1990—2015年三江平原生态功能区水禽栖息地适宜性动态

作为国际重要湿地,三江平原生态功能区是重要的水禽栖息地.随着人类活动干扰、土地利用和全球气候变化,栖息地适宜性逐渐引起生态学家的重视.本文以Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI和HJ-1B为遥感信息源,采用面向对象分类方法提取土地覆被空间信息;采用综合熵值法和层次分析法确定水源状况(湖泊和河流密度)、干扰条件(居民地和道路密度)、遮蔽物(土地覆被类型和坡度)和食物丰富度(NDVI)等因子的权重;根据水禽栖息地适宜性评价系统获得三江平原生态功能区1990、2000、2010和2015年水禽栖息地适宜性结果,并分析其时空分布和变化特征及驱动因素.结果表明: 近25年间,三江平原生态功能区水禽栖息地适宜性最好区域面积减少3.2%,主要由于湿地开垦和退化;适宜性最好区域空间分布特征明显,主要分布于黑龙江、挠力河、乌苏里江、穆棱河以及兴凯湖等水补给充足的沿岸区域.适宜性良好的区域主要分布在饶河县,到2010和2015年,虎林县和抚远县也变为适宜性良好区域的重要分布区,主要由于该区水田面积大幅增加.适宜性一般区域分布较零散,其面积先增加后减少.适宜性差的区域面积在1990—2000年间增加6.7%,2000—2015年间减少3.1%.土地覆被变化是水禽栖息地适宜性等级变化的最重要影响因素;人口和经济增长以及气候的变干、变暖使水禽栖息地适宜性降低;保护区的建立使水禽栖息地得到有效保护.     

遥感与GIS支持下的崇明东滩迁徙鸟类生境适宜性分析

崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区位于长江入海口,是国际迁徙鸟类重要的栖息地.受自然和社会因素影响,该地区鸟类栖息环境正处于快速变化.研究采用面向对象的图像分割方法提取鸟类生境适宜性多边形评价单元,根据近年来野外调查数据分析了影响迁徙鸟类生存的地类、植被、潮沟、底栖生物等关键环境因素,建立了鸟类与关键环境影响因素的定性定量关系.在此基础上利用GIS空间分析方法和技术,进行了崇明东滩鸟类保护区内主要四大鸟类种群雁鸭类、鸻鹬类、鹭类以及鸥类的生境适宜性分析.结果表明:(1)崇明东滩迁徙鸟类生境较适宜的面积占保护区总面积40%左右;(2)光滩区域、与光滩邻近的海三棱藨草带以及潮沟地带是鸟类生境适宜性较好的地理区域;(3)基于面向对象的遥感分析技术和GIS空间分析技术,能有效且简便地对生态环境处于快速动态变化中的物种生境适宜性进行快速、客观准确的分析评价,其结果可为崇明东滩鸟类种群及其生存环境规划、保护和管理提供基础科学依据.     

2010-2019年不同海湾迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性变化对比研究

滨海湿地是迁徙水鸟的重要迁飞通道和主要栖息地,评估沿海迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性及变化态势能为栖息地的合理规划与管理提供科学参考,对迁徙水鸟的保护有重要意义。选择紧邻城市和乡村的深圳湾和雷州湾为研究区,在水鸟栖息地生态系统类型分类的基础上,通过层次分析法确定水鸟栖息地适宜性评价因子,设计栖息地、食物、水分、人类干扰条件及其子类的权重,对栖息地适宜性进行等级划分,分析比较2010-2019年迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性的时空分布差异,探索适宜性变化差异的原因并给出合理化建议。结果表明：（1）2010-2019年深圳湾有193.4 hm²强干扰区域转变化为中等及弱干扰;雷州湾有16.36 hm²的中等干扰转化为弱、无干扰;（2）深圳湾栖息地适宜性以中等适宜类型为主,2010年和2019年面积占比分别为83.74%和88.71%;雷州湾栖息地适宜性主要以较适宜和中等适宜类型为主,2010年面积占比为86.72%,2010-2019年面积占比基本不变,总体适宜性高于深圳湾。（3）2010-2019年,深圳湾不适宜和较适宜面积分别减少245.54 hm²和26.37 hm²,均转化为中等适宜类型;雷州湾有24.31 hm²的中等和较适宜栖息地转化为适宜类型。     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性评价

理解环境因子对物种空间分布的影响,评价栖息地适宜性现状并预测潜在分布区,对野生动物的管理和保护具有重要意义。华南梅花鹿（Cervus pseudaxis）属国家I级重点保护野生动物,现仅分布于安徽、浙江、江西等狭小片区内。浙江清凉峰自然保护区千顷塘区域是华南梅花鹿的重要分布区,但其面积较小,严重限制了华南梅花鹿的种群发展,亟需对千顷塘及周边区域的栖息地质量进行评价,为华南梅花鹿的保护和野外放归提供科学依据。本研究利用红外相机监测千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿的分布,结合遥感等技术手段获得地形、植被、水源以及人为干扰等8种环境因子,利用MaxEnt构建华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性模型,对以千顷塘为中心50 km×50 km的范围进行栖息地适宜性评价。研究结果表明,华南梅花鹿倾向于选择海拔1050-1240 m范围内,距道路100-900 m和距人口聚居区3200-3800 m的相对平缓地带。千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿栖息地保护较好,适宜栖息地面积为2224 hm2,占该区域39.1%。千顷塘周边适宜性较高的区域主要为位于其西南部约10 km的山区,该区域为华南梅花鹿提供了3253 hm2的潜在适宜栖息地。建议降低保护区千顷塘区域内的人为干扰,并在其西南部山区尝试开展圈养种群的野外放归工作,以促进其种群发展。     

放牧对甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫小种群形成的驱动探讨

小种群是在自然因素或人为活动影响下,形成具有生存风险的隔离或异质种群,认识其形成原因并制定保护对策是开展救护行动的基础。野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)具有许多相互隔离的小种群,各小种群的生存状况决定该物种的整体保护成效。本文以甘肃多儿保护区大熊猫种群为例,在对保护区内大熊猫进行种群分布、空间利用、干扰状况调查的基础上,开展栖息地适宜性评价,分析了保护区大熊猫有效利用空间及其时空格局与环境容纳量。结果显示：(1)保护区适宜栖息地面积5 789.2 hm²,次适宜栖息地面积18 165.6 hm²,共占保护区总面积43.9%。优质栖息地主要分布在工布龙区域,该区域森林和生态系统保持原生状态,也是保护区大熊猫的主要分布区;(2)工布龙区域总面积9 949.7 hm²,其中适宜和次适宜栖息地共5 129.4 hm²,牧场是大熊猫栖息地的主要干扰因子,放牧干扰下工布龙区域适宜和次适宜栖息地面积共减少12.9%,破碎化水平加剧;(3)牧场与大熊猫栖息地镶嵌分布,导致适宜栖息地隔离,放...     

近30年松嫩平原西部地区丹顶鹤栖息地适宜性动态变化

栖息地适宜性评价是开展珍稀濒危物种保护及生物多样性保护的基础与关键。基于GIS空间分析技术,利用Landsat TM遥感影像,选取土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、河流密度、湖泊密度、居民地密度、道路密度和耕地密度7个变量作为评价指标环境因子,结合实测丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)数据,采用Max Ent模型建模评价分析松嫩平原西部地区1980—2010年丹顶鹤栖息地空间分布及其质量动态变化。结果表明:(1)研究区内适宜丹顶鹤栖息的环境主要分布在河流、湖泊周围植被覆盖度较好且人为活动干扰密度较小的沼泽湿地和草地;(2)1980年、1995年、2000年和2010年4个时期研究区内丹顶鹤栖息地最适宜区和较适宜区面积均逐渐减少,最适宜区面积由1980年的7536.38 km2减少到2010年的3762.50 km2,非适宜区面积逐年增加;(3)栖息地不同等级适宜区之间转化具有就近性与可逆性,多为最适宜区转为较适宜区,较适宜区转为次适宜区,非适宜区转为最适宜区所占比重较少。本研究为今后湿地发展规划、保护区合理布局、生物资源可持续发展和生物多样性保护提供科学参考。     

为藏羚羊所做的努力

目前,藏羚羊分布区估计约100万平方千米,主要集中在我国西藏、青海和新疆三省(区),四川也有少量分布。藏羚羊在西藏栖息面积占其栖息地总面积的57.7%,主要栖息于藏北的羌塘地区。其中,繁殖地面积占栖息地面积的40.6%。该区域自然条件恶劣,草地沙化严重,藏羚羊栖息范围内牧民牧草地面积占到分布区总面积的69%,过度放牧、采挖虫草和盗猎是藏羚羊栖息地遭受威胁的主要因素。     

不同尺度下停歇点湿地对迁徙水鸟的影响研究综述

停歇点湿地是迁徙水鸟重要的能量补给地,在水鸟每年的往返迁徙过程中具有十分重要的生态意义。近年来随着全球变化和人类活动增加,迁飞路线上的停歇点湿地正发生剧烈变化。各个停歇点湿地的生境变化及周围环境不仅是影响水鸟栖息地适宜性的重要因素,还改变了各路线上迁徙水鸟的种群大小和群落多样性。分析不同尺度下停歇点湿地影响迁徙水鸟种群变化的主要生态因子和环境因素,不仅有助于理解各停歇点景观变化的生态效应,也可为迁徙水鸟种群保护提供理论支持。首先分析了在栖息地斑块尺度上停歇点湿地内的水、食物、栖息地格局和人类干扰等生态要素对水鸟觅食和栖息活动的影响;其次,分析了景观尺度上湿地周围的气候变化、土地利用和外来生物等环境条件在各停歇点对水鸟栖息地质量的改变;最后,基于多尺度条件下湿地影响因素的耦合效应,分析了当前湿地生境与水鸟种群关系研究中存在的主要问题,并总结了对湿地和水鸟保护的启示。     

基于用地适宜性评价的森林公园景点选址

基于DEM,利用GIS空间分析功能,选取坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、相对现有游道距离和相对现有景点距离等5个成本数据指标,分别对抚顺市新宾猴石国家森林公园用地进行适宜性评价,并构建了综合适宜性评价模型,进而将研究区划分为4个等级适宜性的开发建设区域。综合适宜性评价结果表明,Ⅰ等和Ⅱ等适宜开发区的面积均较大,二者共计占研究区总面积的89.7%,尤其是Ⅱ等适宜区的面积达到664.7 hm²,占研究区总面积的1/2以上,表明研究区大部分地区都可作为景区选址的开发建设用地;Ⅲ等适宜区的面积为126.3 hm²,约占总面积的9.7%;Ⅳ等适宜区的面积最小,为7.3 hm²,仅占总面积的0.6%。     

环境因子对东洞庭湖优势冬季水鸟分布的影响

东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区是我国乃至全球湿地水鸟的重要越冬栖息地,研究水鸟群落与环境因子之间的关系,对修复鸟类栖息地具有重要意义.2010和2011年冬季分别对东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟进行调查,采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析环境因子与优势水鸟分布的关系,采用偏CCA评估各环境因子的影响强度.结果表明： 到道路距离、到居民距离、斑块密度、植被类型数、水面面积和苔草面积对东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布具有显著影响(P<0.05),其影响强度为苔草面积>斑块密度>到居民距离>植被类型数>水面面积>到道路距离,苔草面积和斑块密度对水鸟分布的影响达极显著水平(P<0.01),是影响东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟的主要环境因子;景观多样性和芦苇面积对水鸟分布的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05).回归分析结果显示,环境因子对不同水鸟丰富度的影响不同,白琵鹭、罗纹鸭和黑腹滨鹬丰富度随苔草面积增大而减小,随斑块密度增大而增大;豆雁、白额雁、小白额雁和绿翅鸭丰富度随苔草面积增大而增大,随斑块密度增大而减小.东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布是由以苔草面积、斑块密度为主的多环境因子综合作用的结果.     

用空间多样性指数分析辽河三角洲野生动物生境的格局变化

在利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)对辽河三角洲土地覆被变化进行研究的基础上,引用空间多样性指数(Sd)对本区野生动物的生境格局进行了定量描述,并分析了其1988～1998年间的生境格局变化,结果表明,研究区野生动物生境格局受人为和自然干扰的双重影响而发生了较明显的变化,整体趋势是生境适宜性逐渐降低,适宜生境和较适宜生境(Sd≥0．35)的面积10年间减少7637hm^2。且破碎化程度加深,在空间上呈现由北向南推进、由东向西压缩之势,生境质量呈下降趋势,同时,空间多样性指数能够定量地反映野生动物生境的适宜程度,并能直观地描述生境的空间格局,为进一步揭示生境格局的变化规律及原因提供了有效措施和依据,对于协调区域经济发展与生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

向海自然保护区丹顶鹤生境结构空间特征

丹顶鹤为国家一级保护珍稀禽类,是向海自然保护区重点保护对象。在我国乃至世界范围的丹顶鹤保护中占有重要的地位。近年来,由于自然条件和人类活动的干扰,丹顶鹤的天然家园．沼泽湿地发生退化,其生存受到威胁,丹顶鹤的数量波动变化较大。为了有效地保护丹顶鹤有必要详细了解和掌握其生境结构的空间特征和变化特点,以了解丹顶鹤的生境动态。在RS、GIS技术和统计分析方法的支持下,运用景观生态学方法对向海自然保护区丹顶鹤生境空间结构特征从景观特征、生境斑块空间关系和生境破碎化3个方面进行分析。选择景观斑块面积、周长、斑块大小以及斑块密度等描述保护区景观格局基本特征。利用斑块的邻接边界长度和斑块间隙指数分析丹顶鹤生境——沼泽斑块的空间邻接关系和聚集程度,数据表明沼泽斑块与人类活动频繁的耕地邻接较为紧密,而自身的间隙指数自20世纪70年代以来有明显增大趋势。分析了由于自然原因和人为活动影响所造成的丹顶鹤生境斑块的空间破碎化程度。计算结果表明,由于沼泽生境自身条件的限制,研究区内物理性破碎化减少的生境面积为2039．6hm^2,人为破碎化（居民地和道路）减少的生境面积为3845．1hm^2,这样研究区内丹顶鹤适宜生境面积为13680．1hm^2,可见人类活动对丹顶鹤生境影响很大。研究为保护区内丹顶鹤物种的保护和生境管理提供重要的科学依据。     

基于逻辑斯蒂回归模型的鹭科水鸟栖息地适宜性评价

近年来湿地生态系统遭到不同程度破坏,湿地水鸟及其生存空间日益受到威胁。以香港米埔-后海湾湿地为例,收集2003年1月份与鹭科水鸟密切相关的15个自变量和鹭科水鸟实测数据作为因变量构建逻辑斯蒂回归模型,通过筛选获取9个变量因子,分别为土地利用,NDVI,坡度,降雨,TM4纹理,TM3纹理,道路密度,道路距离,人居密度。经Nagelkerke R2检验模型精度达到0.743,拟合度较高。利用模型结果快速聚类,对栖息地进行适宜性分级,分级结果与同期鹭科水鸟实测数据做拟合,精度达到77.4%。最后采集2009年1月份各变量因子数据对回归方程进行时间尺度检验,与同期实测鹭科水鸟数据拟合精度同样达到75.8%,模型具有较好的通用性。     

Habitat suitability modelling for species at risk is sensitive to algorithm and scale: A case study of Blanding's turtle,Emydoidea blandingii,in Ontario,Canada

Species distribution modelling (SDM) can help conservation by providing information on the ecological requirements of species at risk. We developed habitat suitability models at multiple spatial scales for a threatened freshwater turtle, Emydoidea blandingii, in Ontario as a case study. We also explored the effect of background data selection and modelling algorithm selection on habitat suitability predictions. We used sighting records, high-resolution land cover data (25 m), and two SDM techniques: boosted regression trees; and maximum entropy modelling. The area under the receiver characteristic operating curve (AUC) for habitat suitability models tested on independent data ranged from 0.878 to 0.912 when using random background and from 0.727 to 0.741 with target-group background. E. blandingii habitat suitability was best predicted by air temperature, wetland area, open water area, road density, and cropland area. Habitat suitability increased with increasing air temperature and wetland area, and decreased with increasing cropland area. Low road density and open water increased habitat suitability, while high levels of either variable decreased habitat suitability. Robust habitat suitability maps for species at risk require using a multi-scale and multi-algorithm approach. If well used, SDM can offer insight on the habitat requirements of species at risk and help guide the development of management plans. Our results suggest that E. blandingii management plans should promote the protection of terrestrial habitat surrounding residential wetlands, halt the building of roads within and adjacent to currently occupied habitat, and identify movement corridors for isolated populations.     

Identifying habitat conservation priorities and gaps for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in California

Conservation of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl presents unique challenges due to extensive historic loss of wetland habitats, and current reliance on managed landscapes for wintering and migratory passage. We developed a spatially-explicit approach to estimate potential shorebird and waterfowl densities in California by integrating mapped habitat layers and statewide bird survey data with expert-based habitat rankings. Using these density estimates as inputs, we used the Marxan site-selection program to identify priority shorebird and waterfowl areas at the ecoregional level. We identified 3.7 million ha of habitat for shorebirds and waterfowl, of which 1.4 million ha would be required to conserve 50% of wintering populations. To achieve a conservation goal of 75%, more than twice as much habitat (3.1 million ha) would be necessary. Agricultural habitats comprised a substantial portion of priority areas, especially at the 75% level, suggesting that under current management conditions, large areas of agricultural land, much of it formerly wetland, are needed to provide the habitat availability and landscape connectivity required by shorebird and waterfowl populations. These habitats were found to be largely lacking recognized conservation status in California (96% un-conserved), with only slightly higher levels of conservation for priority shorebird and waterfowl areas. Freshwater habitats, including wetlands and ponds, were also found to have low levels of conservation (67% un-conserved), although priority shorebird and waterfowl areas had somewhat higher levels of conservation than the state as a whole. Conserving migratory waterfowl and shorebirds will require a diversity of conservation strategies executed at a variety of scales. Our modeled results are complementary with other approaches and can help prioritize areas for protection, restoration and other actions. Traditional habitat protection strategies such as conservation easements and fee acquisitions may be of limited utility for protecting and managing significant areas of agricultural lands. Instead, conservation strategies focused on incentive-based programs to support wildlife friendly management practices in agricultural settings may have greater utility and conservation effectiveness.     

Waterbird Response to Wetlands Restored Through the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

Abstract: Conservation programs that facilitate restoration of natural areas on private land are one of the best strategies for recovery of valuable wetland acreage in critical ecoregions of the United States. Wetlands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) provide many ecological functions but may be particularly important as habitat for migrant and resident waterbirds; however, use of, and factors associated with use of, CREP wetlands as stopover and breeding sites have not been evaluated. We surveyed a random sample of CREP wetlands in the Illinois River watershed in 2004 and 2005 to quantify use of restored wetlands by spring migrating and breeding waterbirds. Waterbirds used 75% of wetlands during spring migration. Total use-day abundance for the entire spring migration ranged from 0 to 49,633 per wetland and averaged 6,437 ± 1,887 (SE). Semipermanent wetlands supported the greatest total number of use-days and the greatest number of use-days relative to wetland area. Species richness ranged from 0 to 42 (x̄ = 10.0 ± 1.5 [SE]), and 5 of these species were classified as endangered in Illinois. Density of waterfowl breeding pairs ranged from 0.0 pairs/ha to 16.6 pairs/ha (x̄ = 1.9 ± 0.5 [SE] pairs/ha), and 16 species of wetland birds were identified as local breeders. Density of waterfowl broods ranged from 0.0 broods/ha to 3.6 broods/ha and averaged 0.5 ± 0.1 (SE) broods/ha. We also modeled spring stopover use, waterbird species richness, and waterfowl reproduction in relation to spatial, physical, and floristic characteristics of CREP wetlands. The best approximating models to explain variation in all 3 dependent variables included only the covariate accounting for level of hydrologic management (i.e., none, passive, or active). Active management was associated with 858% greater use-days during spring than sites with only passive water management. Sites where hydrology was passively managed also averaged 402% greater species richness than sites where no hydrologic management was possible. Density of waterfowl broods was 120% greater on passively managed sites than on sites without water management but was 29% less on sites with active compared to passive hydrologic management. Densities of waterfowl broods also were greatest when ratios of open water to cover were 70:30. Models that accounted for vegetation quality and landscape variables ranked lower than models based solely on hydrologic management or vegetation cover in all candidate sets. Although placement and clustering of sites may be critical for maintaining populations of some wetland bird species, these factors appeared to be less important for attracting migrant waterbirds in our study area. In the context of restored CREP wetlands, we suggest the greatest gains in waterbird use and reproduction may be accomplished by emphasizing site-specific restoration efforts related to hydrology and floristic structure. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):654–664; 2008)     

三江平原流域湿地景观破碎化过程研究

以流域为研究单元,利用历史图件和遥感数据资料及GIS技术,系统分析了该区典型流域50年来湿地景观的破碎化过程.结果表明,该区湿地景观破碎化在斑块个体和空间结构两方面变化极大.景观斑块个体变化主要表现为最大斑块、平均斑块面积不断缩小,斑块密度不断增大,斑块形状破碎化指数不断增大,景观内部生境面积破碎化指数不断上升;空间结构变化主要表现为湿地景观由初始基质景观逐渐变为河岸带景观;同时,随着农田面积逐渐扩大,隔离湿地斑体数量不断上升,隔离度不断增大;景观空间分布模式由“大陆-岛屿模式”向“卫星型模式”转变,最后变化为“完全隔离型模式”.导致该区湿地景观破碎化的主导因素是大规模的农业开发,反映了人类活动对湿地景观的巨大影响.     

Livestock grazing in intermountain depressional wetlands: effects on breeding waterfowl

Livestock grazing is a prevalent land use in western North American intermountain wetlands, and physical and biotic changes related to grazing-related disturbance can potentially limit wetland habitat value for waterfowl. We evaluated breeding waterfowl use in 34 wetlands in relation to water retention, amount of wetlands on the landscape, and livestock grazing intensity. The study was conducted over 2 years in the southern intermountain region of British Columbia, Canada. For a subset of 17 wetlands, we measured aquatic invertebrate abundance over 1 year. Waterfowl breeding pairs and broods were classified into three functional groups: dabbling ducks, and two types of diving ducks, overwater and cavity nesters. We evaluated candidate models with variables considered singly and in combination using the Akaike Information Criterion. When selected, bare ground (an indicator of grazing intensity) and wetland density were negatively associated with breeding use while wetland fullness and invertebrate density were positively associated. Each factor was a significant predictor in at least one of the models, but unexpectedly, grazing intensity was the most consistent predictor of waterfowl wetland use (e.g., it was present in more ‘best models’ than wetland fullness). Grazing was associated with declines in the number of waterfowl pairs and broods, likely mediated through effects on wetland vegetation and aquatic macroinvertebrates. Models with site- and landscape-scale variables generally performed better than simpler models. Waterfowl breeding use of wetlands can be improved by reduced livestock grazing intensity adjacent to wetlands and by grazing later in the season. Wetland water retention is also an important constraint on waterfowl use of wetlands and may become more limiting with a shifting climate.