地表覆盖对茶园土壤水分、养分变化及茶树生长的影响

以山东青岛2年生茶园为对象,设置对照(CK)、覆盖秸秆(T1)、覆盖地膜(T2)和覆盖秸秆+地膜( T3 )4个处理,分析了不同覆盖模式对茶园土壤水分和养分以及茶树生长的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖可以保持茶园土壤水分,提高水分利用效率,其中T1、T3处理的茶树生长水分利用效率比CK提高43％ ～48％,产量水分利用效率提高7％ ～ 13％;T1和T3处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮的含量显著增加,提高了土壤肥力;叶片硝酸还原酶活性增强,叶片中硝态氮的含量增加,有效地促进茶树生长,茶叶产量比CK增加12％～13％,使茶树新梢生长高峰提前.从茶树生长、茶叶产量、水分和养分利用率、环境安全和经济效益等因素考虑,覆盖秸秆是幼龄茶园地表覆盖的有效方式.     

不同覆盖方式对土壤肥力和番茄产量及品质的影响

以塑料薄膜大棚为栽培设施,以番茄品种‘中研988’和‘粉贝三号’为植物材料,设置不覆盖(对照)、地膜覆盖、稻草覆盖、地膜上覆盖稻草(稻草/地膜)、地膜下覆盖稻草(地膜/稻草)5个处理,研究不同地面覆盖对土壤肥力及番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同覆盖方式均可增加表层土壤的含水量,稻草覆盖使表层土壤温度降低,而地膜覆盖和地膜/稻草覆盖使表层土壤温度升高;同一土层,地膜/稻草覆盖下土壤有机质含量和土壤速效养分含量显著高于其他处理,随着土层加深,各处理下土壤的速效养分含量均呈下降趋势;地膜/稻草覆盖下番茄果实产量最高、品质最好。综上可知,地面覆盖可以改善土壤肥力状况,提高番茄果实产量和品质,在不同覆盖方式中,以地面覆盖稻草后再覆盖地膜的效果最好。     

不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区苹果园土壤水温环境及速效养分的影响

为了探究不同有机物覆盖对冷凉地区果园土壤理化性质的影响,在‘寒富’苹果园设置了杂草、稻草、玉米秸秆、粉碎枝条4个覆盖处理,对比分析了各处理果园土壤水分、养分等指标的变化.结果表明: 有机物覆盖增加了土壤含水量,以干旱季节最为明显;减缓了春季土壤温度上升速度,不利于果树前期生长,但降低了夏季土壤的最高温,提高了秋冬季土壤的最低温;提高了土壤的pH值,以玉米秸秆覆盖处理最为明显,减轻了土壤酸化,使土壤pH接近中性;不同程度提高了土壤有机质含量,以杂草覆盖处理最为明显.覆盖还增加了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但稻草覆盖处理碱解氮含量低于对照.     

茶树根际微生物研究

利用选择性培养基,对土壤肥力肥沃、中等、贫瘠茶园的茶树根际细菌、真菌和放线菌进行了分离。根据菌体形态及培养特征、生理生化指标、DNA的G Cmol％值等,对根际细菌进行了鉴定和分类。研究了不同肥力、不同茶龄的茶园根际细菌的数量和类群的变化;根际真菌的数量变化;根际放线菌的数量变化。主要结果为：土壤肥沃的茶园根际细菌的数量最多,土壤贫瘠的茶园数量最少;相同土壤肥力的茶园,10年生茶园根际细菌的数量最多,4年生的次之,20年生的最少。根际真菌的数量,土壤肥沃茶园的较少,中等和贫瘠茶园的较多。根际放线菌的数量,20年生茶园的明显高于4年生和10年生茶园的,而且,土壤贫瘠茶园的数量较多。从9种不同类型茶园中分离获得的纯化细菌经鉴定分别属于20个属,中等肥力的茶园最适于多数细菌的生长与繁殖,类群最为丰富,但类群的优势度低于另外两种土壤;不同茶龄的茶园随着茶龄的增加,肥沃茶园和中等茶园的根际中有较多的细菌类群定殖,但20a茶龄的类群较少;贫瘠茶园类群的优势度最大。     

茶叶锌、硒含量变化与种植土壤差异的研究

以贵州4个茶叶产地(贵定、都匀、凤冈、湄潭)生产的新鲜茶叶(贵定云雾茶、都匀毛尖、凤冈锌硒茶、湄潭翠芽)及种植土壤为材料,研究了不同茶树叶片及种植土壤的锌、硒含量,研究不同土壤类型及不同深度土壤锌、硒含量的差异;茶树当年生新叶(一芽二叶)和生长1年以上老叶的锌、硒含量变化;土壤锌、硒含量与新老叶片锌、硒含量之间的关系。结果显示,随着茶园土壤深度(0~20 cm,20~40 cm)的增加,锌含量增加了2.0%~18.0%,而土壤硒含量则没有明显变化;不同样地土壤和同一样地土壤不同深度的锌、硒含量差异均达显著水平(Sig.0.01),但差异未见明显规律;茶树新叶锌、硒含量比老叶分别高2.3~4.0倍和1.2~3.0倍;新叶的锌、硒含量与土壤锌、硒含量呈正相关关系,且新叶中的锌、硒含量之间也呈正相关关系。表明土壤中的锌、硒含量来源于成土母岩并直接影响茶叶的品质,因此合理选择土壤类型对种植优质茶和规划发展茶产业具有重要意义。     

稻草覆盖、间作三叶草茶园土壤酶活性与养分的关系

通过小区实验,分析了稻草覆盖与间作三叶草后的丘陵茶园土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性变化,并采用相关分析、通径分析、主成分分析探讨了酶活性和土壤养分的关系。结果表明：稻草覆盖与间作三叶草能显著提高丘陵茶园土壤有机质、全N及速效P、速效K含量,间作三叶草明显增加土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶含量,而稻草覆盖明显增加磷酸酶和脲酶活性。相关分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶均与全氮、有机质、速效N呈极显著或显著正相关。通径分析表明,与4种酶关系最直接的是有机质或全N。主成分分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性在第1主成分内的权重分别为0.842、0.937、0.873和0.847,可见,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性可用于评价丘陵茶园土壤C、N肥力。     

稻草覆盖和香根草篱对红壤水稳性团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响

基于植物篱和秸秆覆盖控制红壤坡耕地水土流失的长期定位试验,研究香根草篱(H)、稻草覆盖(M)、香根草篱+稻草覆盖(HM)水保措施下红壤水稳性团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征。结果表明:与常规等高农作模式(CK)相比,草篱、稻草覆盖、草篱+稻草覆盖模式下土壤总有机碳含量提高0.07—2.42 g/kg。草篱对土壤团聚体组成及其结合有机碳的影响在篱内效果显著,随着与草篱距离增大影响减弱。草篱和稻草覆盖对土壤团聚体组成和结合有机碳含量的影响不同,草篱主要增加2 mm水稳性团聚体含量及其结合有机碳含量,稻草覆盖增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量及其结合有机碳含量。综合来看,草篱和稻草覆盖相结合对改善坡面土壤结构作用稳定。土壤有机碳含量较高时,土壤总有机碳含量与粒径2mm的大团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关(r=0.659);随着有机碳含量降低,土壤总有机碳含量与土壤0.25—0.053 mm和0.053 mm微小团聚体碳含量相关性逐渐增大。     

亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应

在亚热带丘陵区1a生幼龄茶园通过连续4a的大田对比试验,研究了茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应,结果发现：茶园间作白三叶草降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度、有机质、全N、水解N的含量、K的活性、蚯蚓的数量和生物量,消耗了部分有效P;增加了土壤关键层次（0—20cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的水分含量,延缓和缩短了夏季高温干旱与秋季持续干旱时间;获得了土壤降温时增温、保温与升温时降温的双向动态调控效果,增加了同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,延缓了高温和低温的出现时间,缩短了过度高温时间,减少了高温对茶树生长产生的影响;抑制了杂草生长,增加了天敌的种类和种群数量,减少了虫害发生率。从而形成了立地环境．茶树．伴生生物群落系统自我调节的动态平衡,促进了茶树生长,改善了茶叶品质,显著增加了茶叶产量。与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶草后,春秋茶的酚氨比分别下降了17．10％和30．90％,产量提高了32．65％。     

西双版纳不同林茶复合生态系统碳储量

为了探明上层遮荫树种对茶园碳储量的影响,根据所建立的茶园上层树种及茶树的生物量模型估算了不同林茶复合生态系统的生物量,结合植物、土壤样品碳含量的实测值,对西双版纳州勐海县4种茶园组合模式及纯茶园的碳储量进行了分析。结果表明:樟树+茶、樟-杉+茶2种组合模式的碳储量分别比纯茶园碳储量(223.442t·hm-2)高22.701、3.871t·hm-2,而4种遮荫树种+茶、6种遮荫树种+茶2种组合模式的碳储量则分别比纯茶园低10.828、5.717t·hm-2。各茶园总碳储量以土壤的碳储量所占比例最大,达91.8%～96.0%,随上层树种数量的增加而降低,并在4种遮荫树种+茶组合模式达到最低;而植物体的碳储量仅占总碳储量的4.0%～8.2%,呈现随上层树种数量增加而先增加后降低的趋势。表明西双版纳的人工茶园复合态系统具有很强的碳储存能力。     

不同覆盖材料对夏秋苹果根区土壤硝酸盐代谢的影响

以3年生新红星苹果树为试验材料,在春季将稻草苫、农用地毯、透明塑料膜和园艺地布覆盖地表,于夏秋季调查根区土壤硝化-反硝化作用、硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性以及铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量和植株生长的变化.结果表明: 4种覆盖处理均降低了夏季土壤硝化强度和夏秋之交的土壤NiR活性,提高了秋季土壤铵态氮含量以及夏秋之交的土壤反硝化强度、NR活性和铵态氮含量,降低了夏秋季土壤硝化强度、反硝化强度和NR活性的变异系数;稻草苫提高了夏季和秋季土壤反硝化强度与硝态氮含量,降低了夏季土壤NR和NiR活性;在4种处理中,稻草苫覆盖的土壤硝化与反硝化强度及NR活性在整个夏秋季的变异系数最低;农用地毯降低了夏季土壤反硝化强度,提高了夏季土壤NR和NiR活性、夏秋之交土壤硝态氮含量和秋季土壤反硝化强度;透明塑料膜降低了夏季土壤硝态氮含量,提高了夏季土壤亚硝态氮含量、夏秋之交土壤硝态氮含量以及秋季土壤硝化强度和NiR活性;园艺地布提高了夏季土壤反硝化强度、夏秋之交和秋季土壤的硝化强度以及秋季土壤硝态氮含量.4种覆盖处理均促进了植株生长,其中稻草苫和园艺地布促进新梢和干径增粗的效果更显著;4种覆盖处理对夏秋季土壤硝酸盐代谢的影响不同,但对土壤硝酸盐代谢与转化都具有稳定作用,其中稻草苫的稳定效果最好.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.