西藏阿蠓属两新种(双翅目:蠓科)

本文描述了发现于中国西藏的蠓科阿蠓属昆虫两新种 ,分别命名为钩茎阿蠓 (Alluadomyiarostrata)和双刺阿蠓 (A bispinula)。二新种模式标本保存于军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

中国柱蠓属一新种及阿蠓属一新记录（双翅目：蠓科）

报道采自陕西省宝鸡地区的柱蠓属（Stilobezzia)1新种,即宝鸡柱蠓Stilobezzia(Stilobezzia)baojia,sp.nov,和阿蠓属（Alluaudomyla)1新记录,即梯泊阿蠓Allu-audomyia tiberghieni Neveu,1978。模式标本保存在北京市丰台区北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

江西井冈山柱蠓(双翅目:蠓科)一新种

2009年10月在江西井冈山进行蠓科昆虫调查,共采到蠓类标本176余头,包括阿蠓Alluaudomyia、库蠓Clicoides、毛蠓Dasyhelea、铗蠓Forcipomyia和柱蠓Stilobezzia等5属,其中发现柱蠓属一新种,命名为井冈山柱蠓Stilobezzia jinggangshana Yu, Liu & Ma sp. nov..该新种模式标本收藏于北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆.     

在入境国际航行船舶上采获输入性阿蠓及一新种的记述(双翅目:蠓科)

2003年3月和12月,秦皇岛出入境检验检疫局检疫人员分别在由菲律宾和印度驶抵中国秦皇岛港锚地的入境国际航行船舶上采获输入性阿蠓,经分类鉴定共有3种,分别是棘刺阿蠓Alluaudomyia spinosipes Tokunaga、拟斑茎阿蠓Alluaudomyia psedomaculipennis(Carter,Ingram and Macfie)和新种船舶阿蠓Alluaudomyia fregata Yu,Li and Nie sp.nov..对船舶阿蠓新种形态学特征进行了描述.分析认为上述蠓类应是由入境国际航行船舶携带而来的输入性蠓种.模式标本均收藏在军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆.     

越南非吸血蠓类毛蠓属一新种（双翅目：蠓科）

毛蠓亚科已知有476种,广布世界各地。本描述的河内毛蠓新种Dasyhelea hanoiensis是越南河内市毛蠓新种的初次报导。模式标本收藏于医学昆虫标本馆(北京100071,丰台,东大街20号)。     

沱沱河细蠓新种描述(双翅目,蠓科)

报道青藏公路沿线唐古拉山区沱沱河采获的细蠓属全蠓亚属1新种,即沱沱河细蠓Leptoconops(Holo—Conops)tuotuohea sp．nov,对其进行了形态描述,新种的模式标本分别保存在军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆和兰州军区军事医学研究所。     

山西永济毛蠓一新种的描述(双翅目:蠓科)

2003年8月中旬在晋陕接壤地带进行医学昆虫调查时,在山西永济境内普救寺花园内采集到若干蠓类,经分类研究,发现1毛蠓新种,命名为普寺毛蠓Dasyhelea pusi Yu and Yan sp.nov.,本文描述了该新种两性成虫的形态特征.模式标本收藏于医学昆虫标本馆.     

山西永济毛蠓-新种的描述（双翅目：蠓科）

2003年8月中旬在晋陕接壤地带进行医学昆虫调查时,在山西永济境内普救寺花园内采集到若干蠓类,经分类研究,发现1毛蠓新种,命名为普寺毛蠓DasyheleapusiYuandYansp．nov．,本文描述了该新种两性成虫的形态特征。模式标本收藏于医学昆虫标本馆。     

四川省毛蠓属二新种：双翅目：蠓科

本文报导采自四川省的毛蠓二新种,即西部毛蠓Ｄ．ｏｃｃａｓｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和泸定毛蠓Ｄ．ｌｕｄｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。新种的模式标本保存在北京医学昆虫标本馆。     

云南蠓科昆虫二新种记述(双翅目:蠓科)

记述采自云南芒市(24.4°N, 98.5°E)的蠓科昆虫2新种,分别命名为叉茎裸蠓Atrichopogon diandrous sp. nov. 和芒市毛蠓Dasyhelea mangshi sp.nov.,并予描述和绘制了形态特征图,所有模式标本都保存于医学昆虫标本馆.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Multiple Parasitism by Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Busseola fusca (Fuller) is one of the most important pest of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) is the predominant parasitoid attacking B. fusca larvae in many parts of Africa. An exotic parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron, was introduced into Kenya in 1993 for the control of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Laboratory studies indicated that although C. flavipes would search for, and attack B. fusca , it was not able to complete its development in this host. The aim of the present study was to investigate the outcome of multiple parasitism of B. fusca by the two Cotesia species. The study showed that when both parasitoid species stung a B. fusca larva at the same time, both parasitoids emerged from more than half of the host larvae, C. flavipes alone emerged from 17%, and C. sesamiae alone emerged from 9%. When the larvae were parasitized by C. sesamiae first, and then 2 h later by C. flavipes , and vice versa, most of the progeny were C. flavipes . However, when B. fusca larvae were stung by C. sesamiae three days before oviposition by C. flavipes , significantly more C. sesamiae emerged from the larvae. When C. flavipes oviposited first, no larvae produced C. flavipes only. The interaction of parasitoids and the host immune system, and the implications of these results for the biological control of stem borers in East Africa are discussed.     

Behavioural Acceptability of Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the Parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Using the Pathogenic Bacterium Serratia marcescens Bizio

Microctonous aethiopoides Loan has been introduced into New Zealand to control the lucerne pest Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) a pest of clover ( Trifolium spp.), has recently established in New Zealand. Laboratory experiments to test the potential of M. aethiopoides to parasitize S. lepidus has resulted in very low levels of parasitism. To investigate whether there were behavioural or physiological barriers to successful parasitism, two experiments were conducted using the insect pathogenic bacterium. Serratia marcescens Bizio as a marker for parasitoid ovipositor penetration. Firstly, M. aethiopoides 'treated' with S. marcescens were exposed to weevils and rapid weevil mortality was used to indicate ovipositor penetration. Up to 50% mortality of S. lepidus occurred, which was comparable with mortality observed in the permissive host Listronotus bonariensis . Dissection of S. lepidus exposed to parasitoids treated with distilled water showed that ca. 21% contained parasitoid eggs of which 98% were nonviable. In the second experiment, exposure periods of 24, 48 and 72 h to S. marcescens -treated parasitoids produced an increase in S. lepidus mortality of 14, 28 and 38%, respectively. There was 3% successful parasitoid development in weevils exposed for 72 h to parasitoids treated with distilled water. M. aethiopoides has been shown to develop successfully in a wide range of non-target weevil species both in the laboratory and field. Possible reasons for poor survival of M. aethiopoides immature stages in S. lepidus are discussed.     

为《Flora of China》提供的伞形科新资料

在为编写《Flora of China》伞形科而进行的修订工作中,提出了11个新组合,即矮小丝瓣芹Acronema minus (M. F. Watson) M. F. Watson & Z. H. Pan, 短柄丝瓣芹A. brevipedicellatum Z. H. Pan & M. F. Watson, 川西当归Angelica sinensis var. wilsonii (H. Wolff) Z. H. Pan & M. F. Watson, 云南细裂芹Harrysmithia franchetii (M. Hiroe) M. L. Sheh, 钝叶独活Heracleum candicans var. obtusifolium (Wall. ex DC.) F. T. Pu & M. F. Watson, 中华天胡荽Hydrocotyle hookeri ssp. chinensis (Dunn ex R. H. Shan & S. L. Liou) M. F. Watson & M. L. Sheh, 普渡天胡荽H. hookeri ssp. handelii (H. Wolff) M. F. Watson & M. L. Sheh, 锐棱岩风Libanotis grubovii (V. M. Vinogradova) M. L. Sheh & M. F. Watson, 美脉藁本Ligusticum likiangense (H. Wolff) F. T. Pu & M. F. Watson和线叶藁本L. nematophyllum (Pimenov & Kljuykov) F. T. Pu & M. F. Watson, 无管藁本L. nullivittatum (K. T. Fu) F. T. Pu & M. F. Watson和二色棱子芹Pleurospermum bicolor (Franch.) C. Norman ex Z. H. Pan & M. F. Watson.; 发现了1个新种,即短柄丝瓣芹。此外,还为Pleurospermum govanianum var. bicolor Franch.指定了后选模式。     

Entomopathogenic Nematode Infectivity Assay: Comparison of Penetration Rate into Different Hosts

Penetration rate (the percentage of the initial infective juvenile inoculum that invades an insect host) was tested as an indicator of entomopathogenic nematode infectivity. Several host-parasite-substrate combinations were evaluated for penetration rate. Four steinernematids, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. glaseri, S. feltiae, S. riobravis and two strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were tested in a contact bioassay against the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, the yellow meal worm, Tenebrio molitor, the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. The insect larvae were confined individually in sand and filter paper arenas and exposed to 200 infective juveniles. After incubation, dead insects were dissected in order to count the nematodes penetrated. The data were analyzed for the effects of nematode strain and substrate on penetration rate. The bioassay substrate had a variable effect depending on the insect species. The nematode effect was highly significant for all insects tested. The penetration rate therefore allowed comparisons among nematode strains invading a host. Nematode ranking for infectivity differed according to the insect tested.     

The reproductive biology of a riparian Mediterranean shrub, Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae)

This study presents data on the reproductive characteristics of Nerium oleander, an evergreen, sclerophyllous shrub inhabiting the banks of temporary streams in all countries around the Mediterranean seaboard. Two southern Spanish populations (El Garrobo and Grazalema) were selected to investigate flowering, dispersal and seed germination phenologies, together with morphological and functional traits of flowers, fruits and seeds. Observations on pollinator visitation, fruit set, and seedling survival were also carried out. Plants produce massive flower displays of showy, tubular flowers void of nectar that rely on insect cheating for pollination. Hand-pollinations and seed germination tests demonstrated full self-compatibility. Automatic selfing is prevented by spatial separation of stigma and anthers, and pollinators are thus necessary for reproduction. Low pollinator visitation rates are the rule, as indicated by the fact that observations spread over 2 years yielded only eight insect records. Percentage fruit set of open-pollinated flowers was found to be extremely low (0.1–4.9%), while hand-pollination increased fruiting levels to 34–50%. Direct and indirect evidence point to consistently pollen-limited reproduction in this species. If a large number of flowers within any inflorescence are pollinated artificially, however, resource limitations operate and pods from ovaries pollinated late in the season are aborted. On average, the maximum of ovaries developing into fruit within any inflorescence is 4. It is suggested that, in this nectarless species, about 80% of total are ‘excess’ flowers which contribute to increase pollinator attraction. Nerium oleander pollen is aggregated into a sticky substance, which allows the fertilization of many ovules after a single, probably rare, pollination event. Fruits are many seeded follicles (181 seeds per fruit on average), so that individual plants often liberate thousands of seeds in spite of the low percent fruit set. The hairy, water-dispersed seeds are released during the rainiest season in the year, and germination follows rapidly. All seedlings tracked died before completing 1 year of life, mostly because of desiccation during the first summer drought. Pollination by deceit in this Mediterranean species is discussed in terms of phylogenetic constraints within the mainly tropical family Apocynaceae.