濒危植物瑶山苣苔的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体发育及胚胎发育进行了细胞学观察,结果表明:瑶山苣苔胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的四分体呈直线排列,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子退化,胚囊为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊发育方式。花药为四囊形,花药壁由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层,小孢子形成时胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为四面体形,成熟花粉为2核细胞。胚乳发育为细胞型,在胚的发育过程中被吸收耗尽。瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育基本正常,不是导致其濒危的原因。但瑶山苣苔果实成熟时,胚仅发育至球形胚时期,需要经过一定时间休眠才能完成形态后熟,表明胚未发育完全可能是该物种天然更新困难的原因之一。     

石香薷（唇形科）的胚胎学研究

石香薷(Mosla chinensis Buch.-Ham.ex Maxim.)花药壁发育属双子叶型。花药具4个小孢子囊;腺质绒毡层,细胞具2～4核,有3至数个核仁;初生造孢细胞直接行小孢子母细胞的功能,在小孢子囊中成单列。花粉母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体呈四面体形,也有左右对称形,成熟花粉具2细胞。胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,大孢子四分体线形排列,功能性大孢子位于合点端,少数为合点端第二个细胞。胚囊发育属蓼型,珠孔区近卵圆形,比合点区稍短,合点区较狭窄。胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。细胞型胚乳,珠孔吸器为单孢3核,合点吸器为单孢2核。种子无胚乳,种皮由珠被发育。石香薷雌雄配子体的发育、胚胎发生及胚乳形成,与紫苏属的Perilla ocimoides几乎完全一致。不同点仅在于石香薷在2-细胞花粉时,药室内壁细胞切向伸长,壁尚未发生纤维状加厚(P.ocimoides药室内壁细胞径向伸长,胞壁纤维状加厚),珠孔吸器为单孢3核(P.ocimoides为单孢4核)。胚胎学显示石荠苎属与紫苏属有密切的亲缘关系。     

桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究

对桔梗（PlatycodongrandiflorusA.DC）的胚乳吸器进行了显微结构和超微结构研究,结果如下：1．胚乳的发育属细胞型。8-细胞胚乳时分化出珠孔吸器;16-细胞胚乳时分化出合点吸器。2．吸器细胞的壁存在大量壁内突,彼此交织成网状结构,浓厚的细胞质里有丰富的线粒体、内质网和高尔基体;细胞核及核仁异常增大;吸器细胞与胚乳细胞间存在大量的胞间连丝。3．珠被绒毡层与胚囊壁之间存在二层角质层,共同包围着胚囊,只在胚囊的珠孔端与合点端开口。胚乳吸器的功能是对来自孢子体的营养物质起吸收与转运作用,从而保证胚乳和胚的发育。     

红花胚珠和雌配子体发育

用石蜡切片法研究了红花的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程,得到以下结果：（１）胚珠发育为薄珠心类型,倒生胚珠,具单珠被。（２）胚囊发育蓼型。（３）有珠被绒毛层,珠被绒毡层起始于大孢子母细胞时期,单核胚囊阶段高度发育,受精后从合点端逐渐退化。珠孔塞细胞呈毛状。     

高山红景天胚胎学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)具8个雄蕊,每个雄蕊有4个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型。形成的四分体为四面体形。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、二层中层和绒毡层五层细胞组成,其发育方式为基本型。腺质型绒毡层,有些绒毡层细胞分裂形成不规则双层,少数细胞双核。二细胞型花粉。雌蕊由4心皮组成。边缘胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,胚珠发育中形成珠心喙。大孢子四分体线形或T -形,合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,卵细胞核、助细胞核均位于细胞的合点端,珠孔端具液泡;极核融合为次生核,并位于卵细胞合点端附近; 3个反足细胞退化。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为石竹型;基细胞侵入珠孔端,形成囊状吸器。细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核分裂形成两个细胞,其珠孔端的细胞发育成胚乳本体,合点端的细胞直接发育成具一单核的合点吸器。     

掌叶大黄胚胎学研究

掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)的花药4室,单或复孢原。药壁发育为单子叶型。腺质绒毡层发育后期出现双核。小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉为3细胞,表面具3条沟。子房1室,单胚珠,直生,两层珠被,由内珠被形成珠孔,厚珠心。单孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形或T形大孢子四分体。合点端的大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊。2个极核在受精前合并为次生核。3个反足细胞宿存。胚乳发育为核型,在球形胚末期开始形成细胞。合点端的胚乳核一直不形成细胞,而为游离核的胚乳吸器。在胚乳吸器和其它部位都发现胚乳核融合现象。胚的发育属于紫菀型。胚具小胚柄。成熟胚囊时期出现承珠盘,且存留时间很长,成熟胚期尚存痕迹。     

竹节参雌配子体发育的研究

本文报道了竹节参(Panax japonicus C.A.Mey)雌配子体(胚囊)的发育过程。竹节参大孢子母细胞减数分裂产生线形排列的大孢子四分体。胚囊发育属蓼型,由合点端大孢子发育而成。游离核胚囊时期,胚囊珠孔端的细胞器种类和数量都较胚囊合点端多;胚囊合点端相邻的珠被细胞中有含淀粉粒的小质体,与胚囊珠孔端相邻的退化中的非功能大孢子中则有含淀粉粒的大质体和大类脂体。成熟胚囊中,反足细胞较早退化;极核融合成次生核;卵细胞高度液泡化,细胞器数量较少;助细胞则有丰富的细胞器和发达的丝状器。PAS反应表明,受精前的成熟胚囊中积累淀粉粒。次生核受精后,很快分裂产生胚乳游离核,到几十至数百个核时形成胚乳细胞。卵细胞受精后则要经过较长的休眠期。     

大车前胚乳发育的超微结构研究

采用透射电镜技术对大车前(Plantago major L.)胚乳发育的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明:(1)大车前为细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核经一次横分裂产生1个珠孔室细胞和1个合点室细胞;珠孔室两次纵向分裂一次横向分裂形成2层8个细胞,位于上层的4个细胞发育为4个珠孔吸器,位于下层的4个细胞发育为胚乳本体;合点室细胞进行一次核分裂,发育为两核的合点吸器。(2)珠孔吸器呈管状插入珠被组织,珠孔端细胞壁加厚呈现少量分支并具有壁内突,壁内突周围细胞质里分布着大量线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基体、质体等,细胞核与核仁明显,细胞质浓厚,代谢活动旺盛;球胚期,珠孔吸器的体积呈现最大值,珠孔吸器周围的珠被组织均被水解,形成明显的空腔。珠孔吸器从珠被组织吸收并转运营养物质至胚乳本体,参与胚乳的构建与营养物质的贮藏。球胚后期,珠孔吸器逐渐退化。(3)4个胚乳本体原始细胞具旺盛的分生能力,经不断的平周与垂周分裂增加胚乳细胞数目,使胚乳本体呈现圆球体状,并将胚包围其中;珠孔吸器、合点吸器以及珠被绒毡层吸收转运的营养物质贮存在胚乳本体;球胚后期,随着胚柄的退化,胚体周围的胚乳细胞被水解,为发育的胚所利用。(4)合点吸器的2个细胞核与核仁巨大,线粒体、质体、高尔基体、内质网主要绕核分布,液泡化明显;胚体与胚乳本体的体积增大,逐渐将合点吸器向胚珠合点部位挤压,合点吸器周围的合点组织逐渐被水解,形成巨大空腔。合点吸器自珠心组织吸收并转运营养物质至胚乳本体,参与胚乳的结构构建与营养物质的贮藏。球胚后期,合点吸器逐渐失去功能,呈现退化状态。     

水稻多卵卵器的起源

被子植物的卵器中通常只有１ 个卵细胞。在水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ）多胚品系胚囊中观察到二卵卵器和三卵卵器。对其大孢子和胚囊发生进行了观察,首次揭示了被子植物多卵卵器的起源。该品系大孢子发生正常。大孢子母细胞进行正常的减数分裂形成４ 个大孢子。靠近合点端的大孢子发育,其它３ 个退化。功能大孢子第一次有丝分裂后,两个子核被一中央大液泡分隔在胚囊珠孔端和合点端。紧接着发生第二次有丝分裂,合点端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴平行,而珠孔端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴成４５°夹角。由此产生的四核胚囊中,合点端１核向胚囊中部或中上部（胚囊珠孔端）迁移。四核胚囊再经１ 次有丝分裂形成两种类型的核分布偏离蓼型的八核胚囊。一种类型是珠孔端４个核,中部与合点各２ 个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中,珠孔端４ 核分化成四细胞卵器,其中卵细胞和助细胞各２ 个,中部的２ 核分化成２ 极核中央细胞,合点端的２ 核形成反足细胞。另一种类型是珠孔端６ 个核,合点端２ 个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中,两端各１ 核向中部迁移分化成２ 极核中央细胞,珠孔端剩余的５ 核分化成５ 细胞卵器,其中卵细胞３ 个,助细胞２ 个,合点端的１ 核迅速分裂形成反足细胞     

青阳参的大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

利用常规石蜡制片技术、荧光显微技术、光镜细胞化学技术、电子显微镜技术对青阳参大孢子发生、雌配子体形成过程进行了详细观察。结果显示,青阳参为边缘胎座,胚珠倒生、短珠柄,单珠被,薄珠心型,珠心细胞含有大量的淀粉粒、线粒体和内质网等;大孢子孢原细胞起源于下表皮并直接行使大孢子母细胞的功能;合点端的大孢子分裂形成8-核胚囊;蓼型胚囊;成熟胚囊中有大量淀粉粒;珠孔受精;胚乳在早期发育阶段以游离核形式存在,约在16~32核的阶段细胞壁形成,通常情况下胚乳核的分裂比合子的分裂早,成熟胚乳细胞单核、形状不规则,没有胚乳吸器;胚的发育经过原胚、球型胚和心型胚阶段,茄型;成熟的种子具有种毛,位于珠孔端的珠被表皮细胞是种毛长出的区域,种子中含有大量的脂肪。     

Embryological Studies of Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.

This paper reports the studies of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, development of female and male gametophytes, fertilization, and development of embryo and endosperm, The anther wall consists of four layers, i.e. epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. Part of the tapetum cells originates from the primary parietal cells, and the other part comes from the basic tissue of the anther partition. Tapeta? cells are uninucleate or binucleate, and belong to the secretory type. Microsporocyte originates directly from the primary sporogenous cell, Cytokinesis is of the simultaneous type. Arrangement of microspores in tetrad is isobilateral. Mature pollen grain is of the 2-celled type. The ovary is tricarpellum, trilocular with many ovules. The ovule is mono-integinous, tenui-nucellar and anatropous. The embryo sac originates from the single-archesporial cell. The one chalazal megaspore in linear tetrad is the functional megaspore. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse in to a secondary nucleus and the antipodal cells degenerate. Fertilization is porogamy, fusion of one sperm with secondary nucleus is faster than that of one sperm with egg nucleus. The development of endosperm is of the cellular type. The first three divisions of endosperm ceils are regular. Two endosperm cells near the ends of chalaza and the micropyle develop into haustorium without division. The haustoria gradually degenerate at the late stage of globular embryo. The mature seeds contain abundant endosperm. The development of embryo is of the Solanad type. The suspensor consists of 12–20 cells. The optimum development of the suspensor is at the early stage of the globular embryo. It begins to degenerate after late globular stage. The embryo develops from proembryo, heartshaped embryo, dicotyledenous- to mature embryo.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED IN ANDROGRAPHIS SERPYLLIFOLIA

Mohan Ram , H. Y. (U. Delhi, India.) The development of the seed in Andrographis serpyllifolia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 215—219. Illus. 1960.–Andrographis serpyllifolia, a member of the Acanthaceae, has an embryo sac with a bifurcated chalazal part. At the time of fertilization both synergids and antipodal cells disintegrate. Early in its development the endosperm is composed of 3 distinct parts: (1) a binucleate densely cytoplasmic chalazal haustorium; (2) a large binucleate micropylar haustorium; and (3) a central chamber which develops into the endosperm proper. The divisions in the central endosperm chamber are ab initio cellular. A few of the endosperm cells elongate enormously, ramify into the integument and destroy the surrounding cells. These cells have been termed secondary haustoria. Due to the unequal destruction of the integument, the endosperm assumes a ruminate condition. The mature seed is nearly naked because the seed coat is almost completely digested. The embryo has a long suspensor. The micropylar cells of the suspensor are hypertrophied and multinucleate. Contrary to Mauritzon's (1934) belief, the course of endosperm development is markedly different from that observed in Thunbergia. So far, albuminous seeds have been reported only in the subfamily Nelsonioideae. The present investigation provides a case of its occurrence in the Acanthoideae also.     

Embryological Studies on Sagittaria guayanensis H. B. K. Subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin (Alismataceae)

This paper deals with the embryological characteristics of Sagittaria guayanensis H. B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin. The anther wall development follows the Monocotyledonous type. The cytokinesis of microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the Successive type. The tetrads of microspores show an isobilateral arrangement, and the mature pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovule is bitegminous, pseudo-crassinucellate and anatropous. The megaspore mother cell originates directly from a single archesporial cell. The mature embryo sac consists of 7 cells including 8 nuclei and conforms to the Allium type. The two polar nuclei do not fuse into a secondary nucleus before fertilization. Instead, one sperm fuses with the micropylar end polar nucleus first , and the fertilized polar nucleus then migrates to the chalazal end, where it fuses with the second polar nucleus, forming the primary endosperm nucleus. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. The mature embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by two leaves. The endosperm development corresponds to the Helobial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms two chambers:large micropylar one and small chalazal one. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains binucleate, while, in the micropylar chamber free nuclear divisions occur and then cellnlarization takes place. During the embryo formation the endosperm gradually degrades and can not be found in the mature seed. The subgenus Lophotocarpus is different from the subgenus Sagittaria in some embryological aspects, especially in the structure of mature embryo sac and the double fertilization process.     

冠果草的胚胎学研究

冠果草花药壁的发育为单子口十型,绒毡层为周原质团型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体呈左右对称式排列,成熟花粉为三细胞型。双珠被,假厚珠心,倒生胚珠。胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊的特点是两个极核分别位于中央细胞两端,不融合成次生核。受精过程中,一个精于与卵核融合形成合子,另一精子先与珠孔端极核融合,之后受精极核再移动到合点端与另一极核融合,形成初生胚乳核。胚的发育为石竹型。成熟胚呈马蹄形,具有2片真叶。胚乳发育为沼生目型。随着胚的发育,胚乳细胞逐渐解体,成熟种子中无胚乳。     

西瓜胚和胚乳的发育

应用显微技术对西瓜胚和胚乳的发育过程进行了观察并分析了西瓜胚珠败育的原因。西瓜胚发育属紫菀型。合子第一次分裂为不均等分裂 ,形成的基细胞体积明显较顶细胞大 ,两细胞均含有多个液泡。原胚发育过程中没有明显的胚柄。最外层的原胚细胞 ,与胚乳细胞相邻的壁上被胼胝质物质包围 ,且无外连丝存在 ;与胚囊壁相接的壁上无壁内突结构。胚的子叶体积增长的同时 ,子叶细胞内积累蛋白质和脂类物质 ,多糖物质的含量下降。胚乳发育属核型 ,在球形胚期开始自珠孔端向合点端细胞化 ,胚子叶分化出后开始自珠孔端向合点端退化。胚乳合点端在球形胚早期形成发达的胚乳吸器 ,开始呈游离核状态 ,后细胞化 ,在心型胚期之后退化。     

The Embryology of Nyssa sinensis Oliv. (Nyssaceae)

The flower develops in March and blossoms in early May in Nanjing. The cytokinesis of microsporocytes is simultaneous and most tetrads are tetrahedral. The tapetum is secretory and the nuclei become polyploid at last. The style is solid and most ovaries are unilocular, rarely bilocular. The ovule is pendulous, anatropous and unitegmic. The nucellus is pseudocrassinucellate. An obturator formed by transmitting tissue covers the micropyle. The raphe vascular strand extends into the integument when it reaches the chalaza and on a whole keeps a “U” shape. The endothelium cell is uninucleate. In most cases no nucellar cap is formed. No hypostase is found below the embryo sac. The archesporium is one-celled. The embryo sac development conforms to the Polygonum or Allium types. The degeneration of the megaspores in the linear tetrad usually occurs from the chalazal toward the micropylar end. Two synergids persist during fertilization. Three antipodal cells are uninucleate and ephemeral. Two polar nuclei fuse at the time of fertilization. The fertilization type accords with porogamy. The syngamy is premitotic. The development of endosperm is cellular. The initial four successive divisions of the primary endosperm cell are transverse-verticaltransverse-transverse subsequently, giving rise to sixteen cells of the early endosperm. The mature embryo is straight and nearly as long as the endospermous seed. The cotyledons are more or less cordate at base. The seedoat is thin and composed of 5-11 layers of compressed cells. Neither embryo nor endosperm contain the alkaloid camptothecine. The major similarities of Nyssa sinensis to the American nyssas in embryology, which may be a counted as the generic features, are the polyploid tapetum cells, the unitegmic ovule with U-shaped vascular strand, the direct enlargement of the archesporial cell to produce the megasporocyte, the pseudocrassinucellus, the usual absence of the nucellar cap, the Polygonum or Allium type of the embryo sac development, the first degeneration of the metachalazal megaspore, the ephemeral antipodal cells, a single nucleolus in the nucleus ofthe primary endosperm cell, the more or less cordate base of the cotyledons.     

Embryo sac, endosperm, and seed of Nemophila (Boraginaceae) relative to taxonomy, with a remark on embryogeny in Pholistoma

Studies on embryology and seed morphology are complementary to molecular phylogenetics and of special value at the genus level. This paper discusses the delimitation and evolutionary relationships of genera within the tribe Hydrophylleae of the Boraginaceae. The seven Nemophila species characterized by a conspicuous seed appendage are similar in embryology and seed structure. The ovule is tenuinucellate and unitegmic with a meristematic tapetum. The embryo sac penetrating the nucellar apex is of the Polygonum type, has short-lived antipodal cells, and an embryo sac haustorium. The endosperm is cellular, producing two terminal endosperm haustoria, of which the chalazal has a lateral branch. Embryogeny is of the Chenopodiad type (as in Pholistoma). The seed coat is formed from the small-celled inner epidermis of the integument. The large-celled outer epidermis of the integument disintegrates into scattered cells. Seed pits evolve from irregularly placed inner epidermal cells of the integument. The chalazal part of the ovule produces a cucullus, that functions as an ant-attracting elaiosome. Those species of Nemophila with a conspicuous cucullus form a natural genus. Nemophila is most closely related to Pholistoma. The integumentary seed pits of Nemophila might have evolved from ovular seed pits similar to those in Pholistoma.