核型多角体病毒的增殖与棉铃虫血淋巴酯酶的变化

核型多角体病毒(NPV)对同源棉铃虫有很强的毒杀作用,是重要杀虫资源.病毒感染导致宿主代谢紊乱,引起一系列生化反应的变化,可通过一定方法观察到其表征,此为病毒感染的病理生化特征.昆虫血淋巴对于病毒感染引起的全身症状具有重要作用,并影响宿主物质和能量代谢的性质与水平,反映出病毒-宿主的互作关系.本文以血淋巴酯酶同工酶(EST)为感病指标,对其感染变化进行研究.     

异源病毒感染对银纹夜蛾血淋巴酯酶的影响

对染病昆虫酯酶同工酶（简称酯酶）的变化进行分析测定,已成为了解病毒进入虫体靶器官后的病理生化变化以及病毒复制与虫体新陈代谢之间关系的重要途径之一,这方面的报道“J侧重于同源病毒——寄主系统的研究,本研究则针对银纹夜蛾（AWrammaagnata）幼虫感染异源粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（TnNPV）后血淋巴酯酶的变化进行了探讨。现将结果报告如下：材料和方法1材料11虫源实验室内用半人工饲料饲养三代的健康银纹夜蛾五龄村幼虫。l．2毒源由中山大学昆虫研究所生物工程室提供的已纯化的TnNPV病毒株。1．3幼虫血淋巴样品的制备挑选工龄…     

细胞松弛素D对棉铃虫核型多角体病毒复制和装配的影响

杆状病毒感染引起宿主细胞肌动蛋白骨架的构象变化 ,使之形成缆绳结构 .棉铃虫核型多角体病毒 (HaNPV)的衣壳蛋白也能使宿主昆虫的肌动蛋白发生凝聚 ,用细胞松弛素D抑制宿主肌动蛋白形成纤丝结构 ,病毒感染Hz AM1,空斑计数表明 ,0 1μg/ml细胞松弛素D可使棉铃虫核型多角体病毒的增殖下降 10 4倍 ,细胞松弛素D浓度增高到 0 5 μg/ml则测不到子代病毒粒子 .Western印迹分析表明 ,细胞松弛素D并不影响受染细胞中肌动蛋白的含量 .斑点印迹 (dotblot)也表明 ,病毒DNA的合成也没有受到影响 ,推测宿主细胞的肌动蛋白纤丝结构与病毒的复制有关 .在电子显微镜下观察超薄切片发现 ,在 0 5 μg/ml细胞松弛素D处理细胞中形成的病毒粒子形态与正常形态明显不同 ,提示细胞松弛素D抑制HaNPV的增殖是由于抑制病毒组装成完整有感染性的病毒粒子 .从而可以认为宿主昆虫细胞的丝状肌动蛋白对子代病毒的复制和组装是必需的 .     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒mRNA的快速制备与体外翻译

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒ｍＲＮＡ的快速制备与体外翻译吴金炉,刘润忠,张友清（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）关键词棉铃虫核型多角体病毒,ｍＲＮＡ,快速制备,体外翻译,ＥＬＩＳＡ在昆虫杆状病毒ｍＲＮＡ的结构与功能研究方面,主要是以ＡｃＮＰＶ为研...     

两株棉铃虫胚胎新细胞系的建立及其对杆状病毒侵染的反应

昆虫细胞系的建立在病毒学和昆虫学等领域的研究和应用中发挥着重要的作用。本研究由棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera胚胎组织建立了两株细胞系, 分别命名为QB-Ha-E-1和QB-Ha-E-5, 在含10％胎牛血清的TNM-FH培养基中已传代60余代。两株细胞系均以圆形和短梭形细胞为主。DAF鉴定结果表明, 两株细胞系均来源于棉铃虫胚胎, 其扩增谱带与其他几种昆虫细胞系明显不同; QB-Ha-E-1和QB-Ha-E-5的第30代细胞群体倍增时间分别为63.7 h和66.9 h。两株细胞系均能被棉铃虫核型多角体病毒（HaSNPV）感染, 4 d的感染率分别为86.6％和56.5％, 对甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae核型多角体病毒（MbNPV）7 d的感染率均为15％左右, 但对苜蓿银纹夜蛾Autographa californica核型多角体病毒（AcMNPV）侵染的反应不同。DAPI染色和基因组DNA电泳结果表明, AcMNPV可诱导QB-Ha-E-5细胞发生凋亡, 极少数细胞内可形成多角体, 但不能诱导QB-Ha-E-1细胞发生凋亡, 其感染率为55.3％; 两株细胞系均可被1.25 μg/mL的放线菌素D诱导发生凋亡。两株细胞系具有相同的遗传背景, 但对AcMNPV侵染的反应不同, 可作为昆虫病毒和细胞之间相互关系以及细胞凋亡机制研究的理想材料。     

世界上含量最高的昆虫病毒杀虫剂在中国诞生

棉铃虫病毒又称棉铃虫核型多角体病毒（NPV），是棉铃虫专一性的病原微生物。棉铃虫NPV生物农药防治效果好、药效持久，对其他生物无任何毒副作用，是世界各国竞相开发生产的昆虫杀虫剂产品，也是世界上第一个登记注册的昆虫病毒生物农药。但长期以来，棉铃虫NPV必须通过“活体”生产，多项核心技术没有得到根本突破，导致生产规模小、产品生产成本高，难以实现产业化。     

三种夜蛾科昆虫核型多角体病毒DNA相关性的研究

核型多角体病毒属杆状病毒科,主要感染鳞翅目、双翅目和膜翅目的昆虫,具有90～160kb长的双链,超螺旋DNA基因组。现已发现约500种核型多角体病毒,这些病毒之间有什么关系？它们的亲缘关系如何？我们以甘兰夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称MbNPV）、甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称SeNPV）和斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称SINPV）为材料,用限制性内切酪和分子杂交技术对它们的基因组DNA进行比较研究,并对其中一种病毒MbMV多角体蛋白基因进行了定位,现将结果报道如下;材料和方法1材料甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾健康幼虫,病毒麦种MbNPV、SeN…     

11株核型多角体病毒的裂解气相色谱分析

本文介绍了茶毛虫、蓖麻蚕,棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、黑点银纹夜蛾以及美国白蛾等6种昆虫的11株核型多角体病毒裂解色谱图的绘制方法。通过指纹图的分析,可明显地鉴别(区分)相同亚群的不同毒株。11株核型多角体病毒既有峰群的特异性,亦有峰高比值的特异性。指纹图分析结果表明,它们是各不相同的毒株,证明了裂解气相色谱法分析鉴定核型多角体病毒的可行性。     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒在生态环境中的滞留及作用

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒杀虫剂可湿性粉剂防治第三代棉铃虫,防治效果为８６．２％。使用酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测棉铃虫核型多角体病毒在土壤中的滞留,结果表明：施用病毒杀虫剂１、３、５、７天和两个月后都可检测到该病毒的存在。１９９３年９月上旬从河南封丘棉田采集的露水,ＰＨ为７．９８,病毒多角体在露水中保存３天,其生物活性无明显下降。     

四种杆状病毒血清学关系的研究

血清学性质可作为病毒分类鉴定的依据,为此作者提纯芹菜夜蛾核多角体病毒-D克隆株（SfaMNPV-D)与棉铃虫单粒包埋核型多角体病毒（HaSNPV),斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（SLMNPV）,粉蚊夜蛾颗粒体病毒（TnGV)等四种杆状病毒的病毒粒子和多角体蛋白（颗粒体蛋白）作为抗原免疫家兔后制取抗血清,经1%琼脂糖免疫电泳,结果发现多角体病毒之间血清关系比与颗粒病毒血清学关系更密切。     

烟青虫核型多角体病毒的复制和染病后血淋巴蛋白的变化

用烟青虫(Hiliothis assulta)核型多角体病毒感染5龄初烟青虫幼虫,以染病后24、48·,72、96/120小时分别测定了虫体血淋巴蛋白浓度的变化。幼虫染病后24小时血淋巴蛋白浓度要高于同期对照组,72小时后染病幼虫血淋巴蛋白浓度较对照急剧下降。在染病及对照血淋巴样品中电泳分析(PAGE)三种蛋白(普通蛋白、糖蛋白和脂蛋白)均可分别染出22条、3条和3条带。分析结果表明,在虫体正常生长代谢过程中发生变化的主要蛋白可能大多为糖脂复合蛋白,但病毒的侵染能抑制这些变化的产生。电镜观察染病毒后幼虫的中肠组织和气管上皮组织,发现中肠染病轻微,不形成多角体。气管上皮细胞感染情况表明其属于对NPV感染较为敏感的组织之一,并在虫体染病后的病毒二次感染上可能起着重要作用。     

The effect of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection and/or parasitism by Microplitis pallidipes on hemolymph proteins, sugars, and lipids in Spodoptera exigua larvae

We determined the physiological effects of joint and separate nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection and parasitism by the endoparasitoid Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti on biochemical events in the noctuid Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). The results indicated that in parasitized larvae, compared to healthy larvae, total protein concentration in host hemolymph began to decline and total sugar concentration significantly increased by the first day, while lipid content in the host body significantly increased by the second day after parasitization. Meanwhile, in jointly infected and parasitized hosts, compared to parasitized larvae, total protein concentration was consistently higher, total sugar concentration was consistently lower, and lipid content became higher by the second day after treatment. In virus-infected larvae, compared to healthy larvae, total protein concentration sharply declined during the first two days but increased by the third, while total sugar concentration increased on the second and third days after virus infection but decreased at other observation times, and lipid content began to increase by the second day after virus infection. Finally, in larvae that were both parasitized and virus-infected, compared to just virus-infected larvae, total protein concentration increased during the first two days but decreased by the third, total sugar concentration increased only on the first and fourth days, and lipid content decreased significantly on the first day but began to increase by the second day after treatment. These findings led us to conclude that parasitization inhibited protein mobilization but stimulated sugar mobilization in host hemolymph, and promoted lipid mobilization in the host body, while Spodoptera exigua NPV infection stimulated protein mobilization induced by parasitization but inhibited sugar mobilization induced by parasitization.     

Changes observed in hemolymph proteins of the lawn armyworm,Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides,during growth,development, and exposures to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Vertical electrophoresis with acrylamide gel was used to study the effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) on the hemolymph proteins of Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides. An electrophoretic pattern consisting of 20 basic bands of proteins was separated in hemolymph of normal larvae which were older than 17 days. These hemolymph proteins increased quantitatively during growth. All 20 proteins could not be detected in hemolymph of younger larvae by the techniques utilized. Additional proteins were separated with metamorphosis. Lethal doses of NPV resulted in a general reduction of hemolymph proteins (hypoproteinemia) in infected larvae. Sublethal doses of NPV elicited an increase in certain hemolymph proteins. Similar increases in proteins were also observed in larvae surviving ostensibly lethal levels of NPV, in larvae subjected to physical stress, and in larvae reared axenically without formaldehyde in their diets. These same proteins, however, were present in approximately the same quantities in mature larvae. Physiopathology of NPV in S. mauritia appears to involve stress factors, host reactions, and the host endocrine system.     

Baculovirus-mediated Expression of a Gene for Trehalase of the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor, in Insect Cells, SF-9, and Larvae of the Cabbage Armyworm, Mamestra brassicae

It is of interest to understand what kinds of physiological and biochemical changes occur in insects if the homeostasis of trehalose in the hemolymph is disrupted by the infection with a recombinant baculovirus containing a secretory-trehalase gene. For this purpose, two recombinant non-occluded Autographa california multicapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses (AcMNPVs), vTREVL and vERTVL, containing a trehalase cDNA of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, were constructed. The trehalase cDNA was inserted in the sense orientation downstream of the polyhedrin promoter for vTREVL, and in the anitsense orientation for vERTVL. The active trehelase of T. molitor was found outside of cells when SF-9 cells or larvae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, were infected with vTREVL. In the hemolymph of vTREVL-infected larvae, expression of the active trehelase was followed by disappearance of trehalose and appearance of glucose. However, the mortality time of virus-infected 5th instar larvae increased in the following order: AcMNPV C6 (wild-type virus) ≤ vERTVL < vTREVL. The symptoms (the browning and liquefying of the host body) of NPV infection were moderated considerably in vTREVL-infected larvae.     

The Comparative Susceptibility of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella and Some Other Major Lepidopteran Pests of Brassica Crops to a Range of Baculoviruses

The susceptibility of larvae of the Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella to infection by three baculoviruses was evaluated in the laboratory using a microdroplet feeding assay. The viruses tested were a granulovirus (GV), originally isolated in Taiwan from P. xylostella larvae (Px GV-Taiwan); the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) from Galleria mellonella (Gm NPV), and the NPV from Autographa californica (Ac NPV). Neonate P. xylostella larvae were susceptible to infection by all three viruses. In an extensive series of bioassays carried out over a 21-month period, LD 50S for neonate DBM larvae ranged from 1.0-8.9 viral occlusion bodies (OB) for Px GV-Taiwan, and 9.5-30.2 OB for Gm NPV and Ac NPV. LT 50S for the three viruses ranged from 3.8-6.0 days at 27 C, with Gm NPV having a significantly shorter LT 50 than the other two viruses. Second and third instar larvae of P. xylostella were significantly less susceptible to infection by Px GV-Taiwan (LD 50 s ranging from 18-57 OB/larva) than were neonate larvae. Gm NPV also initiated infection in several other lepidopterous pest species that colonize brassica crops. In particular, neonate Crocidolomia binotalis larvae proved highly susceptible to Gm NPV, with mean LD 50 s ranging from 2.1 to 9.3 OB/larva and a mean LT 50 of 4.8 days at a dose of 8.08 OB. Heliothis virescens neonate larvae were also highly susceptible to Gm NPV (LD 50 , 7.1 OB), but Mamestra brassicae larvae were less so (LD 50 , 80-270 OB). The results of the bioassays suggest that Px GV-Taiwan is highly infective and could be developed as a selective microbial pesticide for DBM. While Gm NPV has a higher LD 50 in DBM larvae, its wider host range may be of considerable value in situations where DBM occurs on cruciferous crops together with a complex of other lepidopterous pests.     

BsNPV感染油桐尺蠖及Bs484细胞的酯酶分析

本文使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及薄层扫描技术测定了油桐尺蠖Ｂｕｚｕｒａｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｒｉａ和Ｂｓ４８４细胞感染核型多角体病毒后的酯酶（ＥＳＴ）含量及类型的变化。结果表明,油桐尺蠖中肠ＦＳＴ的含量和类型在病毒感染８小时后就有明显的改变,随着感染时间延长,这二项指标都有较大的变化。而Ｂｓ４８４细胞的ＥＳＴ含量变化开始于病毒感染后３小时,细胞ＥＳＴ的类型则无改变。     

Iron Levels Change in Larval Heliothis virescens Tissues Following Baculovirus Infection

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and (59)Fe radiotracers were used to investigate changes in levels of Fe in the tissues of 4th instar Heliothis virescens larvae following infection with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) or with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Baculovirus infection led to significant changes in hemolymph Fe levels late in infection. (24)Na radiotracer ingested by 4th instar larvae was rapidly cleared to nearly undetectable levels 6 h post-ingestion. In contrast, (59)Fe radiotracer fed to 4th instar larvae declined within the first few hours of ingestion and then remained constant at approximately 60% of the initial tracer activity. While Fe radiotracer levels among larval tissues changed, whole insect tracer levels did not decline from 6 to 60 h post-ingestion. Tissues from HzSNPV larvae had higher radiotracer levels in the hemolymph and midgut 36 and 60 h post-infection. The protein-bound/free ratio of (59)Fe was significantly higher in baculovirus infected hemolymph than in uninfected hemolymph at 60 h post-infection, indicating that Fe released from damaged cells is protein-bound. In both studies, hemolymph Fe levels were higher in HzSNPV infected larvae. This first study of tissue Fe levels during viral infection of an insect clearly demonstrates that Fe homeostasis is substantially disrupted.     

Stages of infection during the tripartite interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila, its nematode vector, and insect hosts

Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema and are pathogenic to a broad spectrum of insects. The nematodes act as vectors, transmitting the bacteria to insect larvae, which die within a few days of infection. We characterized the early stages of bacterial infection in the insects by constructing a constitutive green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Xenorhabdus nematophila strain. We injected the GFP-labeled bacteria into insects and monitored infection. We found that the bacteria had an extracellular life cycle in the hemolymph and rapidly colonized the anterior midgut region in Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Electron microscopy showed that the bacteria occupied the extracellular matrix of connective tissues within the muscle layers of the Spodoptera midgut. We confirmed the existence of such a specific infection site in the natural route of infection by infesting Spodoptera littoralis larvae with nematodes harboring GFP-labeled Xenorhabdus. When the infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes reached the insect gut, the bacterial cells were rapidly released from the intestinal vesicle into the nematode intestine. Xenorhabdus began to escape from the anus of the nematodes when IJs were wedged in the insect intestinal wall toward the insect hemolymph. Following their release into the insect hemocoel, GFP-labeled bacteria were found only in the anterior midgut region and hemolymph of Spodoptera larvae. Comparative infection assays conducted with another insect, Locusta migratoria, also showed early bacterial colonization of connective tissues. This work shows that the extracellular matrix acts as a particular colonization site for X. nematophila within insects.