酸催化半干微波法水解蚕蛹蛋白的研究

以酸为催化剂,采用半干微波法水解蚕蛹蛋白制备氨基酸。在适宜条件下,20min内氨基氮生成率达52.4％,产品收率为43.7％,游离氨基酸收率为34.0％。与常规酸水解法相比,反应时间大大缩短,能耗大幅度下降,产品收率和纯度提高。     

利用蚕蛹生产复合氨基酸营养物研究——Ⅲ 蚕蛹酸水解330树脂脱酸制备混合氨基酸研究

本文对蚕蛹酸水解用330树脂脱酸制混合氨基酸及酸水解时间进行了研究,得到的结果是:常压下适宜的酸解时间为22小时。330树脂脱酸法最高收得混合氨基酸达83.26%,具有工艺简单,生产周期短,成本低,收率高等优点。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1伴孢晶体水解规律的研究

采用HCl将蛋白质彻底水解的方法对苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1伴孢晶体的水解规律和酸水解条件下芳香族氨基酸的被破坏程度进行了研究,不经衍生HPLC法直接测定水解样中酪氨酸的含量。得出酸水解的最佳时间为24h、水解剂的用量为1．0mlHCl／mg伴孢晶体、水解最佳温度为110℃。该研究为Bt制剂毒力效价的测定奠定了基础。     

Co~(60)-γ-辐射保藏鲜猪肉氨基酸变化研究

研究了猪肉氨基酸分析的蛋白质水解条件,酸水解法可使猪肉蛋白质的主要氨基酸完全释出,并且在通常酸水解条件下是稳定的。苏氨酸和丝氨酸在酸水解条件下容易释出,但在此条件下稍微不稳定;胱氨酸和蛋氨酸则相当不稳定;缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对酸水解条件是稳定的,但需要水解72小时以上才能完全释出。已推导出苏氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的水解时间校正因子,使得能在同一个24小时的水解产物对主要氨基酸进行测定。测定了几个不同处理条件下的γ-辐辐射保藏鲜猪肉蛋白质水解液的氨基酸。研究了猪肉游离氨基酸的提取和测定。     

应用两种不同的酸水解方法水解纯蛋白质、食物和饲料时氨基酸的测定

<正> 为比较快速酸水解(由Gehrke推荐)和经典的酸水解方法,对含有不同量的蛋白质与非蛋白质组分的十五种动物和植物来源样品,用6N HCl 110℃24小时和145℃4小时两种酸水解方法进行了氨基酸测定。因高温、短时水解(HTST)方法曾仅用于纯蛋白质,此项工作的目的是证实这一水解方法能够应用于任何物质,特别是食物和饲料,     

鼠曲草的氨基酸含量的测定及营养评价

用氨基酸分析仪测定了鼠曲草中各种氨基酸的组成,并对其进行营养评价。结果表明,鼠曲草样品(茎、花)经酸水解 处理,含有苏氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸等17种氨基酸,茎中总氨基酸质量分数为18.25%、花 中为14.44%;其中包含人体必需的8种氨基酸,配比合理:E/(E+N)=0.38(茎)或0.37(花),E/N=0.62(茎)或0.59(花), 与WHO/FAO提出的E/(E+N)应为0.4左右,E/N应为0.6左右的参考蛋白质模式接近,说明鼠曲草在医学和营养学上都 有很高的研究价值,值得大力开发利用。     

体外法探究不同氨基酸形式酪蛋白水解物对猪小肠微生物的影响

【目的】通过体外法探究猪小肠不同肠段肠腔微生物和肠壁微生物对两种不同氨基酸形式的酪蛋白水解物的发酵特性。【方法】以生长猪的十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠腔食糜或者肠壁微生物为接种物,分别以酸水解酪蛋白(以游离氨基酸为主)和酶水解酪蛋白(以小肽为主)为底物,37°C厌氧培养发酵,于0、3、6、12 h采样,测定微生物蛋白(MCP)以及用real time-PCR进行菌群分析。【结果】(1)肠腔微生物发酵不同酪蛋白水解物:十二指肠和回肠酶水解酪蛋白组MCP的含量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。十二指肠酶水解酪蛋白组总菌、Firmicutes数量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。回肠发酵6 h后,酶水解酪蛋白组Escherichia coli和Firmicutes的数量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05);发酵12 h后,酶水解酪蛋白组总菌、Lactobacillus、E.coli的数量均显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。(2)肠壁微生物发酵不同酪蛋白水解物:发酵12 h后,十二指肠和回肠酶水解酪蛋白组MCP含量显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。十二指肠酶水解酪蛋白组Lactobacillus、Firmicutes数量分别极显著、显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组;回肠Firmicutes数量在酶水解酪蛋白组显著高于酸水解酪蛋白组(P0.05)。【结论】十二指肠和回肠的肠腔和肠壁微生物都能够利用小肽,且在一定程度上对小肽的利用更具优势。     

利用蚕蛹生产复合氨基酸营养物的研究——树脂法对酶介液中蚕蛹脱臭的研究

本文报导了用离子交换树脂法脱除蚕蛹酶解存在的蚕蛹本身的恶臭;用胰酶进行蚕蛹分解,酶解后经732树脂脱臭,获得无臭、黄色粉末的混合氨基酸,对蛋白质的收率达44%以上,保留了人体必需的色氨酸,弥补了蚕蛹酸解色氨酸被破坏的缺陷,符合要素膳对氨基酸的质量要求,从而可利用蚕蛹生产营养价值高的混合氨基酸。     

从鸡毛中提取复合氨基酸的研究

运用正交实验研究了以鸡毛为原料硫酸水解生产复合氨基酸的水解条件。结果表明 :硫酸浓度为 8mol·L- 1 ,鸡毛质量 (g)与硫酸体积 (mL)之比为 1∶2 .5 ,水解时间 10h ,其水解率可达 5 5 .2 3%。得到的固体氨基酸质量分数为 95 .31%。     

工业废羊毛酸解工艺条件选择

毛发蛋白盐酸水解提取胱氨酸时 ,温度、毛酸比、时间等因素影响到毛发蛋白的水解率和产品胱氨酸的总收率。通过正交试验法 ,进行了废羊毛酸解工艺参数的试验研究 ,确定了最佳酸解工艺参数为 :温度 1 0 5℃ ,毛酸比(W/V) 1∶1 .7,连续水解时间 7.0h。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method.

A crude cell extract from a mixed bacterial culture growing on parathion, an organophosphate insecticide, hydrolyzed parathion (21 C) at a rate of 416 nmol/min per mg of protein. This rate of enzymatic hydrolysis, when compared with chemical hydrolysis by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 40 C, was 2, 450 times faster. Eight of 12 commonly used organophosphate insecticides were enzymatically hydrolyzed with this enzyme preparation at rates ranging from 12 to 1,360 nmol/min per mg of protein. Seven pesticides were hydrolyzed at rates significantly higher (40 to 1,005 times faster) than chemical hydrolysis. The pH optimum for enzymatic hydrolysis of the eight pesticides ranged from 8.5 to 9.5, with less than 50% of maximal activity expressed at pH 7.0. Maximal enzyme activity occurred at 35 C. The crude extract lost its activity at the rate of only 0.75%/day when stored at 6 C. Eight organic solvents, ranging from methanol to hexane, at low concentrations stimulated enzymatic hydrolysis by 3 to 20%, whereas at higher concentrations (1,000 mg/liter) they inhibited the reaction (9 to 50%). Parathion metabolites p-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, and diethylthiophosphoric acid, at up to 100-mg/liter concentrations, did not significantly influence enzyme activity.     

A comparative study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-pretreated white pine and mixed hardwood

Removal of hemicellulose by acid pretreatment in a flow reactor followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the neutralized slurry has resulted in glucose yields as high as 95% for mixed hardwood. For white pine, however, the maximum glucose yield is 65%. Although pine has a higher extractives content, removal of the extractives prior to enzymatic hydrolysis does not increases the glucose yield. Pore size measurements reveal that the increase in pore volume, in the size range of the cellulase molecule, following pretreatment for pine is only about one-half the value obtained with mixed hardwood. This suggests that pore volume is an important determinant of substrate-enzyme reactivity.     

用Beckman 121MB型氨基酸分析仪快速分析含硫氨基酸和色氨酸

蛋白质中胱氨酸、蛋氨酸和色氨酸在用盐酸水解时损失较大,常用过甲酸氧化法和碱水解法处理。采用文中方法分析时间短,分辨率高,半胱磺酸、甲硫氨酸砜和色氨酸的保留时间分别为５．３、１１．６和２０．４分钟。每分析一个样品需２６分钟,且基线平稳、重复性好、色谱图清晰。     

Soluble and insoluble solids contributions to high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

The rates and extents of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated corn stover (PCS) decline with increasing slurry concentration. However, mass transfer limitations are not apparent until insoluble solids concentrations approach 20% w/w, indicating that inhibition of enzyme hydrolysis at lower solids concentrations is primarily due to soluble components. Consequently, the inhibitory effects of pH-adjusted pretreatment liquor on the enzymatic hydrolysis of PCS were investigated. A response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to empirically model how hydrolysis performance varied as a function of enzyme loading (12-40mg protein/g cellulose) and insoluble solids concentration (5-13%) in full-slurry hydrolyzates. Factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also used to assess the contribution of the major classes of soluble components (acetic acid, phenolics, furans, sugars) to total inhibition. High sugar concentrations (130g/L total initial background sugars) were shown to be the primary cause of performance inhibition, with acetic acid (15g/L) only slightly inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and phenolic compounds (9g/L total including vanillin, syringaldehyde, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and furans (8g/L total of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF) with only a minor effect on reaction kinetics. It was also demonstrated that this enzyme inhibition in high-solids PCS slurries can be approximated using a synthetic hydrolyzate composed of pure sugars supplemented with a mixture of acetic acid, furans, and phenolic compounds, which indicates that generally all of the reaction rate-determining soluble compounds for this system can be approximated synthetically.     

Isolation and properties of a natural inhibitor of the chloroplast adenosine triphosphatase

The complete sequence of protein L17 which is a component of the large subunit of the E. coli ribosome has been determined. Peptides deriving from enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin, thermolysin, chymotrypsin and S. aureus and A. mellea protease were isolated and sequenced by the DABITC/PITC double coupling method. Some overlapping peptides were obtained after mild acid cleavage of the protein. According to the amino acid sequence protein L17 contains 127 residues and has a molecular mass of 14 365. The primary structure of protein L17 agrees well with the amino acid analysis of the intact protein and its N-terminal sequence as derived from automatic sequencing in an improved Beckman sequencer. Secondary predictions and a search for homologous sequence stretches to other ribosomal proteins were made.     

Changes in activity coefficient gamma(w) of water and the foaming capacity of protein during hydrolysis

The changes in the interaction between food proteins and water and in their surface functional property during enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. Ovalbumin, a soy protein isolate (SPI), and casein were hydrolyzed with trypsin, and the degree of hydrolysis, water activity a(w), and foaming capacity of each hydrolysate were measured. Ovalbumin showed the minimum value for a(w), and the values for SPI and casein progressively decreased during hydrolysis. Therefore, the activity coefficient of water, gamma(w) (=a(w)/x(w), where x(w) is the mole fraction of water) was obtained to remove the influence of mole change and to examine the interaction of protein hydrolysates with water. In order to calculate x(w) in a sample during protein hydrolysis, a method for roughly estimating the number of moles of the protein hydrolysate in a solution was developed. The strategy was to modify the TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) method and to combine this method with the modified Ellman method and the determination of lysine by an amino acid analyzer. During enzymatic hydrolysis, each protein sample showed a minimum gamma(w) value and maximum foaming capacity.     

Some new aspects of 17alpha-estradiol metabolism in man

17Alpha-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17alpha-diol) together with a tracer dose of the tritium-labeled compound was administered orally and sublingually to male volunteers. The serum concentrations of 17alpha-estradiol (free and liberated by enzymatic hydrolysis) were quantified by GC/MS, and the serum total radioactivity and urinary radioactivity excretion were determined. After oral administration, 17alpha-estradiol was rapidly and intensively conjugated; only tiny quantities of the free steroid (<1% of total) appeared in serum. Sublingual administration resulted in temporary (up to 3 h p.a.) higher serum levels of the free compound. The metabolite patterns obtained by TLC of extracts from serum and urine demonstrated that 17alpha-estradiol is the subject of a poor phase I metabolism in man. A great discrepancy was found in the serum concentrations of 17alpha-estradiol (free + conjugated) determined by GC/MS and the serum radioactivity expressed in 17alpha-estradiol equivalents. By TLC analysis of the steroid conjugates extracted from serum, various 17alpha-estradiol conjugate peaks were found. By enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase from Helix pomatia they were only partially cleaved. Thus, the difference between the serum radioactivity and the 17alpha-estradiol levels determined by GC/MS had to be attributed to an incomplete conjugate hydrolysis. It has been shown with the synthesized 17alpha-estradiol sulfate conjugates that only the 3-sulfate is cleaved by enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas the 17-sulfate group resists enzymatic hydrolysis. The methanolysis procedure (acetyl chloride in MeOH) has proved to be an efficient method for cleaving both the 3-sulfate group and the 17-sulfate group. In contrast to the 17alpha-estradiol conjugates in serum, the urinary conjugates were intensively split by the enzyme preparation. From this, it has to be concluded that the serum conjugates were deconjugated and newly reconjugated before urinary excretion.     

Plant protein hydrolysates as fish fry feed in aquaculture. Hydrolysis of rapeseed proteins by an enzyme complex from king crab hepatopancreas

Rapeseed proteins were processed by an enzyme complex isolated from king crab hepatopancreas in order to obtain a hydrolysate for use as fish fry feed. The amino acid composition of the obtained protein preparation was close to the amino acid composition of fishmeal traditionally used in the production of fish feed. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and mass spectrometric analysis of the products of enzymatic hydrolysis of rapeseed proteins showed that the proteins were hydrolyzed to a high degree. The composition of the hydrolysates depended on the hydrolysis time and included free amino acids (27% of the total weight of the protein mix after 3 h of hydrolysis and 56% after 21 h of hydrolysis), short peptides (2 to 20 amino acid residues), and small amounts of protein fragments with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa, as shown by by SDS-PAG electrophoresis.     

Changes in Casein and Egg Albumin due to Reactions with Oxidizing Methyl Linoleate in Dehydrated Systems

Casein and egg albumin were allowed to react with methyl linoleate (ML) at a relative humidity (RH) of 0% or 80% at 50°C for 10 days (protein: ML= 1:0.2 or 1:1, w/w). Changes in the molecular sizes of the reacting proteins were examined by gel filtration and gel electrophoresis. Both proteins showed similar changes, whereas the reaction at RH 80% (protein: ML= 1:1) resulted in insolubilization because of polymerization. Changes in the amino acid residues of the reacting proteins were investigated after acid (6 n HC1) and enzymatic (pepsin-pancreatin, followed by aminopeptidase-prolidase) hydrolyses. Insignificant changes were observed in the amino acid composition of proteins reacted at RH 0%. After reaction at RH 80% (protein: ML =1:1), Lys, His and Met were the only amino acids affected. The percentage loss of these amino acids after acid hydrolysis was Lys (22%), His (41%), Met (9%) for casein and Lys (22%), His (31%), Met (1%) for egg albumin. This percentage loss after enzymatic hydrolysis was Lys (41%), His (49%), Met (94%) for casein and Lys (37%), His (42%), Met (88%) for egg albumin. Some differences between our results and other researchers were also discussed.