对胞必佳生产菌株的重新鉴定

主要是从形态学观察、菌株脂肪酸成分和16S rRNA基因全序列3个方面出发,重新对胞必佳生产菌株红色诺卡氏菌(Nocardia rubra)进行鉴定。结果表明,该菌株并非诺卡氏菌属中的红色诺卡氏菌,而属于红球菌属。16S rRNA序列相似性比较和系统进化树进一步说明,该菌株与Rhodococcus ruber(AY114117.1)的同源性最高,是1株红色红球菌。     

一株新海洋粘质沙雷氏菌产灵菌红素发酵条件优化

灵菌红素是由微生物产生的一种红色次级代谢产物,因其具有抗菌、抗癌和抗疟疾等功效,受到了生物医药领域的广泛关注。微生物发酵是当前产灵菌红素的主要方法,分离筛选高产灵菌红素的微生物、优化发酵条件是提高灵菌红素产率的重要途径。本研究从深圳湾筛选出一株含有红色色素的菌株,并基于16S rRNA基因序列对该菌株进行了系统发育分析和物种鉴定。紫外可见光全波长扫描和HPLC-MS图谱分析证明,该菌株所产红色色素为灵菌红素。进一步通过单因素试验和正交优化法优化了该菌产灵菌红素的发酵条件和发酵培养基组分。系统发育分析表明,该菌株为一株海洋粘质沙雷氏菌（Serratia marcescens）,并将其命名为S. marcescens SOCE 001。产灵菌红素的最佳发酵条件为：温度28 ℃、振荡培养转速220 r/min、培养基pH 7。发酵培养基最佳组合为：果糖添加量2 g/L、蛋白胨添加量10 g/L,MgSO₄添加量2 g/L。优化发酵条件后,经24 h培养, 灵菌红素产量可达2.468 g/L。     

诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种

由土壤中分离的两株诺卡氏菌形放线菌A-100菌株和186菌株．经鉴定,其形态和细胞壁化学组分均属诺卡氏菌属,但培养特征和生理生化特性与该属中的已知种不同。因此认为这两株菌是诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种,并分别命名为鲜黄诺卡氏菌Nocardia galba n.sp和绛红色诺卡氏菌Nocardia purpurea n. sp.。     

一株红景天内生细菌的筛选及初步研究

【目的】从红景天根部筛选并鉴定一株产酪醇的细菌,初步研究其产酪醇特性,为寻找红景天替代资源提供新途径。【方法】用NA培养基从大花红景天根部中分离内生细菌,通过薄层层析(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)筛选出产量最大的菌株,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析其分类学地位。单因素实验确定初始pH、培养温度、发酵时间及接种量对菌株产酪醇活力的影响。【结果】从大花红景天根部分离出14株内生细菌,其中8株能产酪醇,筛选出酪醇产量最大的菌株B3,经菌落形态分析、革兰氏染色分析及16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为水生拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis)。研究其发酵条件,其最适pH为6.0,最适温度为32 °C,最佳发酵时间为42 h,最佳接种量为15%。在最适发酵条件下,用改良NA培养基发酵,B3菌株酪醇的产量为15.68 mg/L。【结论】B3菌株是一株具有产酪醇能力的细菌,在最适发酵条件下酪醇产量达到15.68 mg/L,具有潜在的开发价值。     

青海盐碱环境中具抗肿瘤活性放线菌的筛选和多样性研究

从我国青海省采集盐碱土样或泥样,用添加1.0~3.0mol/L NaCl的GPY琼脂培养基和ISP2琼脂培养基分离到145株典型放线菌菌株。采用6种肿瘤细胞株对分离菌株的发酵产物进行体外筛选,得到26株抗肿瘤活性阳性菌株(17.9%),19株为拟诺卡氏属(Nocardiopsis)菌株,7株为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)菌株。在抗肿瘤活性、形态特征、生理生化特性和全细胞水解物氨基酸组分分析等实验结果的基础上,选取差异较大的8株抗肿瘤活性阳性菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测定和系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,2株属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的1个已知物种和1个潜在新种;6株属于拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis),可能代表该属的4个新种。研究表明青海盐碱环境中存在产生抗肿瘤活性物质的重要放线菌资源,也提示其中蕴藏着较丰富的微生物多样性。     

顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件

从65株诺卡氏菌中,筛选到一株产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶(ESH)的菌株,经鉴定为酒石酸诺卡氏菌(Nocardia tartaricans)SW13-57。在14L发酵罐中通过诱导培养,能在细胞内产生ESH酶活力达120u/g。产酶条件研究表明用丙二醇作碳源,硫酸铵作氮源,顺式环氧琥珀酸作诱导剂,初始pH7.0,温度30℃,通过培养24～30h,产酶量最高。该产酶菌株已被用于固定化细胞方法连续生产L(+)酒石酸。     

罗非鱼源无乳链球菌肠道拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选及其生物学特性

【目的】从健康尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肠道中筛选一株对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌等病原菌具有拮抗功能的益生菌。【方法】取健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道,匀浆后进行10倍系列梯度稀释,然后涂布BHI平板,培养1–2d,挑取单克隆菌落。采用点种法初步筛选对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌有拮抗作用的菌株,选取其中一株拮抗效果较好的菌株LF01,通过形态学、生理生化特征以及分子生物学分析,对LF01菌株进行鉴定。然后对LF01菌株的生长特性、水解淀粉和酪蛋白能力、药物敏感特性、抗菌谱和生物安全性进行测定和分析。【结果】根据菌落形态和生长时间的差异,从健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道中筛选出64株细菌,通过拮抗试验筛选出6株具有明显拮抗效果的菌株,其中LF01菌株的拮抗效果最好。根据LF01的形态、生理生化特征和gyr A基因的进化分析,确定该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。LF01菌株的最适生长温度为30°C,最适p H值为7,最适盐度为5‰,而且该菌株具有水解淀粉和酪蛋白的功能。药敏试验结果显示,LF01菌株对多数抗生素敏感,仅对杆菌肽耐药。拮抗试验结果显示LF01株对无乳链球菌、海豚链球菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、鮰爱德华氏菌、嗜水气单胞菌、舒氏气单胞菌、维氏气单胞菌、简氏气单胞菌、鰤鱼诺卡氏菌等病原菌均具有拮抗作用,其中对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的拮抗作用最强,平均抑菌圈直径达28.3 mm。生物安全试验表明,LF01菌株对尼罗罗非鱼、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和乌鳢(Channa argus)等3种鱼均无致病性,具有良好的安全性。【结论】本研究筛选了一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌LF01株,该菌的生物安全性良好,而且可拮抗常见的水产病原菌,具有防控多种水产经济动物疾病的潜力,应用前景十分广阔。     

加州鲈源鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性

[背景] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolae）是一种严重危害水产养殖业的病原菌,可引起以体表溃疡、出血及组织器官形成结节为特征的鱼类慢性肉芽肿疾病,目前尚无有效的防治方法。[目的] 明确引起安徽省临泉县某养殖场加州鲈（Micropterus salmonoides）结节病的病原菌,探讨其致病性,为该病的有效防治提供科学依据。[方法] 取肝脏结节病灶接种于TSB培养基分离优势细菌,利用表型检查结合分子生物学方法鉴定分离菌株。进一步通过检测分离菌株的毒力基因、测定其对加州鲈的半数致死量（LD₅₀）以及所感染加州鲈的组织病理学变化与组织载菌量,分析其致病性。[结果] 从病鱼体内分离到一株优势菌株NI,综合NI分离株的表型特性、16S rRNA基因序列与鰤鱼诺卡氏菌参考株相应序列的一致性以及特异性PCR扩增结果,确定其为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌。鰤鱼诺卡氏菌NI分离株携带毒力基因gapA、ibeA和mip,人工回归感染后加州鲈出现与自然病例相似的症状,其对加州鲈的LD₅₀为2.58×10⁶ CFU/尾。组织病理学观察到头肾、心脏、肝脏、胃和脾脏均出现慢性肉芽肿病变,肠管肌层疏松、肠绒毛脱落,肌肉组织中肌纤维疏松、间隙增宽。qPCR检测结果显示,组织中鰤鱼诺卡氏菌载量由高到低依次为头肾、心、肝、胃、脾、肠和肌肉。[结论] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌是引起此次加州鲈结节病的病原菌,对该菌致病性的研究为加州鲈诺卡氏菌病的防控提供了理论依据。     

维吉霉素产生菌株X-435的诱变育种

链霉菌菌株x-435是从北京郊区采集的土样中分离得到的1株维吉霉素产生菌。为了提高维吉霉素的产量,采用紫外线对出发菌株x-435进行紫外线诱变处理,诱变处理后在高氏培养基上产生3种菌落形态,确定草帽型的菌落为阳性突变株的菌落形态,经过筛选获得效价高于出发菌株近20倍的突变株F5-25-u-28,且传代5代后稳定性较好。     

热带药用植物根际放线菌的分离、鉴定及生物活性分析

从海南热带植物园采集12种药用植物的根际土样,采用选择性分离方法,分离得到400株根际放线菌。使用5种活性筛选模型对分离菌株进行生物活性评价,154株放线菌在一个或多个活性筛选模型中显示为阳性,菌株初筛阳性率达38.5%;根据菌株形态特征并结合代谢产物的生物活性,从中挑选出28株菌进行16S rRNA基因序列分析,发现其分属于链霉菌属、诺卡氏菌属、小单孢菌属和野野村菌属。     

红色诺卡菌固体培养基配方的优化

应用响应面优化设计法优化固体培养基配方,增大红色诺卡菌的固体培养细胞生物量。首先用Plackett-Burman法从现有培养基组分中找到影响红色诺卡菌细胞生物量的关键因素,再通过最陡爬坡法确定细胞生物量最大的配方,用作中心组合设计(Central Composite Design, CCD)实验的基础起始值,拟合数学模型方程,最后找到最优组分的组合。优化的配方转移至企业实施放大实验,对结果进行验证和比较。试验结果表明,培养基各组分中影响红色诺卡菌细胞生物量的关键因素为蛋白胨、NaCl、牛肉膏;最优固体培养基配方:蛋白胨42 g/L、牛肉膏8 g/L、NaCl 1.2 g/L、甘油10 mL/L、Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O 0.3 g/L、琼脂20 g/L。在细胞生物量方面最优固体培养基配方比原配方高104%。响应面优化设计可用于提高红色诺卡菌细胞生物量固体培养基的优化,也为红色诺卡菌培养条件、液体发酵的优化研究提供参考。     

Colony growth in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrmica rubra</Emphasis> with supplementation of myrmecochorous seeds

Myrmecochory is an important ant–plant relationship, which presumably has benefits for the reproductive success of ant colonies through the nutritional value of elaiosomes. In a feeding experiment, we provided elaiosomes of Scilla bifolia and Corydalis cava to colonies of Myrmica rubra. Seeds were transported by ant workers to their nests and the elaiosomes were removed afterwards. After 3 months, elaiosome-supplemented colonies contained significantly more worker pupae than control colonies, whereas the number of new female sexuals was reduced. This result is discussed as a possible long-term benefit for M. rubra colonies through myrmecochory by colony growth.     

Characterization and infectivity of a spontaneous variant isolated fromFrankia sp. WEY 0131391

Summary A spontaneous variant, obtained from aFrankia isolate fromAlnus rubra nodules, was compared with the parent strain with regard to infectivity, nitrogenase activity, and electrophoretic and immunological profiles. Both the parent and the variant strain were equally effective in inducing nodulation in seedlings ofA. rubra. All inoculated plants had an active nitrogenase system as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. Electrophoresis of whole cell homogenates on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels showed similar electrophoretic profiles; however, the variant strain also exhibited striking differences in protein patterns that distinguish it from the parent strain. Immunological analysis of the originalFrankia strain and its variant revealed shared antigens as well as immunologically distinct antigenic determinants in the two strains. The variant strain exhibits a distinct morphology and growth patterns which remain stable after many passages through culture.     

The effect of bile salts on survival and morphology of a potential probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92

Bile tolerance is an important criterion in the selection of microbial strains for probiotic use. The survival and morphological changes of a potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus acidophilus M92, in the presence of bile salts were examined. Lactobacillus acidophilus M92 has shown a satisfactory degree of tolerance against oxgall and individual bile salts tested, especially to taurocholate. The higher resistance of L. acidophilus M92 against taurine-conjugated bile salts relative to deconjugated and glycine-conjugated bile salts was attributed to its reaction to the stronger acidity of the former. Furthermore, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) was active when L. acidophilus M92 was grown in the presence of sodium taurocholate. The rate of BSH activity was highest at the exponential growth phase. It was hypothesised that BSH activity may be important for the bile salt resistance of this strain. The colonial and cellular morphology may also be a valuable parameter in the selection of bile salt-resistant Lactobacillus strains for probiotic use. Smooth (S) and rough (R) colonies, appeared in the original L. acidophilus M92 bacterial culture and demonstrated a different degree of bile tolerance. Rough colonies were more sensitive to bile salts than smooth ones. The R colony cells assumed a round form, probably induced by gaps in the cell wall caused by the cytotoxicity of glycodeoxycholate. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1株产单宁酶细菌的分离鉴定及产酶条件研究

从富含单宁酸的土壤中分离筛选出1株产单宁酶的细菌,经过菌落形态观察和16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,该细菌为肺炎克雷伯菌。对该菌所产胞外单宁酶的发酵条件进行了初步研究,得出最佳产酶条件：培养温度37℃,培养时间36 h,培养转速180 r/min,单宁酸含量2 g/L,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为氯化铵,此时所产单宁酶活力为0.8 U/mL。     

A new strain ofRhodotorula rubra isolated from yogurt

Summary A new strain ofRhodotorula rubra has been isolated from yogurt which shows promise as a source for pigment and protein feed for aquacultured animals. The pigment was extracted by rupturing the cells with the French press followed by extraction with acetone and purification of the acetone extract using petroleum ether and cold 10% NaCl. The absorption spectrum indicated that the pigment was a carotenoid, the chemistry of which was examined using nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy and resonance Raman spectroscopy. A reverse-phase HPLC equipped with octadecylsilylated (ODS) silica column showed nearly 80-times more pigment production under similar cultural conditions thatPhaffia rhodozyma. The isolate grows optimally at 20°C when grown on a variety of media. Its morphology has been studied using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and phase contrast microscopy. From the results of the API system, the isolate was identified asRhodotorula rubra.     

结核分枝杆菌PE＿PGRS15调控分枝杆菌细胞包膜结构与耐药性

【目的】研究结核分枝杆菌PE＿PGRS15的功能。【方法】构建过表达PE＿PGRS15蛋白的重组耻垢分枝菌酸杆形菌，通过细胞分级分离实验检测其细胞定位。通过涂布实验、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察细菌菌落形态、细菌表面形态及细胞包膜(cell envelope)结构。通过杀菌曲线法及微量肉汤稀释法检测重组菌对环境压力及抗生素的耐受性。通过染料摄取实验检测重组菌细胞壁通透性，并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测重组菌细胞壁脂肪酸谱。通过蛋白截短及融合实验分析PE＿PGRS15蛋白结构域的功能。【结果】PE＿PGRS15蛋白定位于重组菌细胞壁，其表达影响重组菌菌落形态和细胞包膜结构，增强重组菌对环境压力和抗生素的耐受。PE＿PGRS15的表达导致重组菌细胞包膜脂肪酸含量增加，也降低了重组菌的细胞壁通透性。PE＿PGRS15蛋白的PE结构域负责将该蛋白转运到细胞表面，而PGRS结构域介导重组菌对压力条件和抗生素的耐受。【结论】PE＿PGRS15蛋白可能通过调控耻垢分枝菌酸杆形菌细胞包膜的结构进而影响细菌菌落形态、细胞壁通透性及耐药性，为解析PE/PPE家族蛋白的功能奠定了一定的基础。     

Protoplast culture and paclitaxel production by Taxus yunnanensis

Viable protoplasts of Taxus yunnanensis were isolated from friable, light yellow callus. Protoplast yield was dependent on callus age, with a maximum from 20-day-old callus. Protoplasts were induced to undergo sustained divisions and to form cell colonies when cultured in medium consisting of B5 salts, KM vitamin and organic components, 0.45 M fructose, 3.0 mg l^-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg l^-1 kinetin. The planting density was 2.5–3.0×10⁵ protoplasts per ml of culture medium. Cell-free extract from callus enhanced protoplast division and the highest plating efficiency was about 7%. Protoplast-derived colonies showed significant variations in both growth and paclitaxel content. A negative correlation existed between paclitaxel accumulation in colonies and their growth to some extent (r = −0.4485). Among 70 colonies isolated from the heterogeneous protoplast cultures, colony TY-7 accumulated the highest paclitaxel content. Paclitaxel accumulation in colony TY-7 was not great enough to produce paclitaxel for commercial purposes, however, success in inducing colony formation from T. yunnanensis protoplasts provides an opportunity to obtain cell lines with high paclitaxel productivity from mutagenized protoplast cultures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Colonial and Cellular Polymorphism in Xenorhabdus luminescens

A highly polymorphic Xenorhabdus luminescens strain was isolated. The primary form of X. luminescens was luminescent and nonswarming and produced a yellow pigment and antimicrobial substances. The primary form generated a secondary form that had a distinct orange pigmentation, was weakly luminescent, and did not produce antimicrobial substances. Both the primary and secondary forms generated a set of colony variants at frequencies that exceeded normal rates for spontaneous mutation. The variant forms include nonswarming and swarming forms that formed large colonies and a small-colony (SC) form. The primary and secondary forms generated their SC forms at frequencies of between 1 and 14% and 1 and 2%, respectively. The SC forms were distinct from their parental primary and secondary forms in colony and cellular morphology and in protein composition. The cellular morphology and protein patterns of the nonswarming and swarming colony variants were all very similar. The DNA fingerprints of all forms were similar. Each SC-form colony reverted at high frequency to the form from which it was derived. The proportion of parental-type cells in the SC-form colonies varied with age, with young colonies containing as few as 0.0002% parental-type cells. The primary-to-secondary switch was stable, but all the other colony forms were able to switch at high frequencies to the alternative colony phenotypes.