兰花蕉的胚胎学研究

兰花蕉（Orchidantha chinensis T.L.Wu）的胚珠倒生,具厚珠心和双珠被。内外珠被形成珠孔。假种皮从外珠被的项端发生。造孢时期,胚珠具有一层周缘细胞。造孢细胞发育成大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成大孢子的线形四分体,少数三分体。合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育属蓼型。成熟胚囊的合点端狭长,胚珠具有珠心冠原和承珠盘。反足细胞寿命长,胚珠维管束属于合点后多维管束类型。胚乳发育属核型。种子脱落时,胚尚未分化出胚芽和胚根。     

红花胚珠和雌配子体发育

用石蜡切片法研究了红花的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程,得到以下结果：（１）胚珠发育为薄珠心类型,倒生胚珠,具单珠被。（２）胚囊发育蓼型。（３）有珠被绒毛层,珠被绒毡层起始于大孢子母细胞时期,单核胚囊阶段高度发育,受精后从合点端逐渐退化。珠孔塞细胞呈毛状。     

水稻胚囊壁的形成与发育观察

通过透射电镜对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)功能大孢子形成开始至胚囊成熟期间胚囊壁的形成与发育进行观察,结果表明:水稻胚囊壁是在原有功能大孢子壁的基础上,通过与其周围退化珠心细胞留下的壁相叠合,使壁加厚。功能大孢子近合点端壁存在胞间连丝,其中个别胞间连丝可保留到八核胚囊。胚囊壁上内突最早于四核胚囊近珠孔端发生。八核胚囊形成后,内突的发育在胚囊不同的细胞中表现不同,其中以中央细胞最具特点,表现为先在中央细胞与珠心相接的近珠孔端和近合点端两个区域的胚囊壁上形成,以后近珠孔端胚囊壁上的内突大量增加,而近合点端的却增加不明显,中部胚囊壁上的内突出现的时间相对较晚。到胚囊成熟时,近珠孔端胚囊壁上内突的分布密度最大,中部次之,近合点端的最小,三个区域上内突的形态各异。反足细胞与珠心相接的胚囊壁上内突的形成时间较早,但以后的发育却相对缓慢,数量增加不明显。2个助细胞交界处胚囊壁上的丝状器在胚囊未明显膨大时已形成。卵细胞除在与助细胞交界处的壁外,其它部位不形成明显的内突结构。     

延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的胚胎学研究初报Ⅰ.——大孢子的发生及雌配子体的形成

本文描述延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的大孢子发生,雌配子体的形成和雄配子体的形态。胚珠为倒生型,双珠被,厚珠心型。胎座为侧膜胎座向中轴胎座的过渡类型,胶囊发育为葱型的变异型。孢原细胞直接发生于幼胚珠的珠心表皮细胞之下,孢原细胞平周分裂,形成初生周缘细胞及初生造孢细胞。初生周缘细胞分裂先于初生造孢细胞,分裂结果与珠心表皮细胞共同形成了珠心组织。初生造孢细胞进一步发育,形成大孢子母细胞。大孢子母细胞经减数第一次分裂后,即出现壁,形成二分体。一般是珠孔端二分体细胞小于合点端二分体细胞,但偶尔也见到前者大于后者的情况。在二分体形成后珠孔端二分体细胞立即退化、或经减数第二次分裂后再退化(该次分裂多为斜向的)。合点端二分体细胞发育,经二核胚囊,四核胚囊,六核胚囊阶段至成熟胚囊。一般在珠孔端的周围淀粉粒丰富,并先于合点端的核进行分裂。珠孔端由二个助细胞,一个卵细胞构成卵器,助细胞具钩突,并具丝状器,两个极核。合点端常见多核仁的大核,成熟胚囊未见八核。成熟花粉粒为二细胞的,花药壁具变形绒毡层,花粉中充满淀粉粒。沼生目型胚乳。     

大叶杨配囊及胚珠的形成和发育

本文应用细胞化学方法研究了大叶杨胚珠、胚囊的形成和发育过程中核酸、蛋白质及不溶性多糖的分布和消长。大孢子母细胞、大孢子四分体及功能大孢子中含较少不溶性多糖,但却含丰富的RNA和蛋白质。功能大孢子经分裂发育成八核的蓼型胚囊。四核胚囊开始积累细胞质多糖,成熟胚囊中除反足细胞外充满淀粉粒。反足细胞形成后不久即退化。助细胞具多糖性质的丝状器,受精前两个助细胞退化。卵细胞核对Feulgen反应呈负反应。二极核受精前由胚囊中部移向卵器,与卵器接触后融合形成次生核。发育早期的胚珠为厚珠心,双珠被。晚期,内珠被退化,故成熟胚珠为单珠被。四核胚囊时期,珠孔端珠心组织退化,胚囊伸向珠孔形成胚囊喙。合点端珠心组织含丰富的蛋白质和核酸,这一性质与绒毡层性质相似,可能涉及胚囊的营养运输。胚囊的营养来源于子房和胎座细胞内贮存的淀粉粒。     

鹤顶兰珠心细胞程序性死亡的超微结构研究

应用电子显微镜对鹤顶兰(Phaius tankervilliae(Aiton)Bl.)珠心细胞进行了观察,结果发现,珠心细胞程序死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)过程中伴随着液泡破裂、染色质凝聚、细胞质解体等明显特征。在鹤顶兰功能大孢子形成之前,大孢子母细胞的侧细胞壁存在明显的内突。随着胚囊体积的逐渐增大,衰退珠心细胞残留的细胞壁叠合在一起,从而使胚囊壁不断加厚。胚囊成熟前,合点端珠心细胞与胚囊之间有胞间连丝相连。合点端珠心细胞的细胞质状态,特别是液泡形态与大孢子母细胞、功能大孢子、成熟胚囊时期的细胞状态高度相似。结果表明,衰退的珠心细胞不仅为胚囊的扩大提供空间,同时也为胚囊的发育提供营养,合点端珠心细胞对胚囊发育内环境的稳定性起着重要的屏障作用。     

车桑子大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

采用常规石蜡切片法,对车桑子大孢子的发生和雌配子体的发育进行观察,探讨车桑子自然结籽率低的原因和明确其胚胎发育特征。结果表明:(1)车桑子花柱有花柱道,子房3室,中轴胎座,横生胚珠,每心室两枚胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,无承珠盘。(2)位于珠心表皮细胞下的孢原细胞经平周分裂产生造孢细胞,造孢细胞发育为大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线性四分体,靠近珠孔端3个大孢子退化消失,靠合点端大孢子发育为功能大孢子,大孢子发生类型为单孢子发生型。(3)单核胚囊经3次有丝分裂形成7细胞8核的成熟胚囊,胚囊发育类型为蓼型。(4)花器官形态的变化和大孢子发育过程有一定联系,可根据雌花形态特征大致判断大孢子发育时期。研究认为,车桑子雌配子体发育过程中出现的胚囊不中空、游离核不进一步细胞化等异常现象,可能是导致车桑子自然结籽率低的原因之一。     

沙田柚雌雄蕊发育及其相关性研究

沙田柚为例生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,具多个孢原细胞,其中之一发育形成大孢子母细胞,四个大孢子呈直线形排列,功能大孢子居合点端,胚囊发育为蓼型,珠孔端有珠心冠。 花药为四分孢子囊,小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,胞质分裂为同时型,四分小孢子四面体型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。 同一朵花中,雌雄蕊发育的相关性是:当大孢子母细胞形成时,小孢子进入单核期。当雌蕊发育进入大孢子时期,双核花粉粒形成。大孢子和双核花粉粒都在开花前10天左右形成,雌雄蕊同时成熟。     

狭叶柴胡大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

用石蜡切片法、半薄切片法对狭叶柴胡的大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育进行观察研究。结果显示:(1)狭叶柴胡花药壁的发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,四分孢子为正四面体形;成熟的花粉粒为3-细胞型,具3个萌发孔。(2)倒生型胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心;大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型,多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子;由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。(3)八核胚囊时期,珠心基部和两侧的一些珠心细胞留存较久,成为珠心座细胞。此外,珠被内表皮细胞发育为珠被绒毡层。     

竹节参雌配子体发育的研究

本文报道了竹节参(Panax japonicus C.A.Mey)雌配子体(胚囊)的发育过程。竹节参大孢子母细胞减数分裂产生线形排列的大孢子四分体。胚囊发育属蓼型,由合点端大孢子发育而成。游离核胚囊时期,胚囊珠孔端的细胞器种类和数量都较胚囊合点端多;胚囊合点端相邻的珠被细胞中有含淀粉粒的小质体,与胚囊珠孔端相邻的退化中的非功能大孢子中则有含淀粉粒的大质体和大类脂体。成熟胚囊中,反足细胞较早退化;极核融合成次生核;卵细胞高度液泡化,细胞器数量较少;助细胞则有丰富的细胞器和发达的丝状器。PAS反应表明,受精前的成熟胚囊中积累淀粉粒。次生核受精后,很快分裂产生胚乳游离核,到几十至数百个核时形成胚乳细胞。卵细胞受精后则要经过较长的休眠期。     

小草蔻胚珠及雌配子体发育的研究

小草蔻（Alpinia henryi K.Schum）胚胎倒生,厚珠心,双珠被。内珠被独自成珠孔。造孢细胞,大孢子母细胞和四体时期,周缘细胞仅1层。四分体线形,少数三分体。合点在孢子具功能。成熟胚珠具有珠心冠原和承珠盘结构。胚囊发育属蓼型。成熟胚整,合点端狭长,形成盲囊。反足核不能构成细胞,是短命的。膜质假种皮的原基从外珠被和珠柄发生。     

Ultrastructural characterization of apospory in Panicum maximum

The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.     

Polarity and competition between megaspores in the ovule ofOenothera hybrids

New data on the development of polarity in the ovules during megasporogenesis and early stages of embryo sac development inOenothera-hybrids are presented. It is confirmed that allOe. hookeri-hybrids show a strong tendency to form heteropolar tetrads, with the micropylar megaspore developing into an embryo sac. This preference is seen in the delay of the second meiotic division on the chalazal side, the absence of callose in the lateral wall of the micropylar megaspore, and the accumulation of starch in this megaspore. However, homopolar tetrads, chalazal preference, and ovules with two developing embryo sacs are also observed with considerable frequency. Quantitative data on the frequency of the different developmental types are compared with earlier genetic results about competition in the haplophase. There is sufficiently good agreement to support the hypothesis ofRenner that there is a correlation between the developmental processes in the megaspore tetrad and the genetic phenomena of competition in the haplophase.     

Studies on the Development of Male and Female Gametophytes in Sinojakia xylocarpa

Observed in this paper was the development of the microspore and megaspore, male and female gametophytes in Sinojakia xylocarpa, which is endemic to China. The anther comprises four microsporangia. Microspore wall forms simultaneously after meiotic division in PMCs. The arrangment of microspore in a tetrad is tetrahedral. Bicel lular pollen grains appear at the shedding stage. ‘They are 3-colporate, with irregular min ute-faveolate exine sculpture. The anther wall development is of the dicotyledonous type, and its endothecitum develops slight fibrous thickenings, which also form on some epidermal cells. The tapetum is glandular. The pistil with hollow style is composed of three carpels, and its ovary contains several anatropous ovules. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellar, but no obturator was observed. The archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell which forms a linear tetrad, but T-shaped tetrad was found in a few ovules. A Polygonum type embryo sac forms from the functional chalazal megaspore. In the mature embryo sac, the synergids are elongate with a large vacuole at the chalazal end, but the distrihution of vacuoles in the egg cell appears random. Two polar nuclei remain in contact with each other for a spell before the fertilization and the 3 antipodal cells may persist into early postfertilzation stages. Numerous starch gra ins occur in the embryo sac. According to the present embryological studies on Sinojakia xylocarpa and the works on embryogenesis by some early embryologist, authors consider that Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Sapotaceae and Ebenaceae are rather closely related, and we alsoconsider it reasonable to put the 4 families mentioned above in Ebenales.     

矮沙冬青雌配子体及胚胎发育研究

矮沙冬青子房单心皮1室,边缘胎座,弯生胚珠,胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子孢原细胞发生于珠心表皮下,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直线排列的四分体,合点端大孢子具功能,并按蓼型胚囊发育,雌配子体成熟于4月中旬。双受精后,胚乳发育为核型。在矮沙冬青大孢子发生、雌配子体和胚胎发育过程中未发现异常现象,因此认为矮沙冬青濒危不存在雌性生殖结构与发育过程异常的内在因素。     

Campynemanthe (Campynemaceae): Morphology, microsporogenesis, early ovule ontogeny and relationships

Campynemanthe Baill. consists of three species endemic to New Caledonia. Two species are studied and compared. The tapetum is secretory with 2-nucleate tapetal cells. Microsprogenesis is successive, microspore tetrads are isobilateral and the pollen grains are free and inaperturate or have a weakly defined aperture. Placentation is axile with 3–4 ovules in each of the three locules. Ovules are anatropous and crassinucellate with the micropyle formed by the inner integument alone. The archesporial cell cuts off a parietal cell, which divides to form a parietal tissue. The nucellar epidermis divides periclinally at the nucellar apex to become 2-layered. The megaspore tetrad is T-shaped, in which the micropylar megaspore cells are separated by an oblique wall. The chalazal megaspore enlarges and apparently developes into a Polygonum-type embryo sac, but a mature embryo sac has not been seen. The ripe seeds are pale and non-phytomelaniferous. They have copious endosperm rich in fatty oils. The embryo is minute. These characters and gross morphological similarities support relationship with Campynema Labill., but there are also conspicuous differences. The two genera are considered related. They also closely approach genera of the variable family Melanthiaceae and there are reasons to include them in this family.