耐低磷山羊草基因型的筛选与鉴定

为研究小麦近缘属种的耐低磷特性,本试验通过砂培法,以9种山羊草为供试材料,对低磷和正常供磷2个处理下山羊草苗期的相对地上部干重、相对根干重、相对生物量、相对根长、相对根冠比、相对磷积累量、相对磷吸收效率进行研究。结果表明,不同基因型山羊草对低磷胁迫的反应存在一定的差异。相关分析和主成分分析结果表明,相对地上部干重、相对根干重、相对生物量和相对磷积累量可作为耐低磷基因型山羊草筛选的指标。筛选结果表明,双角、粘果、小伞和拟斯卑尔脱山羊草为耐低磷型山羊草,尾状山羊草为磷敏感型山羊草。     

耐低磷水稻基因型筛选指标的研究

采用溶液培养试验,并结合大田试验,研究和探讨了耐低磷水稻基因型的筛选指标.结果表明,溶液培养试验中,在正常供磷和低磷胁迫条件下,在所有调查性状中水稻单株干重都具有较大的基因型间变异(CV分别为21.73%和19.54%).在所有调查性状的相对值中,相对单株干重(低磷胁迫/正常供磷)也具有较大的基因型间变异(CV为19.60%);相关分析表明,相对单株干重与相对根干重、相对株高、相对单株吸磷量、相对地上部磷积累、相对磷利用效率和相对植株磷浓度均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).因此,水稻相对单株干重可以作为苗期筛选水稻耐低磷基因型的一个筛选指标.溶液培养试验中水稻的相对单株干重和大田试验中水稻的相对稻谷产量(不施磷/施磷)没有显著相关性,因此溶液培养试验的相对单株干重不能作为评价大田试验中水稻耐低磷能力的指标.低磷营养液培养的水稻体内磷利用效率与缺磷土壤生长的水稻体内磷利用效率呈极显著正相关.因此,直接以低磷营养液培养水稻苗期体内磷利用效率作为筛选指标,然后进行大田试验验证,是一条筛选水稻磷高效利用基因型的有效途径.     

水稻苗期磷高效基因型筛选研究

采用难溶性磷酸盐Ca3 (PO4) 2 为唯一磷源 ,在pH值为 5 .5条件下产生相对高浓度低磷胁迫及以NaH2 PO4为磷源配制P浓度为 0 .5mg·L-1的相对低浓度低磷胁迫的两个水培环境 ,分别对不同基因型水稻的磷效率进行评价 .以相对分蘖干重 (RTW )、相对总生物量 (RPW )、相对分蘖数 (RTN)、相对根系干重(RRW )、相对地上部干重 (RSW )、相对叶龄 (RLA)和相对株高 (RPH)作为耐性指标进行相关分析 .结果表明 ,供试材料的磷效率存在极显著差异 ,若以能产生分蘖的相对高浓度低磷胁迫进行筛选时 ,相对分蘖干重、相对地上部干重、相对总生物量可作为较好的筛选指标 ,其中相对分蘖干重不仅与其它指标间的相关性强 ,且品种间差异和变异系数均较大 ,能准确、灵敏地反映不同基因型间的耐低磷胁迫能力 ;若采用相对低浓度的低磷胁迫对不同基因型水稻进行耐低磷种质筛选时 ,筛选指标则不同 ,最好的单一筛选指标应是相对地上部干重或相对总生物量 .     

玉米苗期耐低铁能力的综合评价及其预测

为了筛选和鉴定耐低铁玉米品种应用于生产,本研究以23个玉米品种为材料,测定低铁胁迫和正常供铁(对照)玉米幼苗的株高、茎粗、可见叶、展叶、叶面积、根长、根体积、总干重、活性铁、含铁量、铁积累量和叶绿素含量等15个性状,以各性状的相对值作为衡量指标,利用主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对其进行耐低铁能力的综合评价。结果表明不同玉米品种耐低铁能力存在明显的基因型差异;邡玉1号、福康玉909、正大619、正红102、福得2号、正红2号耐低铁能力较强;展叶数、叶面积、根长、根干重、铁积累量可作为玉米耐低铁品种苗期筛选指标;可利用玉米苗期耐低铁能力的回归模型:D=(-384.23+2.71X4+2.50X5+3.22X6+1.70X9+4.86X14)×10-3对玉米苗期耐低铁能力进行预测。     

花生萌发至苗期耐盐胁迫的基因型差异北大核心CSCD

采用盆栽试验,设置0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%等4个浓度的盐胁迫,通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标研究不同基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)萌发至幼苗期的耐盐性差异。结果表明,各浓度盐胁迫下,相对出苗时间、相对株高、相对主茎高、相对主根长、相对地上部鲜质量、相对地下部鲜质量、相对植株鲜质量、相对地上部干质量、相对地下部干质量和相对植株干质量等10个指标耐盐指数品种间呈正态分布,变异较大。主成分分析将10个指标归结为不相关的独立因子,采用综合得分将107个品种(系)聚类为高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组,0.15%浓度下4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的45.79%、39.25%、7.48%和7.48%;0.30%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的11.21%、47.66%、22.43%和18.69%;0.45%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的6.54%、23.36%、50.47%和19.63%。部分品种(系)在各强度盐胁迫下均表现为耐盐或盐敏感,部分品种(系)在低强度胁迫下表现为耐盐,而在高强度胁迫下表现为盐敏感。3个浓度盐胁迫下高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和盐高度敏感型分组一致的品种(系)分别有1个(‘阜花11’)、7个(‘花育28’、‘Z11’、‘花育39’、‘花育32’、‘HLN2’、‘粤油26’、‘XE019’)、0个和1个(‘D1035’)。盐胁迫下,不同耐盐类型花生品种(系)出苗时间、植株形态和生物量等10个指标间差异达显著或极显著水平,盐敏感类型比耐盐类型品种(系)出苗时间延长,植株形态建成抑制加重,物质积累减少。     

低氮胁迫对不同苦荞品种苗期生长和根系生理特征的影响

以2个耐低氮苦荞品种(‘迪庆苦荞’、‘广苦1号’)和2个不耐低氮苦荞品种(‘西荞1号’、‘黑丰1号’)为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了低氮胁迫对苦荞苗期生长和根系生理特性以及氮素利用的影响,以揭示苦荞耐低氮胁迫的生理响应机制。结果显示:(1)与正常供氮处理(15mmol/L)相比,低氮(0.5mmol/L)和极低氮(0.05mmol/L)胁迫处理下,苦荞幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系平均直径、根系体积及根系表面积均呈下降趋势,主根长和根冠比呈升高趋势,但在低氮(0.5mmol/L)条件下各品种根系干重均有所增加,且耐低氮品种增加幅度较大(13.69%、19.26%)。(2)低氮胁迫使苦荞叶片的叶绿素含量、最大荧光产量(Fm)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)以及根系活力、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,而叶片初始荧光产量(Fo)及根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量呈升高趋势。(3)低氮胁迫使苦荞植株全氮含量及氮积累量显著降低,却使氮素吸收效率显著升高。研究表明,不同耐低氮苦荞品种对低氮胁迫的响应存在显著差异,在低氮胁迫下,耐低氮品种(‘迪庆苦荞’、‘广苦1号’)具有明显的生长优势,不仅农艺性状、叶片光合作用及根系活性受低氮胁迫影响小,而且具有较高的根系保护酶活性、渗透调节物质含量以及全氮量和氮积累量。     

Genotypic differences in salt tolerance from germination to seedling stage in peanut

采用盆栽试验, 设置0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%等4个浓度的盐胁迫, 通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标研究不同基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)萌发至幼苗期的耐盐性差异。结果表明, 各浓度盐胁迫下, 相对出苗时间、相对株高、相对主茎高、相对主根长、相对地上部鲜质量、相对地下部鲜质量、相对植株鲜质量、相对地上部干质量、相对地下部干质量和相对植株干质量等10个指标耐盐指数品种间呈正态分布, 变异较大。主成分分析将10个指标归结为不相关的独立因子, 采用综合得分将107个品种(系)聚类为高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组, 0.15%浓度下4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的45.79%、39.25%、7.48%和7.48%; 0.30%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的11.21%、47.66%、22.43%和18.69%; 0.45%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的6.54%、23.36%、50.47%和19.63%。部分品种(系)在各强度盐胁迫下均表现为耐盐或盐敏感, 部分品种(系)在低强度胁迫下表现为耐盐, 而在高强度胁迫下表现为盐敏感。3个浓度盐胁迫下高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和盐高度敏感型分组一致的品种(系)分别有1个(‘阜花11’)、7个(‘花育28’、‘Z11’、‘花育39’、‘花育32’、‘HLN2’、‘粤油26’、‘XE019’)、0个和1个(‘D1035’)。盐胁迫下, 不同耐盐类型花生品种(系)出苗时间、植株形态和生物量等10个指标间差异达显著或极显著水平, 盐敏感类型比耐盐类型品种(系)出苗时间延长, 植株形态建成抑制加重, 物质积累减少。     

苦荞耐低磷基因型筛选及评价指标的鉴定

土壤缺磷是限制我国黄土高原作物高产的主要因子之一,苦荞是黄土高原区优势杂粮作物且不同基因型苦荞对低磷胁迫的响应存在显著差异,因而筛选磷高效利用苦荞基因型成为提高苦荞产量、促进当地农业可持续发展的重要途径.以14份不同基因型苦荞为材料,采用砂培试验,对正常供磷(2 mmol·L^-1)和低磷胁迫(0.2 mmol·L^-1)下苦荞苗期的农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用情况进行测定,通过计算苦荞苗期耐低磷特性,筛选出耐低磷苦荞品种及其评价指标,为苦荞磷高效育种及黄土高原瘠薄土壤栽培提供理论依据.结果表明:低磷胁迫下,各基因型苦荞苗期地上部受影响程度大于根系,地上部形态指标、根系平均直径、根系表面积和根系体积降低,而主根长伸长;苦荞根系活力、可溶性蛋白含量均下降,其他生理生化指标升高;植株全磷含量与磷积累量均降低,但磷利用效率升高.主成分分析将22个单项指标转化成4个相互独立的综合指标(累计贡献率达90.1%),聚类分析将14种苦荞划分成3类:耐低磷型、中间型和磷敏感型.为探讨苦荞苗期耐低磷鉴定指标,以耐低磷性综合评价值(D值)为因变量,各单项指标耐低磷系数为自变量,建立最优回归方程,进行耐低磷预测.最终筛选出根表面积、根长、株高、地上部干质量、酸性磷酸酶、磷积累量、过氧化物酶活性7项指标,可用于苦荞苗期耐低磷能力的快速鉴定.     

不同基因型苦荞幼苗对低磷胁迫的响应

采用沙培法,以4个不同耐低磷苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn)品种为材料,设正常磷处理(P1,2 mmol/L对照)、低磷胁迫(P2,1 mmol/L)和极低磷胁迫(P3,0.2 mmol/L) 3个处理,研究低磷胁迫对苦荞苗期农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用的影响。结果显示:(1)低磷胁迫下,苦荞苗期株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系干重、根系平均直径、根系表面积、根系体积等指标均有所下降;主根伸长、根冠比有所升高,但不同品种的升降幅度有所不同。(2)低磷胁迫使苦荞叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力均有所下降,根系的SOD活性、POD活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,且表现为耐低磷苦荞品种的增幅大于不耐低磷苦荞。(3)低磷胁迫使苦荞植株全磷含量和单株磷积累量下降,却使磷利用效率升高。研究结果表明耐低磷品种通过主根伸长下扎以及分泌较多的酸性磷酸酶,合理吸收与利用土壤磷素,通过保持叶片较高的叶绿素含量维持较强的光合能力,通过保持较高的抗氧化酶活性降低膜脂过氧化伤害,最大程度的适应低磷环境。     

甜菜耐盐性筛选及其幼苗对盐胁迫的响应

为了探讨甜菜耐盐机理、不同耐盐等级甜菜盐耐性机制差异,对40份甜菜品种（系）用300mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫处理,通过芽期相对盐害率和苗期盐害指数确定不同品种耐盐等级,将不同耐盐等级材料进行NaCl浓度梯度（150、300mmol·L-1）处理,测定植株鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性。试验结果如下：40份甜菜材料经过芽期和苗期耐盐性筛选最终确定耐盐等级极强的品种（系）1份（‘KWS0143’）,耐盐等级强的品种（系）6份（‘ACERO’等）,耐盐等级中等的品种（系）14份（‘HI0183’等）,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）5份（‘OVITO’等）;在同一盐胁迫时间下,不同耐盐等级材料的植株鲜重随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,品种‘KWS0143’和‘ACERO’变化幅度较小,品种‘OVATIO’下降幅度最大;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈现先上升而后下降的趋势,耐盐性极强的品种酶活性显著高于其他耐盐等级材料;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性均呈上升趋势,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）明显高于其他各个材料。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.