竹节参雌配子体发育的研究

本文报道了竹节参(Panax japonicus C.A.Mey)雌配子体(胚囊)的发育过程。竹节参大孢子母细胞减数分裂产生线形排列的大孢子四分体。胚囊发育属蓼型,由合点端大孢子发育而成。游离核胚囊时期,胚囊珠孔端的细胞器种类和数量都较胚囊合点端多;胚囊合点端相邻的珠被细胞中有含淀粉粒的小质体,与胚囊珠孔端相邻的退化中的非功能大孢子中则有含淀粉粒的大质体和大类脂体。成熟胚囊中,反足细胞较早退化;极核融合成次生核;卵细胞高度液泡化,细胞器数量较少;助细胞则有丰富的细胞器和发达的丝状器。PAS反应表明,受精前的成熟胚囊中积累淀粉粒。次生核受精后,很快分裂产生胚乳游离核,到几十至数百个核时形成胚乳细胞。卵细胞受精后则要经过较长的休眠期。     

水稻多卵卵器的起源

被子植物的卵器中通常只有１ 个卵细胞。在水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ）多胚品系胚囊中观察到二卵卵器和三卵卵器。对其大孢子和胚囊发生进行了观察,首次揭示了被子植物多卵卵器的起源。该品系大孢子发生正常。大孢子母细胞进行正常的减数分裂形成４ 个大孢子。靠近合点端的大孢子发育,其它３ 个退化。功能大孢子第一次有丝分裂后,两个子核被一中央大液泡分隔在胚囊珠孔端和合点端。紧接着发生第二次有丝分裂,合点端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴平行,而珠孔端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴成４５°夹角。由此产生的四核胚囊中,合点端１核向胚囊中部或中上部（胚囊珠孔端）迁移。四核胚囊再经１ 次有丝分裂形成两种类型的核分布偏离蓼型的八核胚囊。一种类型是珠孔端４个核,中部与合点各２ 个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中,珠孔端４ 核分化成四细胞卵器,其中卵细胞和助细胞各２ 个,中部的２ 核分化成２ 极核中央细胞,合点端的２ 核形成反足细胞。另一种类型是珠孔端６ 个核,合点端２ 个核,在胚囊细胞化过程中,两端各１ 核向中部迁移分化成２ 极核中央细胞,珠孔端剩余的５ 核分化成５ 细胞卵器,其中卵细胞３ 个,助细胞２ 个,合点端的１ 核迅速分裂形成反足细胞     

花椒球心胚及胚乳的发生和发育

对花椒珠心胚及胚乳的发生和发育过程进行了详细的细胞学及细胞学研究。主要研究结果如下;珠心胚发生前,有性胚囊发育过程中从大孢子发生到胚囊形成的各个阶段均可发生退化,退化频率５０％,未退化的胚囊发育成熟,成熟胚囊仅含卵器和两个极核。卵器最终退化,极核不经受精自发形成胚肥。当胚乳游离核达到１５或３２个时,最早的珠心胚原始细胞由靠近胚囊球孔端的珠心细胞分化形成。随着子房生长,多个原始细胞持续不断地从珠孔端     

八角莲大孢子发生和雌配子体形成

首次报道了八角莲(Dysosma versipellis (Hance)M.cheng)大孢子发生和雌配子体形成的过程.结果:双珠被,多为厚珠心胚珠,少数为假厚珠心,胚珠多为横生,少数为弯生;边缘胎座,子房一室,多胚珠,珠孔由两层珠被共同形成,呈"之"字形;多为单孢原,位于珠心表皮下:偶见2～3个孢原细胞位于珠心表皮下;大孢子母细胞有两种发生方式;直线形大孢子四分体,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊;成熟胚囊中,二个极核在受精前合并为次生核;三个反足细胞不发达,较早退化;"品"字形卵器极性明显,其中卵细胞与助细胞极性相反;助细胞发达,其丝状器在不同发育时期形态及大小不同,且具吸器功能.     

粉叶小檗大孢子发生和雌配子体形成

采用石蜡切片方法对粉叶小檗（Berberis pruinosa Franch.)的大孢子发生和雌配子体形成过程进行了研究。主要结果如下：雌蕊1枚,子房单心皮,边缘胎座,2枚胚珠倒生,具双珠被,厚珠心,珠孔由内外两层珠被共同形成,呈“Z”字形;单孢原,位于珠心表皮下;直线形大孢子四分体,合点端的1个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型;成熟胚囊中,2个极核在受精前融合为次生核;3个反足细胞不发达,较早退化;"品"字形卵器,其中助细胞发达且具丝状器。     

延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的胚胎学研究初报Ⅰ.——大孢子的发生及雌配子体的形成

本文描述延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的大孢子发生,雌配子体的形成和雄配子体的形态。胚珠为倒生型,双珠被,厚珠心型。胎座为侧膜胎座向中轴胎座的过渡类型,胶囊发育为葱型的变异型。孢原细胞直接发生于幼胚珠的珠心表皮细胞之下,孢原细胞平周分裂,形成初生周缘细胞及初生造孢细胞。初生周缘细胞分裂先于初生造孢细胞,分裂结果与珠心表皮细胞共同形成了珠心组织。初生造孢细胞进一步发育,形成大孢子母细胞。大孢子母细胞经减数第一次分裂后,即出现壁,形成二分体。一般是珠孔端二分体细胞小于合点端二分体细胞,但偶尔也见到前者大于后者的情况。在二分体形成后珠孔端二分体细胞立即退化、或经减数第二次分裂后再退化(该次分裂多为斜向的)。合点端二分体细胞发育,经二核胚囊,四核胚囊,六核胚囊阶段至成熟胚囊。一般在珠孔端的周围淀粉粒丰富,并先于合点端的核进行分裂。珠孔端由二个助细胞,一个卵细胞构成卵器,助细胞具钩突,并具丝状器,两个极核。合点端常见多核仁的大核,成熟胚囊未见八核。成熟花粉粒为二细胞的,花药壁具变形绒毡层,花粉中充满淀粉粒。沼生目型胚乳。     

多胚水稻ApⅢ的胚胎发生：受精前后卵器的结构和组织化学研究

对高频率多胚水稻（Oryza sativa L.)ApⅢ受精前后卵器的细胞结构和组织化学变化进行了观察,并同已报道的正常水稻和多胚水稻大至相同发育时期的卵器进行了比较,结果表明：ApⅢ的2932个幼嫩子房中,每个子房只有一个胚囊。没有看到含有一对胚囊和每个胚囊里有一套卵器的现象。除解体的和含胚的胚囊外,1655个胚囊中,含1个卵细胞和2个助细胞组成的正常卵器为1643个（99．27％）,含2个卵细胞和2个助细胞的4细胞卵器为12个（0．73％）。没有观察到大量4细胞卵器,5细胞卵器（即由3个卵细胞和2个助细胞组成）和卵状细胞,以及其他4卵,5卵卵器的变异类型。卵细胞位于对着子房壁维管束一侧。细胞质含丰富的蛋白质和多糖颗粒;细胞核位于细胞中下部,少有偏远轴 ,直到合子分裂前由蛋白质物质和多糖颗粒聚成的环所包裹。成熟胚囊中常见2个助细胞。助细胞位于珠孔端靠子房壁维管束一侧,多烽为长颈烧瓶状,少有长形和星月形的。其珠孔端壁内侧丝状器发达,细胞质的结构,蛋白质物质和多糖颗粒的积累,分布及消长,细胞核的大小,组织化学反应和周围物质的动态与卵2细胞的相同。此我,ApⅢ的2个助细胞存留时间较长。当花粉管进入助细胞的早期,助细胞的丝状器和帽颈端被花粉管损伤,中下部细胞质和核所在区仍保持完好。由以上结果得出结论：多胚水稻ApⅢ高频率的额外胚（1或2个）主要来自3细胞正常卵器,极少来源于4细胞卵器;ApⅢ的助细胞除在受精和胚胎发生早期具特殊功能外,与卵细胞相似的细胞质结构,物质代谢过程以及崩溃产晚可能与胚胎发生有关;在ApⅢ的少数胚囊中,接受助细胞可能有发生胚的潜能。     

多胚水稻ApⅢ的胚胎发生:受精前后卵器的结构和组织化学研究

对高频率多胚水稻(Oryza sativa L.) ApⅢ受精前后卵器的细胞结构和组织化学变化进行了观察,并同已报道的正常水稻和多胚水稻大至相同发育时期的卵器进行了比较,结果表明: ApⅢ的2 932个幼嫩子房中,每个子房只有一个胚囊.没有看到含有一对胚囊和每个胚囊里有一套卵器的现象.除解体的和含胚的胚囊外, 1 655个胚囊中,含1个卵细胞和2个助细胞组成的正常卵器为1 643个 (99.27%), 含2个卵细胞和2个助细胞的4细胞卵器为12个(0.73%).没有观察到大量4细胞卵器、5细胞卵器(即由3个卵细胞和2个助细胞组成)和卵状细胞,以及其他4卵、5卵卵器的变异类型.卵细胞位于对着子房壁维管束一侧.细胞质含丰富的蛋白质和多糖颗粒;细胞核位于细胞中下部,少有偏远轴端的,直到合子分裂前由蛋白质物质和多糖颗粒聚成的环所包裹. 成熟胚囊中常见2个助细胞.助细胞位于珠孔端靠子房壁维管束一侧,多数为长颈烧瓶状,少有长形和星月形的.其珠孔端壁内侧丝状器发达,细胞质的结构,蛋白质物质和多糖颗粒的积累、分布及消长,细胞核的大小、组织化学反应和周围物质的动态与卵细胞的相同.此外,ApⅢ的2个助细胞存留时间较长.当花粉管进入助细胞的早期,助细胞的丝状器和帽颈端被花粉管损伤,中下部细胞质和核所在区仍保持完好.由以上结果得出结论: 多胚水稻ApⅢ高频率的额外胚(1或2个)主要来自3细胞正常卵器,极少来源于4细胞卵器; ApⅢ的助细胞除在受精和胚胎发生早期具特殊功能外,与卵细胞相似的细胞质结构、物质代谢过程以及崩溃较晚可能与胚胎发生有关; 在ApⅢ的少数胚囊中,接受助细胞可能有发生胚的潜能.     

宁夏枸杞大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的细胞学研究

采用半薄切片技术和组织化学染色法对宁夏枸杞大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程中的细胞结构变化及营养物质积累特征进行了观察。结果表明,(1)宁夏枸杞为中轴胎座,多室子房,倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心类型。(2)位于珠心表皮下的孢原细胞可直接发育为大孢子母细胞,减数分裂后形成直线型大孢子四分体,合点端第一个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型,具有珠被绒毡层。(3)初形成的胚囊外周组织中没有营养物质积累,成熟胚囊时期出现了大量的淀粉粒且呈珠孔端明显多于合点端的极性分布特征。(4)助细胞的珠孔端具有明显的丝状器结构,呈PAS正反应表现出多糖性质,成熟胚囊具有承珠盘结构。     

青阳参的大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

利用常规石蜡制片技术、荧光显微技术、光镜细胞化学技术、电子显微镜技术对青阳参大孢子发生、雌配子体形成过程进行了详细观察。结果显示,青阳参为边缘胎座,胚珠倒生、短珠柄,单珠被,薄珠心型,珠心细胞含有大量的淀粉粒、线粒体和内质网等;大孢子孢原细胞起源于下表皮并直接行使大孢子母细胞的功能;合点端的大孢子分裂形成8-核胚囊;蓼型胚囊;成熟胚囊中有大量淀粉粒;珠孔受精;胚乳在早期发育阶段以游离核形式存在,约在16~32核的阶段细胞壁形成,通常情况下胚乳核的分裂比合子的分裂早,成熟胚乳细胞单核、形状不规则,没有胚乳吸器;胚的发育经过原胚、球型胚和心型胚阶段,茄型;成熟的种子具有种毛,位于珠孔端的珠被表皮细胞是种毛长出的区域,种子中含有大量的脂肪。     

Ovule,Female and Male Gametophyte and Fertilization of Kingdonia uniflora Balfour F. et W. W. Smith

The structure of ovule, female and male gametophyte, double fertilization and the distrubution of starch grains during the fertilization have been studied. The main results are as follows: ( 1 ) Ovule The ovule is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate. The nucetlus appears cylindric, since megaspores and embryo sac development, its internal cells of nucellus become disorganized, so that only a single layer of epidermal cells remains toward the side of the micropyle, On the other hand, the integument is not as long as nucellus, as a result micropyle is not formed. And no vascular bundle is found in the integument. (2) Female gametophyte The mature embryo sac is slender and is composed of an egg cell, two synergids, a central cell and three antipodal cells. The egg cell is situated slightly away from the tip of embryo sac. Some of them contain starch grains. Synergids occupy the tip of embryo sac. Its wall at micropylar region appears irregular in thickenes and irregular in ingrowths to form the filiform apparatus. The centrateell is very large, and strongly vacuolated Two polar nuclei come to contact closely with each other, but not fuse, or to fuse into a large secondary nucleus before fertilization. The polar nuclei or the secondary nucleus are usually situated at the middle-lower position of the central cell or nearer to the chalazal end above the antipodal cell. It is different from egg cell, no starch grains are found here. In most embryo sacs three antipodal cells are found. They are not as large as those in other plants of Ranunculaceae. But six antipodal cells or the antipodal cell with two nuclei may rarely be found. Like synergid, the wall of them appears not only irregularly thickened, but clearly with irregular ingrowths. In a few antipodal cells the starch garins are usually found near the nucleus. By the end of fertilization, antipodal cells become disintegrated. (3) Male gametophyte Most pollen grains are two-celled when shedding, and rich in starch grains. A few of them contain single nucleus or three-celled. (4) The double fertilization The fertilization of Kingdonia unifiora Balfour f. et W, W. Smith is wholly similar to some plants of Ranunculaceae studied. First, the pollen tube penetrates a degenerating synergid. And the pollen tube discharges its contents with two sperm nuclei into the degenerating synergid cell. One of the two sperms fuses with the nucleus of the egg, and the other fuses with two polar nuclei or the secondary nucleus of the central cell. If one sperm nucleus at first fuses with one of the polar nuclei, and then the fertilized polar nuclei again fuses with other polar nucleus. Secondly, the fertilization of the polar nuclei or the secondary nuclei completes earlier than that of the egg. The primary endosperm nucleus begins to divide earlier than the zygote. It seems that one of the sperm nuclei come to contact with egg nucleus, the other has already fused with polar nuclei or the secondary nucleus. The zygote with a single nucleolus appears until the endosperm with 16–20 cell. Thirdly, before and after fertilization there are one to some small nucleoli in egg nucleus and polar nuclei or secondary nucleus. However they increase in quantity from the beginning of the fusion of male nucleis. These nucleoli quite differ from male nucleoli by their small size, and most of them disappear at the end of fertilization. It may be concluded that the small nucleoli increase in quantity is related to the fusion of male and female nuclei. In the duration of fertilization, in ovule starch distribution is in the basal region of integument. But in embryo sac, onlysome egg cells, or zygotes contain starch grains, a part of which was brought in by pollen tube. Sometimes the starch grains are found in some synergids and antipodal cells. No starch grains are found in the central cell.     

Fertilization and Histochemical Investigation on Pulsatilla chinensis (Bung) Regel

Fertilization and variation of protein and starch grains in Pulsatilla chinensis (Bung) Regel have been studied at light microscopic level with histochemical test. Based upon the observations, the main conclusions are summarized as follows: The mature pollen grains are two-celled in which the generative cell shows the stronger protein staining than the vegetative cell. And vegetative cells are full of starch garins. When the pollen tube enters into the embryo sac, one synergid is destroyed, or in a few cases synergids are intact. Occasionally two synergids are disorganized as pollen tube penetrates. However, most of the remaining syuergids break down during fertilization, only in a few cases it remains till early stage of embryo development. The contents discharged by the pollen tube consist of two sperms, which stain intensely blue with protein dyes, a great amount of protein and starch grains. Mature female gametophyte (embryo sac) consists of an egg apparatus, central cell, which has a huge secondary nucleus, and antipodal apparatus which retain in course of fertilization. A few of embryo sac contain two sets of egg apparatus, a central cell with two huge secondary nuclei and two sets of antipodal apparatus. In some nucleoli of the central cell the comb-like structure pattern may be detected clearly. There are 1–2 small nucleoli in some egg cells and central cells. All the cells in embryo sac show protein positive reaction. According to the different shades of the color in cells, its may be arranged in the following order: antipodal cells, synergids, central cell and egg cell. Only a few small starch grains are present near nuclei of central cell and egg cell before fertilization, but no starch grains remain in most of the central cell, the synergids and antipodal cells. The fertilization is of the premitotic type. The fusion of the sexual nuclei progresses in the following order: 1, sperms approach and lie on the egg nucleus and secondary nucleus; 2, sperm chromatin sinks themselves into female nucleus, and male nucleolus emerges with the sperm chromosome; and 3, male nucleoli fuse with the nucleoli of egg nucleus and central cell nucleus, and finally forming the zygote and the primary endosperm cells respectively. Nevertheless, as it is well known, the fertilization completes in central cell obviously earlier than that in egg cell. Though it has been explained in cereals and cotton, in Pulsatilla chinensis the main reason is that nucleolar fusion of the male and female nucleoli in egg nucleus is slower than that in secondary nucleus. And the dormancy of the primary endosperm nucleus is shorter than that of the zygote. In the process of fertilization, histochemical changes are considerably obvious in the following three parts: 1, from the begining of fusion of male and female nuclei to form zygote and primary endosperm cell, Protein staining around female nucleus appears to increase gradually; 2, no starch grains are detected in embryo sac. Though only starch grains are carried in by pollen tube, they are completely exhausted during this period; and 3, near completion of fertilization starch grains appear again in zygote, however, not yet in primary endosperm nucleus till its dividing for the first time. The present study reveals that antipodal cells and synergids seem to play a significant role in nutrition of the embryo sac during the fertilization.     

七筋姑的大小孢子发生雌雄配子体发育及多糖物质的动态

七筋姑(Clintonia udensis Trautv. et Mey)具倒生胚珠、双珠被、薄珠心、单个孢原。大孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成1 3排列,合点端三核退化,珠孔端有功能的大孢子核进行两次有丝分裂。成熟胚囊具5核或6核,即1组卵器、1上极核、合点端的1个或2个退化核。胚囊发育为四孢子、高度退化的贝母型。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、两层中间层及绒毡层组成,发育属单子叶型。绒毡层解体方式为分泌型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时胞质分裂为连续型。二轴对称式四分体,2-细胞成熟花粉粒。组织化学表明:大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体形成过程中的不溶性多糖颗粒的分布呈现规律性变化。     

Invvestigations on Early Embryogenesis of Actinidia chinensis Planch var. chinensis

This paper deals with early embryogenesis of Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis. 1. Ovary superior consists of 34—45 carpels. Each carpel contains 11–45 ovules. The ovule is uni-integument and tenuinucellar. The ovule is anatropous. The archesporium is formed by a single cell, and directly develops into megaspore mother cell. Sometimes the archesporium consists of 2–3 cells, but only one of them develops into megaspore mother cell and the others are degenerated. 2. The mature pollen grain is two-celled and the embryo sac belongs to olygonum type. In most embryo sacs two polar nuclei are fused before fertilization. One of the synergids was destroyed as the pollen tube penetrated into embryo sac the other one disappeared after fertilization. In most cases the antipodal cells became degenerated in fertilization process, only some remained until the first division of primary endosperm nucleus. 3. In Beijing area the double fertilization of Actinidia chinensis occurred 30–72 hours after pollination. In the fertilization one sperm fused with egg nucleus and the other sperm fused with the secondary nucleus as usual. The fusion of the secondary nucleus with sperm was in advance of the fusion of the egg nudeus. 4. The endosperm is cellular type.     

高山红景天胚胎学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)具8个雄蕊,每个雄蕊有4个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型。形成的四分体为四面体形。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、二层中层和绒毡层五层细胞组成,其发育方式为基本型。腺质型绒毡层,有些绒毡层细胞分裂形成不规则双层,少数细胞双核。二细胞型花粉。雌蕊由4心皮组成。边缘胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,胚珠发育中形成珠心喙。大孢子四分体线形或T -形,合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,卵细胞核、助细胞核均位于细胞的合点端,珠孔端具液泡;极核融合为次生核,并位于卵细胞合点端附近; 3个反足细胞退化。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为石竹型;基细胞侵入珠孔端,形成囊状吸器。细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核分裂形成两个细胞,其珠孔端的细胞发育成胚乳本体,合点端的细胞直接发育成具一单核的合点吸器。     

FERTILIZATION IN BARLEY

The mature embryo sac of barley consists of an egg, two synergids, a central cell, and up to 100 antipodal cells. At shedding the male gametophyte is 3-celled, consisting of a vegetative cell with a large amount of starch and two sperms having PAS+ boundaries. Before pollination the nucleus and cytoplasm of each synergid appear normal. After pollination the nucleus and cytoplasm of one synergid undergo degeneration. The pollen tube grows along the surface of the integument of the ovule, passes through the micropyle, and enters the degenerate synergid through the filiform apparatus. The pollen tube discharges the vegetative nucleus, two cellular sperms, and a variable amount of starch into the degenerate synergid. Soon after deposition the sperms migrate by an unknown mechanism to the chalazal end of the degenerate synergid. Sperm nuclei then enter the cytoplasm of the egg and central cell, ultimately resulting in the formation of the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus, respectively. Sperm boundaries do not enter egg or central cell, but it was not possible to determine the fate of other sperm components. Degenerate vegetative and synergid nuclei remain in the synergid after fertilization, constituting what are considered to be X-bodies in barley. The second synergid degenerates during early embryogeny.     

芒苞草形态学和胚胎学研究：Ⅱ.花药和胚珠发育的研究

芒苞草成熟胚珠为倒生型,薄珠心,双珠被。胎座为侧膜胎座向中轴胎座的过渡类型。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。 成熟胚囊由印器,具二极核的中央细胞及三个反足细胞组成。助细胞呈倒梨形,极性不明显,珠孔端壁有角状的丝状器。中央细胞的二极核在受精前融合为次生核。 花药具二个小孢子囊,花药壁层为单子叶型,具分泌型绒毡层,小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为连续型,四分体是左右对称式排列,成熟花粉粒为二细胞的。 在花药与胚珠发育过程中,多糖物质的消长是有规律的变化。