梅花(Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.)远缘杂种及其亲本的差热分析与冻害关系的研究

用差热分析(Differential thermal analysis: DTA)研究了山桃(Prunus davidiana)、杏(P. armeniaca)、青岛“粉红梅”(P.mume cv.' Fenhong Mei,)、“小绿萼”(P.mume cv.'Small Green Calyx')及其种问杂种“小绿萼”梅×山桃、青岛“粉红梅”×杏和杏×青岛“粉红梅”的低温放热(Low temperature exotherm)与冻害关系,以及皮部和木质部的冰冻类型(Freezing pattern)。在差热分析中,观察到亲本和杂种的木质部都有二次放热现象。低温放热后,引起木质部和髓射线薄壁细胞死亡,原生质膜透性急剧增加。在杂种与亲本之间,存在着明显的差异。分离的皮部却只出现一次高温放热(High temperature exotherm)。高温放热是与冻害无关的。文末讨论了梅花及其杂种在北京越冬的主要障碍及有关栽培措施。     

梅花(Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc)远缘杂种及其亲本的差热分析与冻害关系的研究

用差热分析(Differential thermal analysis: DTA)研究了山桃(Prunus davidiana)、杏(P. armeniaca)、青岛“粉红梅”(P.mume cv.'Fenhong Mei,)、“小绿萼”(P.mume cv.'Small Green Calyx')及其种问杂种“小绿萼”梅×山桃、青岛“粉红梅”×杏和杏×青岛“粉红梅”的低温放热(Low temperature exotherm)与冻害关系,以及皮部和木质部的冰冻类型(Freezing pattern)。在差热分析中,观察到亲本和杂种的木质部都有二次放热现象。低温放热后,引起木质部和髓射线薄壁细胞死亡,原生质膜透性急剧增加。在杂种与亲本之间,存在着明显的差异。分离的皮部却只出现一次高温放热(High temperature exotherm)。高温放热是与冻害无关的。文末讨论了梅花及其杂种在北京越冬的主要障碍及有关栽培措施。     

芥菜型油菜与白菜正反杂交的胚胎学研究

利用荧光技术对芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea)与白菜(B. pekinesis)种间正反杂交后花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程进行了观察。结果显示: 芥菜型油菜与白菜正交授粉后, 花粉在柱头上能正常萌发, 多数花粉管沿花柱到达胚珠完成受精, 且受精方式有珠孔受精、合点受精和中部受精, 少量花粉管生长不正常, 出现花粉管顶端膨大扭曲, 花粉管分支等异常现象; 反交授粉后, 花粉在柱头上萌发时柱头乳突细胞产生强烈胼胝质反应, 影响花粉管生长, 只有少量花粉管通过花柱到达胚珠完成受精。用石蜡切片技术观察了正反杂交后杂种的胚胎发育, 正交杂种胚胎发育较早, 胚和胚乳生长较正常, 杂种胚一般均能发育至成熟; 反交杂种胚发育至心型期便不能继续发育, 胚乳也停滞在游离核阶段并最终败育。综合分析 表明, 芥菜型油菜与白菜正反杂交都存在一定程度的受精不亲和性。     

兰属植物种间杂交亲和性研究

以10个中国兰品种和8个大花蕙兰品种为材料开展了兰属植物间的杂交试验,比较不同组合的杂交亲和性。结果表明:(1)54个杂交组合,共授粉582朵,获得杂交果实131个,平均结实率为22.51%;中国兰与大花蕙兰正交结实率(23.19%)高于反交结实率(9.27%)。(2)墨兰与大花蕙兰无论正交或反交均可获得较高的结实率,其亲和性高于春兰、建兰与大花蕙兰杂交的亲和性。(3)中国兰种间杂交亲和性较高,3类组合结实率均大于30%,但不同品种间杂交亲和性不一,春兰‘绿萼’,墨兰‘企黑’、‘白墨’,建兰‘金荷’,大花蕙兰‘黄金岁月’比较适宜做母本;春兰‘大富贵’,墨兰‘富贵’、‘白墨’,大花蕙兰‘月影’、‘日本绿’和‘黑珍珠’比较适宜做父本。     

无核香味葡萄胚挽救育种研究

为创制无核香味葡萄新种质,该研究以7个无核葡萄品种为母本,4个玫瑰香味品种为父本,配置了9个杂交组合。田间杂交后,通过胚挽救技术离体培养杂种胚珠,使胚珠中幼胚继续发育,继而在幼胚萌发成苗后利用无核标记对F1代株系进行无核性状的早期检测,同时对杂种幼苗进行温室炼苗,最终移栽大田。结果表明:(1)利用胚挽救技术获得365个胚挽救株系,移栽大田并成活182株杂种苗。(2)对其中72个株系利用无核基因探针GSLP1-569与无核分子标记SCF27-2000进行无核性状检测,分别检测出8个和38个杂种后代携带无核特异性条带,初步确定为无核株系。(3)杂交组合中以‘红宝石无核’、‘火焰无核’、‘昆香无核’为母本的组合成苗率相对较高,较适宜做母本;香味品种中‘玫瑰香’更适合做为父本选育香味无核种质。(4)以‘火焰无核’和‘昆香无核’为母本的杂交组合分别在授粉后的43d和51d采样,胚发育率(6.96%~8.54%和16.92%~18.13%)和成苗率(6.45%和8.75%~10%)较高;‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’、‘莫莉莎无核’ב玫瑰香’和‘波尔莱特’ב玫瑰香’3个组合分别在授粉后59~60d、54d、52d采样,胚挽救育种效果较好;杂交组合‘克瑞森无核’ב巨玫瑰’和‘奇妙无核’ב昆香无核’胚败育时期分别为授粉后39d和48d。(5)幼胚发育至子叶型胚时最易成苗,延长胚珠离体暗培养时间显著增加了畸形胚比率。研究认为,葡萄胚挽救育种过程中,胚珠离体培养时间在8~10周为宜。     

小报春与岩生报春种间杂交亲和性研究

以报春花属报春花组的小报春(Primula forbesii)和指叶报春组的岩生报春(Primula saxatilis)为亲本,对种间杂交的结实性及花粉管行为进行了观察。结果表明:小报春与岩生报春种间杂交表现为不亲和,正反交组合正常结实率为0,但正交、反交组合花粉在柱头表面的萌发和花粉管伸长过程有明显差异,小报春花粉授粉4h后可以在岩生报春柱头表面萌发,但花粉管伸长的速度明显比对照组[岩生报春(P)×岩生报春(T)、岩生报春(T)×岩生报春(P)]慢,并且花粉管生长弯曲,授粉192h后花粉管仍未到达子房;岩生报春的花粉可以在小报春柱头上正常萌发,授粉48h后花粉管到达子房;4个对照授粉组合均分别于24h(短花柱为母本)、48h(长花柱为母本)时完成受精过程。研究表明,岩生报春×小报春杂交存在受精前障碍,小报春×岩生报春杂交亲和性较好,并可通过幼胚拯救的方法获得组间杂种后代;花柱长度可能是影响种间杂交结实能力的因素之一。     

东方百合系内杂交授粉技术与胚抢救技术研究

研究了东方百合系内杂交授粉技术及胚抢救技术。结果表明:(1)在组合‘Justina’בShela’中,采用柱头直接授粉,花粉管在花柱中向下定向生长,在子房中向胚珠定向生长;采用切花柱授粉,花粉管在花柱切口及子房中发生不同程度无向性生长;残留花柱越长,进行胚珠定向的花粉管数量越多,获得的饱满种子越少,采用柱头直接授粉获得的饱满种子最多。(2)采用柱头直接授粉对东方百合系内56个组合进行杂交实验,仅1个组合未获得饱满胚珠、3个组合获得胚珠少于10个,其余52个组合获得大量饱满胚珠,初步表明此法可作为东方百合系内杂交通用授粉技术。不同胚抢救技术试验结果显示,授粉约70d后采用切胚珠接种比胚珠直接接种的杂种胚萌动快、萌发率高,而且前者的胚抢救效率也明显高于授粉40d后的"剥胚式接种"。研究认为,授粉约70d后采用"切胚珠接种"可作为东方百合系内杂交通用胚抢救技术。     

‘正午’牡丹的杂交利用及部分杂种AFLP鉴定

2006~2011年间,该研究以‘正午’牡丹为亲本,分别与‘凤丹白’、紫斑牡丹、中原牡丹和日本牡丹进行正交与反交试验,并利用AFLP标记对部分杂交后代进行鉴定,旨在筛选与‘正午’亲和性强的杂交亲本,并开发杂种早期鉴定的分子标记技术,为牡丹种质资源的创新、育种效率的提高提供依据。结果显示:(1)以‘正午’为父本,‘凤丹白’为母本,每年都有一定的结实率,5年平均结实率为2.88粒/朵,说明二者具有一定的亲和性;紫斑牡丹为母本时,紫斑牡丹单株1、9与‘正午’的亲和性较高,结实率分别为29.17粒/朵、26.86粒/朵。(2)以‘正午’为母本,中原牡丹、日本牡丹为父本的38个杂交组合中,仅在4个组合内各获得1粒种子,表明‘正午’仅有极其微弱的育性。(3)从64对AFLP选择性引物组合中,筛选出9对引物进行扩增,结果鉴定出22株真杂种,其中多数(86.36%)为偏母本类型、少数(13.64%)为偏父本类型。根据上述结果以及牡丹偏母遗传的特点,推荐‘凤丹白’、紫斑牡丹单株1和9为母本与‘正午’杂交,渐进杂交应成为这类杂交的主要育种策略;以‘正午’为母本的杂交,需要更多的杂交组合来筛选适宜的亲本;AFLP标记技术可作为牡丹远缘杂交育种的必要技术环节,在杂种早期鉴定中具有重要作用。     

芥菜型油菜与白菜正反杂交的胚胎学研究

利用荧光技术对芥菜型油菜（Brassica juncea）与白菜（B．pekinesis）种间正反杂交后花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程进行了观察。结果显示：芥菜型油菜与白菜正交授粉后,花粉在柱头上能正常萌发,多数花粉管沿花柱到达胚珠完成受精,且受精方式有珠孔受精、合点受精和中部受精,少量花粉管生长不正常,出现花粉管顶端膨大扭曲,花粉管分支等异常现象;反交授粉后,花粉在柱头上萌发时柱头乳突细胞产生强烈胼胝质反应,影响花粉管生长,只有少量花粉管通过花柱到达胚珠完成受精。用石蜡切片技术观察了正反杂交后杂种的胚胎发育,正交杂种胚胎发育较早,胚和胚乳生长较正常,杂种胚一般均能发育至成熟;反交杂种胚发育至心型期便不能继续发育,胚乳也停滞在游离核阶段并最终败育。综合分析表明,芥菜型油菜与白菜正反杂交都存在一定程度的受精不亲和性。     

棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性

本文研究了棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性,试验材料涉及5个染色体组,包括2个栽培种(陆地棉和中棉)和5个野生种(戴维逊氏棉、瑟伯氏棉、三裂棉、阿拉伯棉和比克氏棉)。以陆地棉作母本,异己花粉管在花柱中生长缓慢,有花粉管胚珠低于10%,陆地棉×戴维逊氏棉杂种胚在子叶期坏死。以中棉作母本,不亲和性主要表现在受精后的胚胎发育过程中。     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Non-specificity of a colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine

The colorimetric method of Reissig et al. for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars, is often used as a specific method for the quantification of the N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Although this assay is more sensitive to the monomer, it recognizes all soluble N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers. This result is very important because this method is extensively used in biology for the estimation of chitinolytic activity.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Analysis of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine, the mercapturic acid derived from N,N-dimethylformamide

Human biotransformation of the industrial solvent N,N-dimethylformamide gives raise to N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) which has the longest half-life (about 23 h) among urinary metabolites of N,N-dimethylformamide. It could be used for monitoring industrial exposure over several workdays, by measuring it in urine samples collected at the end of the working week. This is consistent with the suggestions of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, which established a limit of 40 mg/l for the year 2000. An easy, cheap and user-friendly method has been developed for determination of urinary AMCC. Unlike currently available methods, it requires neither a time-consuming preparation phase nor gas chromatographic analysis with a nitrogen-phosphorus or mass detector. The method uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with an UV detector at 436 nm. A 10-μl volume of urine is added to a carbonate–hydrogen carbonate buffer and mixed with a dabsyl chloride solution in acetonitrile. The reaction between AMCC and the reagent is performed at 70°C for 10 min. The ‘dabsylated’ product is stable for at least 12 h. After brief centrifugation, the solution is ready for HPLC analysis using a C₁₈ column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The method is sensitive (detection limit 1.8 mg/l) and specific. It identified urinary AMCC in urine of 40 subjects not exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide with a median concentration of 3.9 mg/l. In urine samples from 20 workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (5–40.8 mg/m³), AMCC concentrations ranged from 16 to 170 mg/l. Industrial toxicology laboratories with limited instrumentation will be able to use it in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Characterization of recA genes and recA mutants of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae

Summary DNA fragments carrying the recA genes of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were isolated by complementing a UV-sensitive recA ^– Escherichia coli strain. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding region of the R. meliloti recA gene consists of 1044 by coding for 348 amino acids whereas the coding region of the R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA gene has 1053 bp specifying 351 amino acids. The R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA genes show 84.8% homology at the DNA sequence level and of 90.1% at the amino acid sequence level. recA ^– mutant strains of both Rhizobium species were constructed by inserting a gentamicin resistance cassette into the respective recA gene. The resulting recA mutants exhibited an increased sensitivity to UV irradiation, were impaired in their ability to perform homologous recombination and showed a slightly reduced growth rate when compared with the respective wild-type strains. The Rhizobium recA strains did not have altered symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity. Therefore, they represent ideal candidates for release experiments with impaired strains.The accession numbers: X59956 R. LEGUMINOSARUM REC A ALAS-DNA; X59957 R. MELITOTI REC A ALAS-DNA     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.