鹅掌楸配子选择与雄性繁殖适合度

在多父本等量花粉混合授粉的交配实验设计基础上, 利用SSR分子标记对其子代进行父本分析, 研究鹅掌楸的配子选择与雄性繁殖适合度。参试亲本为鹅掌楸2个种的5个单株(鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)2株, 即FY和LS; 北美鹅掌楸(L. tulipifera)3株, 即LYS、MSL和NK)。结果表明: 鹅掌楸的配子选择个体间差异较大。作为母本, NK和LYS倾向于选择异种雄配子, 而MSL和LS则倾向于选择同种雄配子; 在同种雄配子的选择中, NK、LYS和LS倾向于自交, 而MSL则倾向于异交。以北美鹅掌楸为母本时, 北美鹅掌楸与鹅掌楸的雄性繁殖贡献率分别为45.5%和54.5%, 北美鹅掌楸的雄性繁殖适合度为鹅掌楸的0.556倍。以鹅掌楸为母本时, 二者的繁殖贡献率分别为15.6%和84.4%, 北美鹅掌楸的雄性繁殖适合度为鹅掌楸的0.123倍。总体上看, 鹅掌楸的雄性繁殖适合度高于北美鹅掌楸, 鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸均表现为自交亲和。     

利用SSR分子标记对鹅掌楸自由授粉子代的父本分析

利用自行开发的12个EST-SSR分子标记,采用最大似然法对鹅掌楸（L.chinense （Hemsl.）Sarg.）实验群体3个半同胞家系的180个子代进行父本分析。结果表明,每个SSR位点的等位基因数为3-7,平均为4.67;其平均观测杂合度（Ho）、平均期望杂合度（He）及平均多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.458、0.635和0.580。利用12个SSR标记可在95%的可信度确定114个子代的父本,占子代群体的63.3%,其累积排除概率为98.52%。自由授粉状态下,鹅掌楸的自交率为11.6%,而北美鹅掌楸自交率为0,且种内交配比例大于种间交配。鹅掌楸平均有效花粉散布距离为20-30m,最大散布距离为70m。     

两种鹅掌楸繁殖成效的比较

通过交配设计结合花部性状调查对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chktense Sarg.)与北美鹅掌楸(L.tulipifera Linn.)的繁殖资源分配与繁殖成效进行了比较.结果表明,鹅掌楸通过增加繁殖器官的数目以提高繁殖成效,而北美鹅掌楸则通过提高繁殖器官功效来保障繁殖成效.根据不同交配组合的子代出苗率分析表明,鹅掌楸总体的雄性繁殖成效高于北美鹅掌楸,而雌性繁殖成效低于北美鹅掌楸.     

利用SSR 分子标记对鹅掌楸自由授粉子代的父本分析

利用自行开发的12个EST-SSR分子标记, 采用最大似然法对鹅掌楸(L.chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.)实验群体3个半同胞家系的180个子代进行父本分析。结果表明, 每个SSR位点的等位基因数为3-7, 平均为4.67; 其平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)及平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.458、0.635和0.580。利用12个SSR标记可在95%的可信度确定114个子代的父本, 占子代群体的63.3%, 其累积排除概率为98.52%。自由授粉状态下, 鹅掌楸的自交率为1.6%, 而北美鹅掌楸自交率为0, 且种内交配比例大于种间交配。鹅掌楸平均有效花粉散布距离为20-30 m, 最大散布距离为70 m。     

植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性

影响植物自交率进化的选择力量主要体现在两个方面：当外来花粉量不足时,自交可以提高植物的结实率,即雌性适合度（繁殖保障）;而如果进行自交的花粉比异交花粉更易获得使胚珠受精的机会,那么自交也可以提高植物的雄性适合度（自动选择优势）。但是,鉴别什么时候是繁殖保障、什么时候是自动选择优势导致了自交的进化却是极其困难的。花粉贴现降低了自交植物通过异交花粉途径获得的适合度,即减弱了自动选择优势,而近交衰退既减少了自动选择优势也减少了繁殖保障给自交者带来的利益。具有不同交配系统的植物种群将具有不同的资源分配对策。理论研究已经说明,自交率增加将减少植物对雄性功能的资源分配比例,但将使繁殖分配加大,而且在一定条件下交配系统的改变甚至可以导致植物生活史发生剧烈变化,即从多年生变为一年生。文献中支持自交减少植物雄性投入的证据有很多,但是对繁殖分配与自交率的关系目前还没有系统的研究。资源分配理论可以解释植物繁育系统的多样性,尤其是能够说明为什么大多数植物都是雌雄同体的。自交对植物种群遗传结构的影响是减少种群内的遗传变异,增加种群间的遗传分化。长期以来人们一直猜测,自交者可能会丢掉一些长期进化的潜能,目前这个假说得到了一些支持。     

雄性柴达木根田鼠断奶后对亲本尿气味的记忆

为了研究亲子分开后雄性柴达木根田鼠(Microtus limnophylus)对亲本尿气味的记忆持续时间,分别在未分开(20日龄),以及分开10d(30日龄)、20d(40日龄)、30d(50日龄)、40d(60日龄)时,以新鲜尿作为气味源,在行为观察箱中记录雄性柴达木根田鼠对不同气味源的行为响应模式.结果表明:(1)未分开时,雄鼠对父本气味的接近频次显著高于陌生雄鼠气味;分开10d时,雄鼠对父本气味的访问时间显著多于对陌生雄鼠气味的访问时间;分开20d时,雄鼠对陌生雄鼠气味的接近潜伏期极显著短于父本,对陌生雄鼠气味的访问时间极显著长于父本,其遭遇父鼠气味时的自我修饰频次显著少于陌生雄鼠气味.(2)分开30d后,雄鼠对父本和陌生雄鼠气味的行为响应没有明显差异.以上结果表明,在亲子分开20d时,雄鼠仍能识别父本与陌生雄鼠的气味;在分开30d后,雄鼠不再能够识别父本与陌生雄鼠的气味.(3)在未分窝时,雄性柴达木根田鼠幼仔对母本和陌生雌鼠气味的行为响应没有任何差异.(4)在分开10d时,雄性柴达木根田鼠对母本和陌生雌鼠气味表现出不同的行为响应模式;分开20～40d时,雄鼠对母本与陌生雌鼠气味的行为响应没有任何差异.以上结果表明,在亲子分开10d时,雄鼠仍能识别母本与陌生雌鼠的气味;在分开20d后,雄鼠不再能够识别母本与陌生雌鼠的气味.因此,雄鼠对父本气味的嗅觉记忆时间可以持续到亲子分开20～30d之间;其对母本气味的嗅觉记忆时间可以持续到亲子分开10d时.     

植物交酸系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性

影响植物自交率进化的选择力量主要体现在两个方面：当外来花粉量不足时,自交可以提高植物的结实率,即雌性适合度（繁殖保障）;而如果进行自交的花粉比异交花粉更易获得使胚珠受精的机会,那么自交也可以提高植物的雄性适合度（自动选择优势）。但是,鉴别什么时候是繁殖保障、什么时候是自动选择优势导致了自交的进化却是极其困难的。花粉贴现降低了自交植物通过异交花粉途径获得的适合度,即减弱了自动选择优势,而近交衰退既减少了自动选择优势也减少了繁残给自交者带来的利益。具有不同交配系统的植物种群将具有不同的资源分配对策。理论研究已经说明,自交率增加将减少植物对雄性功能的资源分配比例,但将使繁殖分配加大,而且在一定条件下交配系统在改变甚至可以导致植物生活史发生剧烈变化,即从多年生变为一年生。文献中支持自交减少植物雄性投入的证据有很多,但是对繁殖分配与自交率的关系目前还没有系统的研究,资源分配理论可以解释植物繁育系统的多样性,尤其是能够3说明为什么大多数植物都是雌雄同体的,自交对植物种群遗传结构的影响是减少种群内的遗传变异,增加种群间的遗传分化,长期以来人们一直猜测,自交者可能会丢掉一些长期进化的潜能,目前这个假说得到了一些支持。     

马尾松二代无性系种子园子代父本分析及花粉散布

目前国内较早建立的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)二代种子园正陆续进入正常开花结实期。研究马尾松二代种子园花粉散布和自由授粉子代的父本组成, 可为生产上指导马尾松高世代种子园的规划设计和遗传管理提供理论依据。该文利用筛选的11对SSR引物, 对马尾松二代无性系种子园内8个无性系单株的320个自由授粉子代和48个候选父本进行了扩增, 并采用最大似然法对子代进行父本分析。结果表明: 11个位点共检测到61个等位基因, 每个位点的等位基因数在2-11之间, 平均为5.55个。试验亲本和子代群体的总平均观测杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e)及多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.428、0.433和0.387。在80%的可信度水平下可为232 (72.50%)个子代确定其父本。平均每个采种母树与19个父本产生子代。在自由授粉状态下, 马尾松二代种子园自交率为1.72%, 自交现象很弱, 其交配方式以异交为主。绝大多数亲本无性系的雄性繁殖适合度在1.00%-4.00%之间, 候选父本平均繁殖适合度为2.17%, 平均形成5个后代。马尾松有效花粉的散布距离和固定交配距离的父本繁殖适合度均符合正态分布, 两者呈极显著负相关, 其主要散布距离集中在0-100 m, 而检测到的最大散布距离为192 m。种子园花粉污染率较低, 仅为4.06%。总体看来, 树冠南面子代亲本交配距离较北面有增加的趋势, 但树冠南、北面子代父本组成数并未表现明显的规律。     

同时而非先后一雌多雄交配增加不同温度下食蚜瓢虫的适合度（英文）

【目的】尽管一雌多雄在瓢虫科中常见,但各研究中获得的数据不足以解释雌虫多次交配和一雌多雄的一般适应性意义或适合度后果。本研究以温度为胁迫因子,旨在评价一雌多雄的某些益处（如增加的适合度）是否可传递给后代。【方法】本研究检测了黄斑盘瓢虫Coelophora saucia (Mulsant) 3种交配处理中的适合度：一雌一雄（与同一雄虫交配5次,1次/d）,先后一雌多雄（与5头不同的雄虫依次交配5次,即每天与新的雄虫交配1次）,以及同时一雌多雄（放进5头雄虫,任由雌虫选择雄虫,交配5次,1次/d）。观察了各交配处理不同温度下（25, 27和 30℃）繁殖力、卵的育性、后代发育和存活。【结果】结果表明,经历一雌多雄然后进行交配选择或竞争的雌性的繁殖能力最强,后代能在更广温度范围内最好地适应发育和存活。但先后一雌多雄交配的雌性与一雌一雄交配的雌性的繁殖能力相似。【结论】结果说明,在无交配选择或雄性竞争的条件下,一雌多雄的益处不明显。这可能是由于在依次射精的雄性间存在精子竞争,或由于雌性的隐性选择。据我们所知,本研究中观察发现的无交配选择时不表现一雌多雄的益处的现象,之前在昆虫中未观察到过。     

人工诱导泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅雄核发育单倍体子代的RAPD分析

用３０个经过筛选的随机引物对３组泥鳅雄核发育单倍体、２组大鳞副尼鳅雄核发育单倍体及其相应亲本进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明,雄核发育倍体子代与其父本的ＲＡＰＤ谱带相似率为９７．０％－９７．８％,与母本相似率为３０．３％－５９．５％,子代中的非亲本谱眩为０－０．０２９,极少母本特异谱带。这一结果说明雄性发育鱼类单倍体的遗传信息主要来自父本,且存在着个体差异,雄核发育子代存在ＤＮＡ变异和母本ＤＮＡ非特异带,但并非其必要条件。     

鹅掌楸不同交配组合子代遗传多样性分析

揭示不同交配类型与子代遗传多样性的关系, 对于林木杂交育种及种子园管理具有理论与实践意义。文章选取来自鹅掌楸、北美鹅掌楸及杂交鹅掌楸的16个交配亲本, 共组配14个杂交组合, 分属5种交配类型, 分别为种间杂交、种内交配、多父本混合授粉、回交、以及自交。每个交配组合随机抽取30个子代, 利用SSR分子标记检测各子代群体遗传多样性以及16个交配亲本间的遗传距离。结果表明, 总体上, 鹅掌楸交配子代群体具有较高的遗传多样性。5种交配类型子代群体中, 遗传多样性水平由高至低的趋势为: 多父本混合授粉子代、种间交配子代、杂种F1与亲本的回交子代、种内交配子代, 自交子代。子代遗传多样性与亲本间遗传距离呈显著正相关, 表明亲本间遗传距离大, 则子代遗传多样性高。相同亲本正反交子代群体的遗传多样性差别不明显。     

中国鹅掌楸传粉生物学研究

对中国鹅掌楸（Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）的不育现象已有了许多的研究。与自然传粉和杂交控制传粉相比,自花传粉常常导致较低的结实率。经过传粉以后,仅落在柱头上的花粉才有可能得到正常发育,并对植物的结实率产生影响。研究结果表明：中国鹅掌楸不同花期开放的各个花朵,所接收到的花粉量是不一致的,在中期开放的花朵接收花粉量较多。在多数情况下,花的下部位柱头接收了较多的花粉,中部位的柱头次之,而上部位接收的花粉较少。通过比较分析,认为有必要对落在柱头上的花粉来源和花粉纯度及这些指标与结实率之间的关系做进一步研究。     

Reduced density due to logging and its consequences on mating system and pollen flow in the African mahogany Entandrophragma cylindricum

In tropical forests, selective logging removes large trees that are often the main contributors to pollination. We studied pollination patterns of the African mahogany, Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapelli). We investigated two plots in Cameroon corresponding to three tree densities: unlogged forest (Ndama 2002), a mildly logged forest 1 year after logging (Ndama 2003) and a severely logged forest 30 years after logging (Dimako). We used four microsatellite markers to perform paternity analysis. Selfing remained below 2% in all treatments. Pollen flow was mainly long distance but with some proximity effects. Average observed within-plot pollination distances were 338, 266 and 385 m, and pollination by trees outside the plots was 70% (Ndama 2002), 74% (Ndama 2003) and 66% (Dimako). Despite sampling a limited number of seeds from a limited number of mother trees, we obtained seeds sired by 35.6-38.3% of the potential within-plot pollen donors. While trees 20 cm in diameter contributed to pollination, results in Dimako suggest that individual larger trees contribute more to pollination than small ones. This effect was not detected in the other treatments. The results suggest extensive pollen flow in Sapelli. Hence, in Sapelli, the main limiting factor for regeneration after logging may be a reduction in the number of trees capable of producing seeds rather genetic effects due to limits to pollen dispersal.     

用RAPD标记检测鹅掌楸属种间杂交的花粉污染

根据鹅掌楸属 (LiriodendronL .)的生物学特点 ,实践上常采用不套袋杂交授粉技术 ,理论分析和间接检测结果证明这种杂交授粉方式的花粉污染率低于 1% ,但到目前为止仍缺乏直接的检测证据。本试验首次采用RAPD标记对鹅掌楸属种间不套袋杂交授粉的花粉污染率进行了检测 ,结果证明 93个受检不套袋杂交授粉子代均来自目的父本 ,而非花粉污染所致。通过对所用 4个父本标记谱带在试验群体中出现频率的测定和分析 ,证明这种检测结果的可靠性大于 99% ,从而认为对鹅掌楸属进行不套袋杂交授粉是可行的。并就这一方法在植物学研究领域的应用潜力进行了讨论     

RAPD Detection of Pollen Contamination in Cross Breeding of Liriodendron (in English)

Based on the biology peculiarity of Liriodendron L., the non-bagged pollination technique was used widely in cross breeding of the genus. Theoretical analysis and indirect detection indicated that the pollen contamination rate of this pollination technique was no higher than 1%. But there is no evidence from direct detection by now. The pollen contamination rate produced in this pollination technique, for the first time, was detected by means of RAPD markers in this study. The results revealed that all the 93 progenies detected, derived from the non-bagged pollination technique, were progenies of the purpose male tree of the cross. No pollen contamination was found. Because the frequency of the 4 paternal marker fragments selected for the detection were relatively low in the population, the reliability of the pollen contamination rate detected was very high (>99%). Therefore, the non-bagged pollination technique is viable in Liriodendron . The authors also considered that RAPD markers had higher potential of use in other fields of botanic study such as pollen competition, pollen flow, pollen contamination of forest seed orchard, etc.     

Correspondence between performance of Eucalyptus spp trees selected from family and clonal tests

We examined the correspondence in performance between trees selected from a family test and their respective clones from a clonal test of Eucalyptus. Full-sib families were obtained from controlled pollination among individuals of Eucalyptus grandis and between E. grandis and E. urophylla. The hybridizations did not follow a factorial scheme. The family tests were carried out at three locations in Eunápolis and Itabela counties, in Bahia, Brazil, in 2003. Four hundred and ninety-seven high-performance trees were selected, by the individual BLUP procedure, in the family tests at two years of age, based on wood volume. The clones from these trees and 14 checks were evaluated in clonal tests carried out in the same region in 2006. The wood volume of the clones was evaluated at two years of age. Trait correlation between the trees selected from the family and clonal tests was low. The estimate of the coincidence between the best trees and the best clones using an average of the different intensities of selection was only 27%. These results demonstrate that the selection of trees in the family test should not be too drastic; otherwise the chance plus clones may be overlooked.     

中国鹅掌楸传粉生物学研究

对中国鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)的不育现象已有了许多的研究。与自然传粉和杂交控制传粉相比,自花传粉常常导致较低的结实率。经过传粉以后,仅落在柱头上的花粉才有可能得到正常发育,并对植物的结实率产生影响。研究结果表明：中国鹅掌楸不同花期开放的各个花朵,所接收到的花粉量是不—致的,在中期开放的花朵接收花粉量较多。在多数情况下,花的下部位柱头接收了较多的花粉,中部位的柱头次之,而上部位接收的花粉较少。通过比较分析,认为有必要对落在柱头上的花粉来源和花粉纯度及这些指标与结实率之间的关系做进一步研究。     

Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females

Gene flow is a key factor in the spatial genetic structure in spatially distributed species. Evolutionary biologists interested in microevolutionary processess and conservation biologists interested in the impact of landscape change require a method that measures the real time process of gene movement. We present a novel two-generation (parent-offspring) approach to the study of genetic structure (TwoGener) that allows us to quantify heterogeneity among the male gamete pools sampled by maternal trees scattered across the landscape and to estimate mean pollination distance and effective neighborhood size. First, we describe the model's elements: genetic distance matrices to estimate intergametic distances, molecular analysis of variance to determine whether pollen profiles differ among mothers, and optimal sampling considerations. Second, we evaluate the model's effectiveness by simulating spatially distributed populations. Spatial heterogeneity in male gametes can be estimated by phiFT, a male gametic analogue of Wright's F(ST) and an inverse function of mean pollination distance. We illustrate TwoGener in cases where the male gamete can be categorically or ambiguously determined. This approach does not require the high level of genetic resolution needed by parentage analysis, but the ambiguous case is vulnerable to bias in the absence of adequate genetic resolution. Finally, we apply TwoGener to an empirical study of Quercus alba in Missouri Ozark forests. We find that phiFT = 0.06, translating into about eight effective pollen donors per female and an effective pollination neighborhood as a circle of radius about 17 m. Effective pollen movement in Q. alba is more restricted than previously realized, even though pollen is capable of moving large distances. This case study illustrates that, with a modest investment in field survey and laboratory analysis, the TwoGener approach permits inferences about landscape-level gene movements.     

Crossing maize with sorghum,Tripsacum and millet: the products and their level of development following pollination

Summary Maize was crossed with sorghum, Tripsacum and millet with the aim of introgressing desirable alien characteristics into maize. The products of crosses were analyzed as to their level of differentiation following pollination; their further development on artificial culture medium was compared. In spite of a stimulation rate close to 5%, no evidence of hybridization between maize and sorghum or millet could be obtained. The plants recovered proved to be of maternal origin. However, with an appreciable frequency, stimulation leading to hypertrophic growth of nucellar tissue was observed. This phenomenon is bound to pollination, never occurring in non-pollinated ears. In crosses involving Tripsacum, more than 140 true hybrids were isolated. The influence of the genotypes used as well as factors such as climatic conditions or in vitro techniques are discussed. Except for one haploid maize plant, all the plants recovered proved to be classical hybrids, most of them showing the expected complement of chromosomes from each parent (10 + 36 chromosomes), a few others being slightly hyperploid (2n = 47 to 50 chromosomes). No non-classical hybrids constituted by a nonreduced female gamete and a reduced male gamete were obtained.