华北太行山前平原农田生态系统中氮、磷、钾循环与平衡研究

以栾城县为例,分析了华北太行山前平原农田生态系统N、P、K三要素养分循环与平衡特征及其变化趋势,评价了农田养分平衡状况,提出了合理施肥对策。结果表明,1985～2000年栾城县农田养分平衡中,N素经历了由轻微赤字向盈余的转变过程,由1985年的1．4％赤字转变到2000年盈余48．6％;K由极度亏缺(82％赤字),逐渐向平衡发展,到2000年已有4．6％的轻微盈余,但仍有大量田块是赤字平衡;P则始终有大量盈余。目前农田养分收支存在一定程度的N、P投入过量,K投入不足的问题,以土壤肥力状况和作物种植结构而论,栾城县应采取“稳氮、控磷、增钾”的施肥对策。避免过多的盈余化肥氮进入环境,同时应继续推广秸秆还田技术,提高养分循环再利用效率。     

南方东部丘陵区季节性干旱成因及其对策研究

本文着重从气候和土壤两方面探讨红壤丘陵区土壤季节性干旱的成因。研究结果表明,红壤特殊的水分物理性质和该区特定的大气－土壤－植物系统水分运动模式的综合作用是红壤季节性干旱的主要成因。认为丘陵红壤的土壤水分管理应从土壤结构改良和协调气候－土壤关系两方面入手,通过合理的耕作技术和建立合理的利用方式体系,改良土壤结构,利用深层土壤水分,从而达到提高土壤水分利用率和抗旱、避旱的目的。复合农林业和免耕覆盖技术对红壤水分具有显著的调节作用。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

历时14年的田间定位试验表明,红壤旱地磷素最为缺乏,施用磷肥对提高作物产量效果最好;施用石灰和微量元素对作物产量没有明显增产作用．施肥可以提高花生植株磷、钾的浓度,表明作物的养分含量受土壤养分供应水平的影响．土壤中赢余(亏损)的养分在养分库重建中的作用可以用速效养分库重建效率来表示．研究表明,当红壤旱地N、P2O5、K2O养分赢余1kg·hm^-2时,可分别使土壤中水解氮、有效磷、交换性钾含量提高0．6～6．26、0．20～0．28和1．1～8．5mg·kg^-1．红壤旱地氮和磷通过径流等损失较大,不同处理之间的变化幅度也较大．红壤每年可固定磷43．5kg·hm^-2,通过自身风化作用每年可提供氮48．1kg·hm^-2和钾40．5kg·hm^-2,以满足作物生长所需．     

农林复合系统中物种间水肥光竞争机理分析与评价

低丘红壤农林复合系统被认为能通过引入树木而利用土壤深层水分及防治水土流失,从而作为亚热带地区应对季节性干旱的有效利用方式。然而,复合也可引起光能、水分和养分的竞争,导致农作物减产。通过作物生长量的测定、利用多年监测的土壤水文数据、15N微区试验及光合有效辐射的测量,综合探讨了南酸枣-花生复合系统引起的物种间水肥光的变化;通过其交互作用形成的协同,竞争关系分析,较为全面地评价了农林复合系统水肥光竞争特征。研究表明：低丘红壤上南酸枣与花生复合,促进了南酸枣生长,却减小了20％～50％的花生产量和生物量。其原因不单是南酸枣遮荫引起复合花生光合有效辐射减弱,还与水、肥竞争有关。复合系统在旱季加大利用50～100cm土层土壤水分,从而缓冲了干旱造成的影响;但南酸枣与花生间作系统也存在着一定的水分竞争。复合使得南酸枣能够利用施于花生区及淋失到60cm深处的养分,提高了养分的利用率;但同时也导致养分的竞争并影响花生的生长。在花生产量、生物量受复合南酸枣竞争影响因子中,以光最大、养分其次、水分最小。农林复合系统水肥光交互作用因其组分类型与时空配置而异,需从生态、经济、社会效益方面对复合模式加以优化。     

不同土壤厚度、水分和种植方式对喀斯特两种草本凋落物分解质量损失和化学计量特征的影响

为了探究生长期间不同土壤厚度、水分及种植方式处理对草本植物凋落物分解质量损失和化学计量特征的的影响,采用分解袋法,在露天分解床上分解经过生长期间2种土壤厚度(对照土壤厚度和浅土处理)、2种水分(正常灌水处理和干旱处理)和2种种植方式(单种和混种)处理的苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)凋落物,研究生长期间土壤厚度和水分减少及不同的种植方式是否通过改变两物种初始凋落物质量、产量和组分来影响自身凋落物分解。结果发现:(1)与对照组(CK)相比,在干旱组(D)和浅土+干旱组(SD),两物种地上、根系和总的凋落物质量损失率、初始N和P含量均显著增加,凋落物产量、C/N和C/P显著降低,凋落物地上组分比大体上无显著变化;而不同的种植方式处理对各组分质量损失率、元素含量、计量比、凋落物产量和组分比大体上无显著影响;(2)两物种地上、根系和总凋落物的质量损失率分别与地上、根系和总N含量呈显著正相关,与C/N呈显著负相关,与凋落量呈显著负相关,而总凋落物质量损失率与地上凋落物组分比呈显著正相关。结果表明,生长期间干旱和浅土+干旱处理能够通过影响苇状羊茅和黑麦草的初始凋落物质量、产量和组分比来加快地上、根系和总凋落物分解,其中凋落物N含量和C/N是影响两物种凋落物分解快慢的主要原因。     

施钾对花生养分吸收、产量与效益的影响

对江淮丘陵地区花生钾素的养分吸收特点以及施钾对花生产量和经济效益的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在一定氮、磷肥供给水平上,增施钾肥,能调节植株体内养分的运输与分配,促进植株对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高花生生殖器官的干物质积累,从而有利于提高花生的产量、品质和抗性,每生产100kg荚果,对N、P、K养分吸收量分别为3．08～5．35、0．6～1．2、3．45～6．66kg。其中对K的吸收量最大。主要集中在营养器官中;N、P的吸收主要集中在荚果等生殖器官中,随着施K量的增加,各器官中N、P、K含量均随之增加,但K的增加最多,P增加最少,当施K量为150～180kg·hm^-2,且N、P、K的施肥配比为2：1：2时,花生荚果的产量最高(5425．5kg·hm^-2),经济效益最大(13878．7元·hm^-2),产投比达到6．75：1,增产增收效果显著;而施K量超过225kg·hm^-2时,花生产量和效益明显下降,因此,在花生生产上可以推荐N150P75K150作为该地区高产栽培的平衡施肥配方。     

低剂量生物质炭对旱地红壤增肥增产效果

针对江西旱地红壤粘重板结、肥力低下等突出问题,基于野外旱地红壤定位试验,研究了低剂量生物质炭对旱地红壤增肥增产效果的影响。试验设置3个试验处理,即0(CK)、758(BC1)、1515(BC2)kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)3种生物质炭施用水平。结果表明:与对照相比,施入低剂量生物质炭(即BC1、BC2处理),旱地红壤在0~60 cm土层土壤容重分别降低了0.57%~2.05%和0.87%~4.88%,土壤pH分别提高了2.51%~13.66%和8%~12%,阳离子交换量分别提高了3.73%~6.45%和4.91%~7.13%;施用低剂量生物质炭在一定程度上提高了旱地红壤有机质和N、P、K养分含量,且随着生物质炭施用量的增加,有机质、全钾、速效钾呈上升趋势;连续施用低剂量生物质炭,BC1、BC2处理红薯产量在2013年分别提高了19.08%和23.68%,2014年分别提高了18.01%和22.98%。研究表明,施用低剂量生物质炭能有效改善旱地红壤的土壤理化性质和养分状况,提高旱地红壤肥力,有效增加作物产量。从综合投入产出来看,低剂量生物炭的连续施用更有实际应用价值和前景。     

水肥耦合对谷子幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

以"晋谷21"为试验材料,采用"3414"不完全正交设计进行谷子苗期盆栽试验,研究水肥耦合对谷子幼苗形态及生理指标的影响,探索不同水分供应条件下营养元素N、P、K含量及配比与谷子抗旱性的关系。从植物生长状况、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性及MDA含量考虑,谷子在轻度(40%)水分胁迫下施用N(100、150 mg N·kg-1)、P(87、130.5mg P·kg-1)、K(249、373.5 mg K·kg-1),在重度(20%)水分胁迫下施用N(100、150mg N·kg-1)、P(87 mg P·kg-1)、K(124.5、249 mg K·kg-1)有利于植物生长;轻度与重度干旱条件下,N、P、K配合施用其交互作用效果好于单独施用N、P、K,利于谷子抗旱;重度干旱条件下,施用N、P、K虽然可以促进谷子生长、提高抗逆性,但适宜的N、P、K肥料用量范围变小,过高用量会造成生理干旱。     

沸石对土壤养分生物有效性和土壤化学性质的影响研究

在花岗岩发育的赤红壤上进行的天然沸石混施化肥的盆栽试验研究结果表明,沸石提高了土壤养分的生物有效性,显著促进玉米的生长,增加玉米的生物量和提高了玉米对N,P,K的吸收量,15N示踪技术表明,沸石处理可以显著提高氮肥的利用率,两造玉米最高的氮肥利用率分别比对照提高28．8％和60．0％,土壤的分析结果表明,沸石处理也可提高土壤阳离子交换量,盐基饱和度和土壤pH值。     

干旱胁迫下覆膜和接种微生物对玉米生长与水分利用效率的影响

针对西北干旱半干旱地区土壤贫瘠与水分缺乏的问题,利用微生物与作物形成互惠互利的共生关系,本研究设置两个水分梯度:干旱胁迫(供试土壤最大持水量的35%)和正常水分(供试土壤最大持水量的75%),两个覆膜方式:无覆膜(NM)和覆膜(FM),4个接种微生物水平:单接AM真菌(AM)、单接解磷细菌(PSB)、联合接种AM真菌与解磷细菌(AM+PSB)以及对照(CK),研究不同水分和覆膜条件下4个接种微生物对玉米生长特性、地上养分吸收与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 与正常水分处理相比,干旱胁迫能够显著提高接种AM真菌处理的侵染率,但正常水分处理下土壤根外菌丝密度、总球囊霉素(T-GRSP)与易提取球囊霉素(EE-GRSP)含量明显提高.干旱胁迫下,单接AM真菌处理的促生作用和菌根效应表现最好,能够提高玉米生物量、水分利用效率和土壤有机碳含量,促进土壤N、P、K的吸收与运输,从而增加玉米地上部分N、P、K吸收量;而正常水分下,联合接种AM+PSB处理表现要好于单接AM和PSB处理,且其与覆膜的互作效果最好.相关分析结果表明,玉米生物量、叶片SPAD值和地上部分N、P、K吸收量均与土壤根外菌丝密度呈显著正相关,玉米水分利用效率与其呈显著负相关.     

Comprehensive evaluation of multiple cropping systems on upland red soil

According to the principles and methods of ecology and system engineering,we set up an evaluation indicator system for multi-component and multiple crop-ping systems,evaluated the comprehensive benefits of multi-component and multiple cropping systems using grey relation clustering analysis and screened out the opti-mized model based on research done in the upland red soil in Jiangxi Agricultural University from 1984 to 2004.The results show that the grey relation degree of "cabbage/ potato/maize-sesame" was the highest among 23 multi-component and multiple cropping systems and was clustered into the optimized system.This indicates that "cabbage/potato/maize - sesame" can bring the best social,economic and ecological benefits,increase product yield and farmers' income and promote sustainable development of agricultural production.Therefore,it is suitable for promotion on upland red soil.The grey rela-tion degree of "canola/Chinese milk vetch/maize/mung bean/maize" was second,which is suitable for imple-mentation at the city outskirts.In conclusion,these two planting patterns are expected to play important roles in the reconstruction of the planting structure and optimiza-tion of the planting patterns on upland red soil.     

作物种植前后土壤有机质及养分因子的空间变异分析

以作物土壤试验数据为基础,结合多年的农户调查数据,采用Moran's I指数分析、Pearson相关系数分析和Kriging插值3种地统计学方法,探讨了浙江省浦江县作物种植前后土壤有机质及氮磷钾等养分因子的空间演化规律。研究发现Moran's I指数分析证实随着区域范围的加大,各因子间自相关程度产生较大差异。这一点在Pearson相关系数分析中也得到证实,并在kriging插值图中直观表达。结果还表明:有机质和碱解氮的形成与水的关系较为密切,水源区两因子的含量较周边高,且会促进前者向后者转化。养分投入后,过多的养分在土壤中降解过程与区域自然环境条件的关系较密切。同一作物的农户养分投入在不同区域差异较大,不同作物的农户养分投入在区域内却存在量的相关。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林凋落物养分输入量的早期影响

2007年11月至2010年12月对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行了模拟氮(N)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为：对照(0 g N.m_–2.a_–1),低氮(5 g N.m_–2.a_–1),中氮(15 g N.m_–2.a_–1),高氮(30 g N.m_–2.a_–1)。在氮沉降2 a后,于2010年1月开始收集各样方的凋落物样品,连续收集12个月,测定凋落物量和养分输入量。结果表明：氮沉降显著增加了凋落物量;同时显著增加了凋落叶中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量和这几种养分元素的年输入量。本研究表明模拟氮沉降处理增加了凋落物对土壤养分的输入量,这对于维持苦竹林地肥力与保持苦竹林分的长期生长力具有重要的作用。     

Water source utilization and foliar nutrient status differs between upland and flooded plant communities in wetland tree islands

Tree islands in the Everglades wetlands are centers of biodiversity and targets of restoration, yet little is known about the pattern of water source utilization by the constituent woody plant communities: upland hammocks and flooded swamp forests. Two potential water sources exist: (1) entrapped rainwater in the vadose zone of the organic soil (referred to as upland soil water), that becomes enriched in phosphorus, and (2) phosphorus-poor groundwater/surface water (referred to as regional water). Using natural stable isotope abundance as a tracer, we observed that hammock plants used upland soil water in the wet season and shifted to regional water uptake in the dry season, while swamp forest plants used regional water throughout the year. Consistent with the previously observed phosphorus concentrations of the two water sources, hammock plants had a greater annual mean foliar phosphorus concentration over swamp forest plants, thereby supporting the idea that tree island hammocks are islands of high phosphorus concentrations in the oligotrophic Everglades. Foliar nitrogen levels in swamp forest plants were higher than those of hammock plants. Linking water sources with foliar nutrient concentrations can indicate nutrient sources and periods of nutrient uptake, thereby linking hydrology with the nutrient regimes of different plant communities in wetland ecosystems. Our results are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) over long periods, upland tree island communities incrementally increase their nutrient concentration by incorporating marsh nutrients through transpiration seasonally, and (2) small differences in micro-topography in a wetland ecosystem can lead to large differences in water and nutrient cycles.     

红壤旱坡地农田生态系统养分循环和平衡

通过田间定位试验从生态系统的角度比较研究了中亚热带红壤低丘岗地几种主要旱坡地农田生态系统的水土流失、养分循环和平衡特征、土壤养分消长动态及空间分异,结果表明：水土流失是红壤旱坡地生态系统养分损失的重要途径之一,固体径流具有养分富集现象,速效养分损失以地表径流为主,水土流失养分损失量大小顺序为：有机碳＞全钾＞速效钾＞全氮＞全磷＞水解氮＞速效磷;免耕覆盖和垄作能显著减少水土流失及养分损失量;红壤旱地淋溶也是养分,尤其是氮素损失的重要途径;在养分平衡有盈余状况下,土壤养分水平是可以逐步提高的,其中,土壤速效磷、速效钾提高的速度较快,土壤全氮、有机质和全磷也有所提高,但仍处于较低水平;复合农林系统中,土壤养分存在明显的空间分异,农作物区域由于养分投入较高,土壤养分水平明显高于林木区域。     

红壤旱地不同复种方式养地效果

为了提出适宜南方红壤区旱地质量提升的持续高效种植模式,在江西农业大学科技园开展田间试验,以传统复种方式为对照,从土壤理化性状、微生物及酶活性等多方面分析比较不同复种方式对土壤的养地效果,为提出可持续发展的农田耕作模式提供理论基础。结果表明:不同复种方式中,绿肥种植和绿肥翻压还田对土壤具有明显养地效果,其中处理C"黑麦草-花生‖玉米-粟‖荞麦"具有较高的土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、碱解氮、全磷含量以及土壤酶活性和较多的土壤微生物种类、数量,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力,养地效果最佳;处理B"混播绿肥(油菜、紫云英、肥田萝卜)-大豆‖玉米-绿豆‖芝麻"降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,改善土壤的通气性、透水性,明显提高土壤pH值、全氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量,养地效果次之。因此,大力推广应用冬季绿肥是促进红壤旱地生态系统可持续发展的有效耕作措施。     

Comprehensive evaluation of multiple cropping systems on upland red soil

According to the principles and methods of ecology and system engineering, we set up an evaluation indicator system for multi-component and multiple cropping systems, evaluated the comprehensive benefits of multi-component and multiple cropping systems using grey relation clustering analysis and screened out the optimized model based on research done in the upland red soil in Jiangxi Agricultural University from 1984 to 2004. The results show that the grey relation degree of “cabbage/potato/maize — sesame” was the highest among 23 multi-component and multiple cropping systems and was clustered into the optimized system. This indicates that “cabbage/potato/maize — sesame” can bring the best social, economic and ecological benefits, increase product yield and farmers’ income and promote sustainable development of agricultural production. Therefore, it is suitable for promotion on upland red soil. The grey relation degree of “canola/Chinese milk vetch/maize/mung bean/maize” was second, which is suitable for implementation at the city outskirts. In conclusion, these two planting patterns are expected to play important roles in the reconstruction of the planting structure and optimization of the planting patterns on upland red soil. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2532–2539 [译自: 生态学报]     

Differences in the physiological state between triticale and maize plants during drought stress and followed rehydration expressed by the leaf gas exchange and spectrofluorimetric methods

The studies were carried out in order to estimate differences in the physiological state between triticale and maize plants subjected to drought stress followed by rehydration. The physiological state of the plants was evaluated by measurements of leaf water potential, net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. Spectrofluorimetric methods for the study of blue, green and red fluorescence were applied. We observed that the soil drought induced a greater water loss in triticale leaves than in maize and consequently caused greater injuries to the photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, triticale plant recovery was slower than in maize plants during the rehydration phase. The effect was probably connected with the higher functional and structural disorganisation of the photosynthetic apparatus observed during drought stress in triticale. Water stress is responsible for damages to photosystem PS II. The worst light utilisation in photosynthetic light conversion was recorded as an increase in the intensity of red fluorescence. Drought stress induced a strong increase in the intensity of blue and green fluorescence in the studied species and it was still high in maize plants during the first day of rehydration. Increase in the intensity of blue and green fluorescence in maize seems to be the effect of the photoprotection mechanism which prevents damage to PS II through utilisation of excess energy.     

Comparison on physiological adaptation and phosphorus use efficiency of upland rice and lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation

As one of the most widely promoted water-saving irrigation strategies for rice, alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) can not only save water but also increase mineral nutrient use efficiency. In this study, we compared the growth conditions of four rice varieties (two lowland and two upland varieties) under three irrigation regimes: continuously flooded (CF), alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (AWD15) and alternate wetting and severe soil drying (AWD30). AWD15 and AWD30 enabled the plants to receive fewer irrigation events and less irrigation water than CF, thereby saving both water resources and labor. AWD15 reduced redundant vegetative growth, promoted root growth, and increased the root-shoot ratio and harvest index. AWD15 increased the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of upland rice and maintained the grain yield while increasing the WUE and PUE of lowland rice. More developed root systems under AWD helped upland rice to maintain a higher water status than lowland rice when plants were subjected to soil drying, which resulted in superior performance in grain yield in upland rice. AWD30 could not reconcile the demands of higher yield and the desire to reduce irrigation water use because it decreased grain yield. The results indicate that AWD15 irrigation of rice can not only increase rice yield and WUE but also enhance PUE, which can potentially reduce the use of phosphorus fertilizers. The results provide theoretical and technical support for improving rice cultivation.     

Experimental manipulation of water and nutrient input to a Norway spruce plantation at Klosterhede,Denmark

Water and nutrient supply to forest trees are major factors controlling tree growth and forest vitality. Therefore, changes in the supply of water and nutrients to the trees may be important contributing reasons to the forest damages observed in Europe. Such changes may be caused by several factors, e.g. air pollution, soil acidification and climate change. The present study investigates possible effects on tree growth, growth related parameters and nutrition related to changes in the water and nutrient supply. Water and nutrient supply to the forest soil was manipulated in three roof covered plots. The treatments consisted of 1) summer drought, 2) irrigation and 3) combined irrigation and fertilizer application (fertigation). The results from the roof covered treatment plots were compared to a control plot without roof. Increased supply of water during the spring and early summer increased the diameter growth, whereas application of nutrients in addition to irrigation had no additional effect on tree growth. Addition of nutrients increased the needle content of P, Mn, Ca and Mg. Extended summer drought for 2 months had no effect on the tree growth or other growth parameters, but drought reduced the root development in the upper soil layer. Furthermore, drought induced significant stress symptoms by increasing the cone shredding substantially.