evacanthus三新种,即双斑横脊叶蝉E. b imaculatus sp.nov.、黑条横脊叶蝉E. nigristreakus sp.nov.、红条横脊叶蝉E. Rubrolineatus sp.nov., 和点翅叶蝉属Gessius 一新种,黑背点翅叶蝉G. nigri dorsus sp.nov.。模式标本保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

Field evaluation of effects of transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">cry1Ab/cry1Ac,cry1C</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">cry2A</Emphasis> rice on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</Emphasis> and its arthropod predators

The impacts of transgenic Bt rice on target pests and their predators need to be clarified prior to the commercialization of Bt rice. In this study, the percentages of folded leaves of three transgenic Bt rice lines and non-transgenic parental rice line caused by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were studied over two successive growing seasons. In addition, the population densities, relative abundance and population dynamics of C. medinalis and four species of its natural arthropod predators were investigated at three sites in China. The results showed that rice line significantly affected the percentages of folded leaves and population densities of C. medinalis larvae. Significantly higher percentages of folded leaves were observed on the non-transgenic rice compared with the three transgenic Bt rice on most sampling dates. Significantly higher densities of C. medinalis larvae and higher relative abundance of C. medinalis within phytophages were found on non-transgenic rice compared with three transgenic Bt rice at different sites across the study period. The population dynamics of C. medinalis larvae were significantly affected by rice line, rice line×sampling date, rice line×year, rice line×sampling date×year. However, there was little, if any, significant difference in the relative abundance, population density and population dynamics of the four arthropod predators between the three Bt rice lines and non-transgenic rice. The results of this study indicate that the Bt toxin in transgenic Bt rice can effectively suppress the occurrence of C. medinalis, but has no significant effects on the occurrence of the four predatory arthropod species.     

Impact of insect-resistant transgenic rice on target insect pests and non-target arthropods in China

Progress on the research and development of insect-resistant transgenic rice, especially expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）, in China has been rapid in recent years. A number of insect-resistant transgenic rice lines/varieties have passed restricted and enlarged field testing, and several have been approved for productive testing since 2002 in China, although none was approved for commercial use until 2006. Extensive laboratory and field trials have been conducted for evaluation of the efficiency of transgenic rice on target lepidoteran pests and potential ecological risks on non-target arthropods. The efficacy of a number of transgenic rice lines currently tested in China was excellent for control of the major target insect pests, the rice stem borers （Chilo suppressalis, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens） and leaffolder （ Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）, and was better than most insecticides extensively used by millions of farmers at present in China. No significantly negative or unintended effects of transgenic rice on non-target arthropods were found compared with non-transgenic rice. In contrast, most of the current insecticides used for the control of rice stem borers and leaffolders proved harmful to natural enemies, and some insecticides may directly induce resurgence of rice planthoppers. Studies for developing a proactive insect resistance management of transgenic rice in the future are discussed to ensure the sustainable use of transgenic rice.     

转Bt cry1Ab基因水稻对稻田弹尾虫种群数量的影响

以转Bt cry1Ab基因水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)及其亲本非转基因水稻秀水11(XS11)为材料,于2003年9月和翌春4月,调查了KMD1和KMD2对水稻灌浆期和收割后休田期稻田土表落叶层中弹尾虫种群数量的影响.结果表明,KMD植株表达的cry1Ab杀虫蛋白可在稻田环境中残留160 d以上;在水稻灌浆期采用吸虫器法在稻田落叶层中采集到灰橄榄长角跳虫(Entomobrya griseoolivata)和钩圆跳虫(Bourletiella christianseni)等2种弹尾虫,其中灰橄榄长角跳虫在KMD1和KMD2稻田中的种群密度显著高于XS11稻田;在水稻收割后休田期采用网袋法采集到灰橄榄长角跳虫、钩圆跳虫、球角跳虫(Hypogastrura matura)和等节跳虫(Isotoma monochaeta)等4种弹尾虫,其中转Bt基因水稻稻田中的灰橄榄长角跳虫和球角跳虫的种群密度显著高于XS11稻田,且其植株组织残体生物量损失率显著高于XS11.     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对二种刺吸性害虫和二种天敌的影响

为探明转基因抗除草剂水稻对非目标生物的影响,于2007年和2008年对转Bar基因抗除草剂籼稻Bar68-1和非转基因对照D68稻田的2种常见刺吸性害虫和2种天敌在水稻分蘖中期、分蘖末期、齐穗期和乳熟期4个时期的种群密度进行了调查和比较。结果显示,抗除草剂水稻与对照稻田的飞虱、叶蝉、盲蝽、蜘蛛的发生密度,除不喷药处理区的2007年水稻乳熟期和2008年分蘖中期的盲蝽科的发生密度差异显著外,其余均无显著差异。试验结果表明,转基因抗除草剂水稻Bar68-1对包括飞虱、叶蝉、盲蝽、蜘蛛等类群在内的稻田非目标生物的田间自然种群的影响与非转基因水稻基本相同。     

表达反义核酶RNA的转基因水稻对矮缩病毒复制和症状的抑制作用

用基因枪法将含有ＲＤＶ第五片段反义核酶序列基因的植物表达载体ｐＲＯＫＩＩ转化水稻幼胚,在Ｇ４１８存在的条件下,约２～３个月可筛选出抗性愈伤,转入分化培养基中培养可分化出幼苗。经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交法检测为阳性的水稻幼苗进行抗病性测定显示,转ＲＤＶ反义核酶基因的水稻植株对ＲＤＶ的复制和症状有显著抑制作用。转基因植株发病较轻,并能部分结实,而对照植株则明显矮化且大多不能抽穗。     

转基因水稻对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响

以非转基因水稻为对照,以变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和Biolog技术为手段,研究了2种转基因水稻对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果显示:转基因水稻仅在生长发育旺盛期对土壤细菌数量有显著影响;且不同品种转基因水稻土壤微生物间的遗传距离大于转基因水稻与对照间土壤微生物的距离,即2个转基因水稻品种对土壤微生物群落遗传多样性的影响均不显著;在水稻抽穗期,2种转基因水稻与其对照的土壤微生物群落在72h时的平均光密度呈现显著差异,而到了成熟期则差异不显著。土壤微生物群落多样性指数和均匀度指数也表现出类似趋势。本试验证明,在水稻生长发育旺盛时期,Mclntosh指数(u)是一个有效区分转基因水稻和非转基因水稻土壤微生物群落多样性的指标。     

田间转Bt基因水稻上稻飞虱卵量、孵化率及天敌作用

为了评估转基因水稻释放后对非靶标害虫及其天敌的影响, 本研究在浙江大学实验农场和中国水稻研究所实验农场2008和2009年连续两年监测了转Bt基因水稻对田间稻飞虱着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率、卵被寄生率和卵死亡率的影响。结果表明: 两年2个调查地点3个水稻品系（克螟稻1、克螟稻2和秀水11）上的稻飞虱平均每分蘖着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率和卵被寄生率的趋势基本一致, 而且田间3个水稻品系上稻飞虱卵量的高峰期均持续2周左右; 但是两年2个调查地点3个水稻品系上稻飞虱卵死亡率则没有一致的趋势。此外, 总体上3个水稻品系上稻飞虱平均每分蘖着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率、卵被寄生率和卵死亡率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。因此, 稻田中转Bt基因水稻对稻飞虱卵没有显著的影响。     

转cry1 Ab基因粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

在将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系分为植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其他类等5个功能团的基础上,从功能团优势度、群落结构参数及群落相异性等方面,经2年3点的调查就2个转cry1Ab基因粳稻（Bt粳稻）品系KMD1和KMD2对稻田节肢动物群落结构的影响做了评价。结果表明：在大多数情况下,Bt粳稻与对照间各功能团优势度、群落结构参数[物种丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀性指数（J）、优势集中性指数（C）]及其时间动态无明显差异;Bt粳稻与对照间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落,及整个节肢动物群落的相似性也较高。综合分析认为,Bt粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落结构无明显的负面影响。     

Population dynamics of the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae on monsoon rice in Myanmar

Soil and root samples of the short crop cycle duration rice variety Yadanartoe were collected at 10-days intervals, starting at 20 days after transplanting until 20 days after harvest, from September 2008 until January 2009, to study the population dynamics of Hirschmanniella oryzae on (rainfed) monsoon rice. Plant growth stages, the ambient air and soil temperature, rainfall and relative humidity during the sampling period were noted. The soil type is clay and has a pH of 5.1. In the roots, three nematode population density peaks were observed during the sampling period: at the maximum tillering stage, at the milky grain stage, and between harvest and 10 days after harvest. The highest peak (483 H. oryzae/g roots) was observed at the milky grain stage. The lowest root population density (46 H. oryzae/g roots) was found at harvesting. Population densities in the soil followed more or less the same trend as in the roots. After harvesting, the soil population density increased. During our observation, we did not find any effects of environmental conditions on the population densities of H. oryzae. However, it was found that the population dynamics of H. oryzae were influenced by the plant growth stage.