大鼠运动病敏感性性别差异与相关脑区AVP及其V1b受体表达的关系

目的：检测不同性别大鼠旋转刺激后脑内相关区域精氨酸加压素（AVP）含量及V1b受体表达的变化,探讨AVP及受体参与运动病的可能机制。方法：给予SD大鼠30 min绕水平轴的旋转刺激,然后采用放免法检测相关脑区AVP含量,并通过荧光免疫组化方法测定相应脑区V1b受体的表达情况。结果：①在雌性大鼠,旋转刺激组各脑区AVP含量无显著性改变;对于雄性大鼠,对照组各检测脑区AVP含量高于雌性,旋转刺激组小脑、延髓内AVP含量的变化无显著性意义,但前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量较对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）。②雌性大鼠视上核AVP的V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量旋转刺激组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而前庭核、最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量明显多于对照组（P〈0.05）;在雄性大鼠,旋转刺激组视上核与前庭核V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量无显著性改变,而最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量有所增加（P〈0.05）,但增加幅度没有雌性大鼠明显。结论：前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量与前庭核和最后区V1b受体表达及对旋转刺激反应的差异可能与运动病敏感性性别差异有关,并且前庭核、最后区可能是AVP-V1受体拮抗剂抗运动病作用的靶点。     

大鼠心脏的雌激素受体免疫组织化学研究

观察雌激素受体在雌性与雄性大鼠心脏中的表达.取大鼠心房与心室组织制作冰冻切片,应用抗雌激素受体单抗进行免疫组织化学(SP法)染色并进行图像分析.结果显示,雌性与雄性大鼠心脏都存在雌激素受体,且受体的表达无性别差异(P＞0.05);心房与心室都存在雌激素受体阳性表达,其表达也无明显差异(P＞0.05);阳性反应见于心肌细胞和成纤维细胞.结果表明,大鼠心脏存在雌激素受体,心房与心室都可能是雌激素的靶组织;心血管疾病的性别差异与雌性、雄性的受体含量无关,可能与生理条件下受体的活性及功能状态有关.     

中药合剂抗运动病作用与对血液内分泌激素水平的影响

目的:研究酸枣仁等十味中药组成的合剂对运动病的作用及对血液内分泌激素水平的影响。方法:根据Cramptom和Lucot报道,以绕水平轴的旋转刺激SD大鼠与毕格犬,观察大鼠异食高岭土行为、犬呕吐潜伏期,采用绕垂直轴的旋转刺激豚鼠,记录眼震电图,观察中药合剂对这些指标的影响。同时,用放射免疫法测定大鼠血浆精氨酸加压素(AVP)、皮质酮(Cort)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)水平,观察经口给予中药合剂对这些内分泌指标的影响。结果:与旋转刺激对照组比较,中药合剂:①抑制大鼠异食高岭土行为(P<0.05),延长犬呕吐潜伏期(P<0.05),该作用呈一定的剂量依赖性;②减少豚鼠眼震频率和平均慢相速度(P<0.05);③抑制大鼠血浆Cort、ACTH、CRH、AVP水平的升高;④中药合剂的这些作用与阳性对照药茶苯海明类似。结论:①本实验所用中药合剂能有效抑制运动病;②中药合剂可抑制旋转刺激引起的血浆下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴激素和AVP水平的升高。     

雌性激素影响大鼠生长激素结合蛋白水平

雌性激素影响大鼠生长激素结合蛋白水平在正常大鼠中,雌性鼠循环血中的生长素结合蛋白（ＧＨＢＰ）水平比雄性鼠高,而在生长素缺乏的侏儒鼠,血浆中的ＧＨＢＰ没有性别差异。为了研究性激素和生长素在ＧＨＢＰ和生长素受体调节上的作用,作者用正常鼠、侏儒鼠、切除垂体...     

高原鼠兔褪黑素受体在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴中的表达分析

褪黑素在季节性繁殖动物的生殖细胞发育与性腺功能调控中发挥重要作用,然而褪黑素如何通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴实现其调控功能目前仍不清楚。因此,本研究选取典型的长日照动物——高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）作为研究对象,使用酶联免疫吸附法测定繁殖期与非繁殖期雌雄鼠兔的血清褪黑素水平昼夜变化,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析褪黑素受体基因Mtnr1a与Mtnr1b在下丘脑、垂体与性腺中的表达水平,并通过免疫荧光染色进一步确认两种受体在性腺不同类型细胞中的定位。结果显示,非繁殖期雄性鼠兔的血清褪黑素含量始终高于繁殖期,且呈现不同的昼夜变化模式;雌性鼠兔的血清褪黑素含量远低于雄性鼠兔,且在繁殖期与非繁殖期并不存在显著差异。Mtnr1a与Mtnr1b在下丘脑、垂体与性腺中均有表达,雄性鼠兔在下丘脑与垂体中表现出繁殖期与非繁殖期基因表达的显著差异,而雌性鼠兔基因表达的差异主要出现在垂体与性腺中。两种受体蛋白在雄性性腺生殖细胞和支持细胞中均有分布,但MTNR1A更局限于精原细胞内,MTNR1B则在管腔内生殖细胞中表达。雌性性腺中MTNR1A在卵母细胞胞质内有表达,但更集中表达于颗粒细胞;MTNR1B在颗粒细胞以及卵母细胞核质内均有表达,且在生长卵泡的卵泡膜细胞中呈现高表达。以上结果表明,褪黑素调控雌雄高原鼠兔季节性繁殖的模式并不相同,其作用不仅限于通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的间接调控,也可能通过性腺内靶向受体直接影响生殖细胞与体细胞命运。     

雌雄子午沙鼠的认知行为及其神经内分泌水平的差异

本研究通过对雌雄子午沙鼠进行新物体识别和社会认知实验,运用免疫组化方法检测其相关脑区合成催产素（OT）、加压素（AVP）和多巴胺（DA）能的神经元数量,采用酶联免疫试验（ELISA）方法检测了其血清中OT、AVP的水平,探究了雌雄子午沙鼠的两性认知差异及其神经内分泌水平的差异。结果表明,雌雄子午沙鼠对新物体的探究时间均要显著高于旧物体,雌雄子午沙鼠的辨别指数无显著差异（P＞0.05）;雄性子午沙鼠随着探究次数的增加对重复刺激鼠a的探究时间不断减少,对陌生刺激鼠b的探究时间显著高于刺激鼠a（P＜0.05）;雌性子午沙鼠没有此趋势。雄性子午沙鼠OT能神经元数量在下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和视上核(SON)均要显著少于雌性（P＜0.05）;雄性个体DA能神经元数量在黑质显著高于雌性（P＜0.01）;然而雄性个体DA能神经元数量在腹侧被盖区显著少于雌性（P＜0.01）;雌雄子午沙鼠血清OT、AVP水平均无显著差异。综上所述,雌雄子午沙鼠对新物体的识别能力无显著差异,然而雄性子午沙鼠的社会认知能力强于雌性。在神经内分泌水平上,雌雄子午沙鼠PVN和SON中OT能神经元数量、黑质和腹侧背盖区的DA能神经元数量均呈现出了两性差异。     

刺激室旁核及加压素对大鼠胃缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

采用夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30min,松开动脉夹血流复灌1h的胃缺血-再灌注损伤(gastric ischemia-reper-fusion injury,GI-RI）模型,观察了电或化学刺激室旁核（paraventricular nucleus,PVN）及外源性加压素（arginine-va-sopression,AVP）对GI-RI的影响,并对PVN的调控通路进行了初步分析。结果表明：电或化学刺激PVN后,GI-RI显著减轻;损毁双侧孤束核（nucleus tractus solitarius,NTS）或一侧NTS内注射AVP-V1受体阻断剂,均能取消电刺激PVN对GI-RI的效应;去除脑垂体后不影响PVN的作用;切断膈下迷走神经或切除腹腔交感神经节,则能加强电刺激PVN对GI-RI的影响;PVN内注射不同剂量的AVP同样能减轻大鼠GI-RI损伤。结果提示：PVN及AVP对大鼠GI-RI具有保护作用;PVN的这种作用可能是因电或化学刺激后,激活了其中的加压素能神经元,经其下行投射纤维释放AVP作用于NTS神经元的VAP-V1受体,并通过迷走和交感神经介导,从而影响GI-RI;而似与PVN-垂体通路关系不大。     

限制性高脂饮食对大鼠多个器官Cx43表达的影响

目的初步探讨限制性高脂饮食(脂肪含量高,热量摄入与对照一致)对大鼠多个器官Cx43蛋白表达的影响。方法Wistar大鼠52只分为普通饲料喂养组(雌雄各一组)、限制性高脂饲料喂养组(雌雄各一组),分别检测体重、Lee’s指数、血浆总胆固醇、血浆甘油三酯和血糖水平,用免疫组化检测大鼠各器官Cx43的蛋白表达。结果(1)普通饲料喂养组和限制性高脂饲料喂养组的体重、Lee’s指数、血糖、血脂均无显著性差异;(2)在雌性大鼠大脑皮质的神经元细胞、雌雄性海马区域的神经元细胞、雌性肝门管区和中央静脉周围细胞、雌雄性肾皮质近球小管上皮细胞、雌性髓袢粗段肾小管上皮细胞、雄性胰岛细胞、雄性睾丸间质限制性高脂饲料组Cx43蛋白表达明显强于普通饲料组;在雄性大鼠肝门管区和中央静脉周围细胞、雄性髓袢粗段肾小管上皮细胞、雌性胰岛细胞限制性高脂饲料喂养组Cx43表达明显弱于普通饲料组;雄性大鼠大脑皮质的神经元细胞两组无显著性差异。结论限制性高脂饮食可引起大鼠各器官Cx43差异表达。     

大鼠下丘脑视前区神经元内雌激素受体α的表达--免疫组织化学研究

了解雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha, ERα)在大鼠脑的分布及大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的生后发育规律.用免疫组织化学反应方法结合图像分析仪检测雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的数量和灰度值.ERα分布于Calleja岛、梨形核、外侧隔核、基底前脑胆碱能神经元各群、终纹床核、下丘脑内侧视前区、室周核、腹内侧核、弓状核和结节乳头核、再连合和前内侧丘脑核、杏仁核复合体、梨形皮质和穹窿下器官.相比之下,皮质和海马内仅见几个分散的 ERα样阳性神经元.而纹状体内未见ERα样阳性神经元.ERα免疫反应产物主要位于细胞核内,蓝黑色.在成年雌性大鼠下丘脑内侧视前区(medial preoptic area, MPA)神经元的胞浆和突起内可见较弱的ERα免疫反应产物.在MPA内,生后1天可见ERα表达,随着大鼠的生后发育,成年时达到高峰.与成年大鼠比较,老年雌性大鼠雌激素受体样阳性神经元数量减少10.05%,P＞0.05,差异无显著性;平均灰度减少41.57%,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.老年雌性大鼠下丘脑MPA内ERα表达下调,可能与卵巢功能减退而导致情感、记忆变化有关.     

PTSD样大鼠海马MR和GR变化的研究

目的研究PTSD大鼠海马神经元核受体MR(mineralocorticoid receptor,盐皮质激素受体)和GR(glu-cocorticoid receptor糖皮质激素受体)表达的变化。方法采用国际认定的SPS方法刺激大鼠建立PTSD大鼠模型,分别取SPS处理后24h、7d、14d大鼠脑组织;同时取正常脑组织(非SPS刺激)作为对照,应用免疫组化、Western Blot方法分别进行各组海马神经元GR和MR表达变化的观察及定量检测。结果(1)经SPS处理后,免疫组化和Western Blot结果显示海马神经元MR表达呈现随着24h、7d、14d逐渐下调的趋势;(2)经SPS处理后,免疫组化和Western Blot结果显示海马神经元GR表达于24h时下调,而7d、14d时呈现逐渐回升趋势。结论大鼠经SPS处理后,海马MR表现为持续下调状态;而GR表达为短暂下调,随后回调,揭示PTSD大鼠海马神经元核受体—MR和GR的表达变化可能是引发海马功能降低的重要因素之一。     

Vasopressin pressor receptor-mediated activation of HPA axis by acute ethanol stress in rats

The plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), ACTH, and corticosterone levels and the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) content were measured after oral administration of 1 ml of 75% ethanol to rats, a model known to induce acute gastric erosions and stress. Elevated plasma AVP, ACTH, and corticosterone levels were detected 1 h after ethanol administration. Treatment with the vasopressin pressor (V(1)) receptor antagonist [d(CH(2))(5)Tyr(Me)-AVP] before ethanol administration significantly reduced the ACTH and corticosterone level increases. A higher hypothalamic CRH content was measured at 30 or 60 min after ethanol administration. V(1) receptor antagonist injection, 5 min before ethanol administration, inhibited the rise in hypothalamic CRH content. The protein synthesis blocker cycloheximide prevented the hypothalamic CRH content elevation after stress. The AVP-, CRH-, and AVP + CRH-induced in vitro ACTH release in normal anterior pituitary tissue cultures was also prevented by pretreatment with the V(1) receptor antagonist. The results support the hypothesis that stress-induced AVP may not only act directly on the ACTH producing anterior pituitary cells but also indirectly at the hypothalamic level via the synthesis and release of CRH.     

Effect of hypertonic saline on the corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin content of the rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe

The changes in the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL) following hypertonic saline administration were examined in rats. The plasma osmotic pressure in rats receiving 2% NaCl for 8 days was greatly increased. Plasma AVP concentration in rats receiving 2% NaCl for 8 days were significantly higher than in control rats (566% of the control level). Plasma corticosterone was significantly higher in the saline-treated rats than in controls, whereas plasma ACTH was not significantly different. The pituitary ACTH concentration was much higher in the saline-treated rats than in controls. CRH in the NIL was increased significantly by saline treatment (419% of the control concentration), whereas the CRH in the paraventricular nucleus and median eminence of control and saline-treated rats did not differ significantly. The AVP in the NIL fell greatly in saline treated rats. The extract from both control and saline-treated rats showed a major peak for immunoreactive CRH, with a retention time identical to that of rat CRH. However, the peak was much higher in the extract from saline-treated rats. The immunoreactive AVP peak was greatly reduced in saline-treated rats. These results suggest that hypertonic saline administration increases the CRH in the NIL and causes AVP hypersecretion and/or hyperfunction of magnocellular-NIL CRH might be responsible for pituitary-adrenal stimulation in saline-treated rats.     

Ontogeny and effect of cortisol on vasopressin-1b receptor expression in anterior pituitaries of fetal sheep

Corticotroph responsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) increases during late gestation in fetal sheep. The mechanism of this increase in AVP responsiveness is currently unknown but could be related to an increase in vasopressin type 1b (V1b) receptor expression in the pituitary during development. To determine if there are ontogenic changes in V1b receptor expression that may help explain the changes in ACTH responses to AVP, we studied pituitaries from three groups of fetal sheep [100, 120, or 140 days gestational age (dGA)]. V1b receptor mRNA and protein significantly decreased by 140 dGA. Peak V1b mRNA levels were detected at 100 dGA, while peak V1b protein levels were detected at 120 dGA. The reduction in V1b receptor expression in late gestation may be due to the naturally occurring peripartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol because cortisol infusion at 122-130 dGA decreased V1b receptor mRNA. Thus there is a marked decrease in the expression of the V1b receptor in the pituitary during fetal development, leaving the role of the V1b receptor in increasing AVP responsiveness uncertain.     

The effects of testosterone and estrogen on the pituitary growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing factor

The effects of testosterone and estrogen on the pituitary growth hormone response to hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) were evaluated in vivo using male and female rats and in vitro using a pituitary cell monolayer culture system. In vivo the increase in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration in response to a 500 ng/kg dose of GRF was similar in gonadectomized male and female rats. Pretreatment of intact and gonadectomized male rats with testosterone caused significant enhancement of the pituitary GH response to GRF, whereas pretreatment of gonadectomized female rats with 17 beta-estradiol did not alter the response. The GH response to GRF was not different between prepubertal (i.e., 30-day-old) male and female rats. However, following puberty (i.e., by 60 days of age), the response in male rats was significantly greater than that observed in female rats. The in vitro preincubation of anterior pituitary cells with either testosterone or 17 beta-estradiol did not cause any shift in the dose-response curve between GRF and GH. These results demonstrated that androgens play an active role in modulating the pituitary response to GRF in vivo.     

Induction of superovulation in prepubertal female rats by anterior pituitary transplants

Transplants of 26-day-old rats of an anterior pituitary gland from adult intact or castrated male, 20-day-old or adult ovariectomized female donors (all of which contained large amounts of FSH) resulted in superovulation in recipients on the morning of Day 29. Transplants of the gland from 20-day-old males and adult cyclic females could not advance the time of first ovulation or induce superovulation. In the rats in which superovulation could be induced, a marked increase in plasma FSH was noted in recipients shortly after transplantation and the high levels of plasma FSH were maintained until at least 12 h after grafting. These rats also showed preovulatory surges of LH and FSH 54 h after grafting. No obvious elevation of plasma FSH was noted over 72 h in recipients in which superovulation could not be induced. These findings suggest that the final maturation of follicles for superovulation is induced by a transient release of a large amount of FSH from the grafted pituitary gland and that the sex of the pituitary donor has no bearing on this phenomenon.     

Effect of physical training by swimming on the arterial pressure, plasma and hypothalamo-post-hypophyseal vasopressin in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain

The effect of a 5-week swimming training on systolic blood pressure (PAS) and vasopressin (AVP) and Neurophysins (NpT) concentration in the blood and content in the pituitary and the hypothalamus was studied in Lyon genetically hypertensive rats [LH] and in their controls: the normotensive [LN] and low blood pressure [LL] rats belonging to the 28th generation. Nine female rats of each group were trained 5 days a week for 5 weeks, starting with 2 h a day, with a 15 min increase every day, up to 6 h a day. The PAS was measured using an indirect plethysmographic technique one time a week during the whole training session. At the end of the training, the rats were decapitated. AVP and NpT were measured in blood, pituitary and hypothalamus, by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Hematocrit as well as plasma Na+, K+, protein and osmotic content were also measured. Results show that the training did not affect any of the studied parameters: mainly, there was no decrease in PAS or plasma AVP level in the hypertensive rats compared to the normotensive ones. The only difference was a lower AVP content in the pituitary of LH rats compared to LN (p less than 0.01), which is difficult to interpret. Our results shed doubt on the efficiency of a swimming training on the evolution of hypertension in the Lyon rat model.     

Role of arginine vasopressin in control of ACTH and LH release during stress

To determine the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in stress-induced release of anterior pituitary hormones, AVP antiserum or normal rabbit serum (NRS) was micro-injected into the 3rd ventricle of freely-moving, ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. A single 3 microliter injection was given, and 24 hours later, the injection was repeated 30 min prior to application of ether stress for 1 min. Although AVP antiserum had no effect on basal plasma ACTH concentrations, the elevation of plasma ACTH induced by ether stress was lowered significantly. Plasma LH tended to increase following ether stress but not significantly so; however, plasma LH following stress was significantly lower in the AVP antiserum-treated group than in the group pre-treated with NRS. Ether stress lowered plasma growth hormone (GH) levels and this lowering was slightly but significantly antagonized by AVP antiserum. Ether stress also elevated plasma prolactin (Prl) levels but these changes were not significantly modified by the antiserum. To evaluate any direct action of AVP on pituitary hormone secretion, the peptide was incubated with dispersed anterior pituitary cells for 2 hours. A dose-related release of ACTH occurred in doses ranging from 10 ng (10 p mole)-10 micrograms/tube, but there was no effect of AVP on release of LH. The release of other anterior pituitary hormones was also not affected except for a significant stimulation of TSH release at a high dose of AVP. The results indicate that AVP is involved in induction of ACTH and LH release during stress. The inhibitory action of the AVP antiserum on ACTH release may be mediated intrahypothalamically by blocking the stimulatory action of AVP on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons and/or also in part by direct blockade of the stimulatory action of vasopressin on the pituitary. The effects of vasopressin on LH release are presumably brought about by blockade of a stimulatory action of AVP on the LHRH neuronal terminals.     

Immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the plasma, pituitary and hypothalamus of young female rats on the day of estrus and intact and chronically castrated old constant estrous female rats

Immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR-beta-ENDO) was compared in the plasma, pituitary and hypothalamus of young female rats on the day of estrus and old constant estrous (CE) female rats, and in intact and chronically castrated old CE female rats. The concentration of IR-beta-ENDO in the plasma and the content and concentration of IR-beta-ENDO in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary were significantly greater in the old CE female rats than in the young female rats on the day of estrus. The content and concentration of IR-beta-ENDO in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus were similar in the two age groups. To determine if estrogen contributed to the increase in plasma and pituitary levels of IR-beta-ENDO observed in the old animals, a group of old CE female rats were castrated and compared to sham operated control CE rats. Thirty days after castration, levels of plasma, pituitary and hypothalamic IR-beta-ENDO were comparable in the intact and the chronically castrated old female rats. These data indicate that in old CE female rats, plasma and pituitary IR-beta-ENDO are significantly increased in comparison to young female rats on the day of estrus, and that these increased levels of IR-beta-ENDO observed in old female rats do not appear to be influenced by gonadal estrogen.