长江和畅洲江段大型船舶的噪声特征及其对长江江豚的潜在影响

长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚（Neophocaenaasiaeorientalisasiaeorientalis）产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶（长gt;15m且宽gt;5m）的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度（SPLp-p）和功率谱密度（PSD）等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广（gt;100kHz）,但主要集中于中低频（lt;10kHz）部分,各频率（20Hz-144kHz）处的均方根声压级（SPLrms）对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3.7 - 66.5dB。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级（TOL）在各频率处都gt;70 dB,在8-140kHz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。     

长江和畅洲江段大型船舶的噪声特征及其对长江江豚的潜在影响

长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚（Neophocaenaasiaeorientalisasiaeorientalis）产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶（长gt;15m且宽gt;5m）的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度（SPLp-p）和功率谱密度（PSD）等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广（gt;100kHz）,但主要集中于中低频（lt;10kHz）部分,各频率（20Hz-144kHz）处的均方根声压级（SPLrms）对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3.7 - 66.5dB。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级（TOL）在各频率处都gt;70 dB,在8-140kHz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。     

长江和畅洲江段大型船舶的噪声特征及其对长江江豚的潜在影响

长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚（Neophocaenaasiaeorientalisasiaeorientalis）产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶（长gt;15m且宽gt;5m）的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度（SPLp-p）和功率谱密度（PSD）等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广（gt;100kHz）,但主要集中于中低频（lt;10kHz）部分,各频率（20Hz-144kHz）处的均方根声压级（SPLrms）对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3.7 - 66.5dB。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级（TOL）在各频率处都gt;70 dB,在8-140kHz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。     

长江和畅洲江段大型船舶的噪声特征及其对长江江豚的潜在影响

长江航运业的快速发展导致长江中船舶数量激增,相应的水体噪声污染可能对同水域的长江江豚（Neophocaenaasiaeorientalisasiaeorientalis）产生一定的负面影响,本研究采用宽频录音设备对长江和畅洲北汊非正式通航江段的各类常见大型船舶（长gt;15m且宽gt;5m）的航行噪声进行了记录,并分析其峰值-峰值声压级强度（SPLp-p）和功率谱密度（PSD）等。结果表明,大型船舶的航行噪声能量分布频率范围较广（gt;100kHz）,但主要集中于中低频（lt;10kHz）部分,各频率（20Hz-144kHz）处的均方根声压级（SPLrms）对环境背景噪声在该频率处的噪声增量范围为3.7 - 66.5dB。接收到的1/3倍频程声压级（TOL）在各频率处都gt;70 dB,在8-140kHz频段内都高于长江江豚的听觉阈值。说明大型船舶的航行噪声可能会对长江江豚个体间的声通讯及听觉带来不利影响,如听觉掩盖。     

江西鄱阳湖湖口水域船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响

江西鄱阳湖是长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的重要栖息地, 湖中栖息着约400 头江豚。多年的观察表明, 船舶交通是鄱阳湖中江豚面临的重要威胁之一。为了评估船舶通行对长江江豚发声行为的影响,尤其是了解船舶通行期间及其前后江豚的发声和行为特征, 作者于2007 年6 月27 日—7 月1 日在江西鄱阳湖湖口水域采用固定被动声学系统, 即安装在监测点(29°42′38″ N, 116°11′11″ E)的一套水下声学数据记录系统, 对周边通行船舶的水下噪声及江豚声纳信号脉冲事件进行了定点监测和记录, 并对所记录的数据进行了定量和统计分析。在整个监测的109h 中, 声学记录仪共记录到船舶494 艘, 江豚声纳脉冲串信号13413个。船舶出现与江豚出现存在弱的负相关关系(r = -0.029, N = 6550, P Z = -0.370, P> 0.05); 当有船舶经过时, 江豚的发声频次显著降低(Z = -10.050, P Z = -0.275, P> 0.05; Z = -0.119, P> 0.05); 船舶通行之前和之后, 江豚的发声频次、脉冲串持续时间、脉冲间间隔的差异性均不显著(χ2= 5.255, P> 0.05; χ2= 3.511, P> 0.05; χ2= 5.155, P>0.05); 在船舶经过时, 江豚对游动方向没有明显的选择性(χ2= 0.861, P> 0.05)。基于分析结果推测, 在狭窄水域中江豚躲避船舶干扰通常采取“临时性”策略, 而非长距离逃避。由于鄱阳湖湖口水域水道相对狭窄, 尽管研究的结果表明江豚对船舶有一定的敏感反应, 但是在相对狭窄的水域中, 江豚躲避船舶的行为难以充分表现。另外, 江豚对该水域中高密度航行船舶的噪声可能存在一定的“适应性”, 导致当遭遇船舶时, 江豚的声行为反应不十分强烈。因此, 建议有必要在不同尺度的水体中采用声学数据记录仪继续开展类似的观察,以进一步了解江豚对船舶的行为响应, 尤其是观察江豚躲避船舶的行为及发声特征       

大鼠听神经单纤维的活动

本文以声压级(SP)的dB值为单位,用不同频率(从音频到超声)的声刺激,对大鼠听觉一级神经元325根单一纤维的活动进行了观察。结果表明:每一纤维都有自己的最佳频率和相应的最低阈值。测得最佳频率的最低值为0.58kHz,最高值为62.6kHz; 最低阈值为6dBSPL,其相应频率为27.49kHz;最敏感的频率范围在20—50kHz。频率-阈值曲线在比最佳频率高的一侧斜度陡峭,低的一侧倾斜缓慢。频率-阈值曲线的锐度若以Q值表示,它对最佳频率分布的回归曲线由最佳频率的低频向高频方向逐渐升高,且Q10,Q20,Q30,Q40,Q50,dB的回归曲线具有相似的倾斜度。绝大多数纤维都有自发放电。给最佳频率持续音作用时,随刺激强度的增强,放电速率增加,但到阈上30dB左右皆达饱和。由各频率的最低阈值绘成的听反应阈曲线与行为测听所得的听力曲线颇为近似。     

首例长江江豚的野化及行为适应性研究

长江江豚的迁地保护目前已取得初步成功,野化放归是迁地保护的最后一环,也是实现迁地保护目标的必然要求。在此背景下,于2021年4月将来自天鹅洲故道迁地保护区的2头雄性长江江豚转移至与长江干流环境相似的老湾故道,尝试开展野化训练,探究其行为和发声的适应过程,评估其巡游、捕食和发声等行为能否适应较恶劣的环境,为将来规模化的野化,甚至放归自然栖息地提供技术支撑。经过为期1年的野化训练和持续监测,结果表明,老湾故道鱼类密度显著低于天鹅洲故道,丰水期鱼体密度分布不均,上游较中下游高。江豚在上游的每日平均停留时间显著高于中下游, Spearman相关性分析表明与鱼群的密度分布有显著相关性。在进入故道的前2月,江豚顺流巡游所需时间逐渐增加达到峰值,随后降低并趋于稳定。在船舶噪声适应性训练中,江豚的平均呼吸间隔在存在船只干扰时显著降低,随着干扰次数的增加,逐渐恢复至无干扰时的水平。由此认为, 2头江豚对老湾故道的低鱼类资源密度、季节性变化的流速环境及人工施加的船只噪声干扰有良好的适应性,具备放归长江的条件。这是首次实施完全自然环境中江豚的野化训练,将为规模化的野化放归提供技术支撑,促进江豚自然种群的恢复...     

长江印象 几乎空无一物

<正>特别是在武汉以上的干流尤为明显,许多江段甚至连一条小鱼都没有。在我的印象里,长江水生生态系统至关重要,它关系着大型水生动物例如白鱀豚和长江江豚的生存。1998年,当我在江西湖口开展研究时,一群长江江豚从身边游过,我可以数出它们多达30头。那时在长江江豚活动水域的上空水鸟翱翔,二者争相捕捉密集的鱼群,仿佛一幅生机勃勃的画卷。研究     

湖口至南京段长江江豚种群现状评估

对湖口至南京段长江江豚的考察资料进行分析。结果表明：1、研究长江江豚不同的生态行为,能提高野外计数的准确性;2、长江江豚大规模集群（10头以上）发生在特定的江段,近年来出现的机率在下降;3、湖口至南京段长江江豚数量为1054头,其中小孤山至湖口段种群密度最高;4、湖口至南京段支流中分布的长江江豚约占该江段种群数量的9.3%。     

长江江豚基因组大小测定

本研究采用流式细胞术,以公鸡(Gallusdomesticus)红血细胞DNA含量为标准,测定了23头长江江豚(Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientali)的基因组大小(或称C值)。实验过程中采用了保存在3中不同条件下的长江江豚的全血样品,用3种不同的方法提取白细胞。为了获得本实验所用的公鸡红血细胞DNA含量的准确值,首先以人(Homosapiens)的C值为标准,对其进行了校正。然后其C值(2C=2.35pg)用于长江江豚的基因组大小测定。结果发现:长江江豚的单倍体DNA含量为3.27pg/C,由此得出其基因组大小为3.17×109bp;雌性和雄性的C值分别为3.25pg和3.29pg,野外长江江豚和豢养长江江豚的C值分别为3.30pg和3.05pg。对雌雄个体之间以及不同生长条件下长江江豚的C值应用独立样本t检验分析,发现:1)不同性别的长江江豚基因组大小之间没有明显的差异;2)豢养条件下的长江江豚和野生长江江豚之间的基因组大小有明显差异,豢养条件下的长江江豚的基因组明显小于野生条件下的长江江豚。据此推测必要环境因子的变化可能会对长江江豚的基因组DNA含量造成影响。     

Auditory temporal resolution and evoked responses to pulsed sounds for the Yangtze finless porpoises (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis</Emphasis>)

Temporal cues are important for some forms of auditory processing, such as echolocation. Among odontocetes (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises), it has been suggested that porpoises may have temporal processing abilities which differ from other odontocetes because of their relatively narrow auditory filters and longer duration echolocation signals. This study examined auditory temporal resolution in two Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) using auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to measure: (a) rate following responses and modulation rate transfer function for 100 kHz centered pulse sounds and (b) hearing thresholds and response amplitudes generated by individual pulses of different durations. The animals followed pulses well at modulation rates up to 1,250 Hz, after which response amplitudes declined until extinguished beyond 2,500 Hz. The subjects had significantly better hearing thresholds for longer, narrower-band pulses similar to porpoise echolocation signals compared to brief, broadband sounds resembling dolphin clicks. Results indicate that the Yangtze finless porpoise follows individual acoustic signals at rates similar to other odontocetes tested. Relatively good sensitivity for longer duration, narrow-band signals suggests that finless porpoise hearing is well suited to detect their unique echolocation signals.     

长江东流河道整治对长江江豚种群数量的影响

长江江豚是生活在长江中下游的濒危水生哺乳动物,通常活动在江心洲和浅水缓滩附近。航道整治改变了鱼类栖息活动的水文环境,也给豚类生存带来负面影响。本文根据长江东流河道整治施工前和施工后各3 次野外考察资料,分析了3 种流态中江豚的数量与群结构。结果表明,该工程实施前江豚主要栖息活动在边滩的分离区,其次在洲头的分流区。工程实施后,整治江段的江豚种群数量年下降率达8. 9% 。江豚在分流区活动已消失,在分离区集群规模较小,且在流态之间移动增大。本文研究结果也提示长江江豚就地保护难度越来越大,从长江干流中把长江江豚迁入故道中是一件刻不容缓的工作。     

Seasonal changes in the local distribution of Yangtze finless porpoises related to fish presence

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is an endangered freshwater porpoise subspecies unique to the Yangtze River basin. Seasonal variations in local distribution of the animal, as well as fish presence, sand dredging, ship navigation, and bridges were examined as potential factors affecting the occurrence of the animals. Passive acoustic surveys were performed regularly from May 2007 to August 2010, near the conjunction of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake. The distribution of the porpoises was seasonally site‐specific. In May and August, the animals were detected more often at river junctions than in the lake, but vice versa from November to February. The rate of the porpoise detection was significantly higher in areas of fish presence than in areas of absence. The number of porpoises detected did not differ significantly between the sand dredging operation and the prohibition period (in 2008), although the number of vessels obviously declined in 2008. Ship traffic and bridges also did not appear to affect the presence of porpoises. These results showed the relative importance of the various environmental factors, which is important for conservation of not only Yangtze finless porpoise but also endangered isolated cetaceans.     

不同流态中长江江豚的栖息活动比较

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)呈斑块状分布在长江干流,对栖息地有明确的选择性.流态是栖息地水文环境的核心内容.为研究长江江豚对不同流态的选择性,本文根据1993-2021年对长江下游15次样线考察记录到的412次,合计1 117头江豚个体的栖息活动进行了统计分析.结果表明:全年长江江...     

固化河岸对长江江豚栖息活动的影响

长江江豚主要栖居在近岸浅水水域,喜好泥沙质类型的河岸。但在长江干流,有很多自然河岸被固化,河岸固化给长江江豚分布和栖息活动造的影响仍不甚清楚。2016年3月—2017年1月,对长江干流2个自然河段江豚的数量和分布做了12次考察,并收集了这2个河段岸型的相关数据,来分析固化河岸对江豚栖息活动的影响。12次考察累计发现江豚215头次,平均每次考察观察到江豚(17.92±7.09)头次。研究区域的固化河岸约占岸线总长的59%,分析发现,仅约13.9%的江豚分布在固化河岸水域,86.1%的江豚均分布在自然河岸水域。江豚在单位河岸长度的分布数量与该段固化河岸长度所占的比例呈显著负相关(r=-0.639,P0.01)。在自然河岸,分布在近岸50 m水域的江豚占31.8%,而在固化河岸,仅观察到2头江豚活动在近岸50 m水域内。由此可见,固化河岸对江豚的近岸分布有明显影响。调查还发现,安庆城区建设带约10 km江段12次考察均未发现江豚分布,城区建设带可能对江豚栖息已造成严重影响。长江干流的固化河岸所占比例非常高,研究结果提示这可能导致长江干流江豚栖息地的丧失和破碎化加剧,在制定长江江豚保护措施必需慎重考虑此因素的影响,并据此提出相应的栖息地保护和恢复方案。     

Mitochondrial control region variability of baiji and the Yangtze finless porpoises,two sympatric small cetaceans in the Yangtze river

BaijiLipotes vexillifer (Miller, 1918) and the Yangtze finless porpoiseNeophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Pilleri and Gihr, 1972) are two sympatric small cetaceans inhabiting the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this study, a fragment (420–428 bp) of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced to provide the first comparative survey of genetic variability and population structure in these two endangered species, with samples of finless porpoises from the Yellow/Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea also included. Low values of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were found for both species, especially for the baiji and the Yangtze River and South China Sea populations of finless porpoises. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) supported a high level of overall genetic structure among three porpoise populations in Chinese waters, with greatest differences found between either the Yangtze River population or the Yellow Sea population and the South China Sea population. The differentiation between the Yangtze and Yellow Sea populations was not significant, and the males have higher genetic differentiation than the females, suggesting a significant female-biased dispersal between these two populations. This study showed that the Yangtze finless porpoise, unlike the sympatric baiji, was not a genetically isolated population. The Yangtze and Yellow Sea porpoises should be included in the same management unit, but further studies using more samples and especially based on more molecular markers are urgently needed to confirm this.     

基于水声学频差技术的镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区鱼类资源时空特征

为掌握镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区鱼类资源现状,于2020年春季(4月)和秋季(9月)利用水声学频差技术和网具调查方法同步开展鱼类资源调查,评估调查江段鱼类资源时空特征。水声学调查结果表明,调查江段鱼类资源密度均值为(0.094±0.183)尾/m²,鱼类单体目标强度(Target strength, TS)均值为–(57.33±5.69) dB,主要分布在–62.5—–50.5 dB,随着水深的增加, TS逐渐增大;网具调查结果表明,调查江段共采集鱼类758尾、53.53 kg,鉴定鱼类种类达48种,其中以鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鱼类占优,中上层鱼类群体数量和质量占比分别为36.15%和66.12%,长江江豚饵料鱼类(体长小于20 cm、体高小于6 cm、体重小于100 g的中上层鱼类)数量和质量占比分别为23.22%和8.72%。在时间特征上, 4月和9月鱼类资源密度差异不显著(P>0.05), 4月鱼类TS均值小于9月,且4月鱼类平均规格小于9月。在空间特征上,鱼类资源主要分布于和畅洲北汊和焦北滩附近水域,中上层鱼类资源相对较多,且4月鱼类资...     

TARGET DISCRIMINATION BY AN ECHOLOCATING FINLESS PORPOISE, NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES

The ability of a finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) to discriminate the material and size of a target by echolocation was investigated. The porpoise was required to choose a standard target of a 15-mm diameter solid steel cylinder from two stimuli, a standard and a comparison target, presented simultaneously. The porpoise could distinguish a standard cylinder from acrylic resin and brass targets, but had difficulties distinguishing it from an aluminum cylinder. In size discrimination, the porpoise could distinguish the standard from 12-, 18-, and 20-mm diameter cylinders, but had difficulties distinguishing it from a 14-mm diameter cylinder. Echo measurements suggest that the porpoise is able to detect: (1) time difference between two echo highlights to within approximately 1 μS, (2) frequency shifts of approximately 7 kHz in a broadband echo having a peak frequency of nearly 140 kHz, (3) time-separation pitch of approximately 30 kHz, and (4) target strength differences of approximately 1 dB.     

长江鲟幼鱼的听觉阈值研究

试验采用室内噪声控制的方式模拟野外自然噪声环境, 以长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus Dumeril)幼鱼为实验对象, 使用TDT听觉测试系统, 在100—500 Hz的刺激频率下, 通过听性脑干反应(Auditory Evoked Potential, AEP法)测定其听力阈值。结果显示, 长江鲟的最敏感频率为300 Hz, 声压为(133±0.5) dB, 听力曲线呈“V”型, 听觉阈值随着频率的不同而发生变化。总体看, 长江鲟听觉阈值较高, 听力较弱, 不能听到500 Hz以上的声音, 其中, 长江鲟的听觉阈值与湖鲟和匙吻鲟等鲟鱼类基本相似, 但比长江中常见的淡水鱼类的听觉阈值高、听频范围窄。研究结果将为长江鲟的野外放归和种群重建提供重要基础资料, 为评价涉渔工程建设运行对长江鱼类的影响提供基础数据支撑。     

Establishment and characterization of fibroblast cell lines from the skin of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), as the sole freshwater subspecies of N. phocaenoides, is endemic to the Yangtze River and its adjacent lakes. Its population has declined significantly over recent decades. In this study, we established a skin-derived finite fibroblast cell line of the Yangtze finless porpoise, named YFP-SF1, using primary cell culture methods, and an immortalized cell line, T-YFP-SF1, through co-transfection (GFP and SV40 T antigens) techniques. YFP-SF1 proliferated continuously with a minimum population doubling time of 31 h and exhibited age-dependent changes in growth rate. T-YFP-SF1 cells exhibited fibroblast morphology and were characterized by a shorter doubling time, higher attachment efficiencies, colony formation at a low seeding density, and growth in low serum concentrations. Anchorage independence and foci formation in the cell monolayer were observed from passage 36. The chromosome number of YFP-SF1 and T-YFP-SF1 remained stable at 2n = 44 in the early passages, and the viability of thawed cells remained above 90% after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. Taken together, we have established fibroblast cell lines of Yangtze finless porpoise for the first time, which might assist as an in vitro model for this endangered mammal.