急性上消化道出血的病因及相关因素分析

目的:分析急性上消化道出血的病因及相关因素.方法:选择2010年1月至2012年6月在我院治疗的急性上消化道出血患者90例为研究对象,统计分析其上消化道出血病因、诱因,分析可能的相关因素.结果:急性上消化道出血常见病因是HG、DU、GU等.不同病因的常见诱因构成比不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).青年组、中年组、老年组急性上消化道出血的病因分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性和女性急性上消化道出血的病因分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:急性上消化道出血的常见病因较多,不同年龄组的常见病因不同.     

阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的相关危险因素研究

目的:比较由阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的相关危险因素OR值,探讨其引起消化道大出血的相关机制。方法:收集哈医大四院消化内科及心内科2009年5月份至2013年6月份仅口服阿司匹林一种非甾体抗炎药的100例患者,用药过程中引发上消化道出血的49例患者作为研究组,其余未发生消化道出血的51例患者作为对照组,采集现病史、既往史、吸烟史、行凝血常规、Hp检测及胃镜检查,经单因素统计分析筛选出阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的危险因素;通过多元Logistic回归分析得出阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的独立危险因素。结果:年龄60岁、Hp感染、既往溃疡病史、糖尿病、吸烟的患者在研究组所占比例明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;经多元Logistic回归后表明年龄60岁、Hp感染、既往溃疡病史、糖尿病患者和阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的OR值具有统计学差异。结论:年龄60岁、Hp感染、溃疡病史、糖尿病患者是阿司匹林引发上消化道出血的4个独立危险因素。     

手术治疗老年上消化道穿孔的临床效果分析

目的：探讨并分析治疗老年上消化道穿孔的手术方法及其影响因素。方法：收集整理我院2012年1月至2013年1月收治的35例老年上消化道穿孔患者的临床资料,根据患者病情,选择合适的术式对全部患者给予手术治疗,对合并症患者给予积极的对应处理。结果：本组患者术中可见穿孔平均直径（1．7±0．2）cm,腹腔平均积液（2100±200）mL,积液均为混浊或脓性液。术后1例患者死亡,8例患者出现并发症。根据患者的临床因素对术后并发症的发生情况进行比对,我们发现：患者的年龄较大、合并症越复杂、接受手术的时间越迟,那么术后患者发生并发症的机率则越高。结论：采取手术治疗老年上消化道穿孔应充分考虑老年患者特殊的临床因素对其疗效及预后的影响,以安全、简单、有效为基本原则,选择适合病患实际病情的最佳术式,进一步提高手术成功率和临床疗效。     

Glasgow-Blatchford和Rockall评分系统对上消化道出血患者治疗的指导作用比较

目的：比较Glasgow-Blatchford和Rockall评分系统对上消化道出血患者治疗的指导作用。方法：回顾分析我院收治的上消化道出血病人共366例,详细记录每一位入组患者的临床表现、生命体征、实验室检查结果,根据Glasgow-Blatchford和Rockall评分系统的规则计算每一位患者的危险分值,并依据其分值将其分为低危组和高危组（Glasgow-Blatchford≥1分,Rockall≥1分）。结果：366例上消化道出血患者有243位（66.4%）经过补液、抑酸等保守治疗后出血停止,并按照临床实际将其定义为低危患者,Glasgow-Blatchford评分为0的低危患者有63位（17.2%）,Rockall评分为0的低危患者有99人（27.0%）,参照临床治疗中实际的高低危患者,计算得到Rockall评分系统对高危患者诊断的敏感性为87.0%,而Glasgow-Blatchford评分系统对高危患者诊断的敏感性为100%。Glasgow-Blatchford评分系统对上消化道出血高危患者诊断的敏感性明显高于临床Rockall评分系统。结论：基于实验室检查和临床表现的Glasgow-Blatchford评分,是一种简单、有效的判断上消化道出血严重程度的评分系统,有助于临床医师选择正确的治疗方案。     

中西医结合治疗急性上消化道出血的疗效观察

目的 研究中西医结合治疗急性上消化道出血的临床效果.方法 选择2010年12月~2012年3月在我院接受治疗的急性上消化道出血患者94例,随机分成对照组和观察组各47例,对照组给予常规治疗及静脉滴注止血敏、奥美拉唑;观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用中药经胃管注入治疗,治疗1周后比较分析两组的临床效果.结果 观察组总有效率为93.6%(44/47),显著高于对照组的80.9%(38/47),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 急性上消化道出血采用中西医结合治疗能有效缓解患者症状、促进预后、改善患者生活质量.     

内科保守治疗急性上消化道大出血的体会

上消化道出血是临床常见严重病症之一。我院自2005年7月-2009年7月共收治上消化道出血患者639例,其中采取内科保守治疗急性上消化道大出血（出血量〉1000ml）143例,效果良好,现报告如下。     

消化道出血病因的临床分析

目的:回顾性分析消化道出血的病因构成、相关因素及治疗情况。方法:收集2008年7月至2013年9月因消化道出血在沈阳军区总医院消化内科住院的患者资料,包括患者的一般资料、入院日期、病因、出血部位、生命体征、疾病史。依据消化道出血程度分为轻度组(86例)、中度组(90例)、重度组(132例),分析消化道出血的病因特征。结果:与轻度组比较,重度组上消化道出血患者比例较高,中、重度组Blatchford评分、心率、尿素、血肌酐、凝血酶原时间、INR、血糖明显升高(P0.05);收缩压、舒张压、红细胞、血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇明显减低(P0.05)。重度组患有食管胃底静脉曲张的比例较高,行内镜下治疗的比例高(P0.05)。结论:根据患者出血程度可初步判断患者消化道出血的部位及病因,为临床诊治提供有价值的参考依据。     

内镜联合奥曲肽治疗上消化道出血的临床观察

目的探讨内镜钛夹联合奥曲肽治疗上消化道出血的临床效果。方法将2010年3月~2014年6月我院收治诊断为上消化道出血患者94例,随机分为A、B、C 3组,A组26例采用内镜止血治疗,B组45例采用内镜止血+奥曲肽治疗,C组23例单用奥曲肽治疗,比较3组患者治疗后72h的止血有效率。结果内镜止血+奥曲肽治疗的B组在上消化道出血72h的止血有效率明显高于A、C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在非静脉上消化道出血治疗上,C组与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在静脉性上消化道出血治疗上,B组与A、C组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内镜联合奥曲肽治疗上消化道出血的效果显著。     

急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效分析

目的:探讨急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效。方法:选取了100例上消化道出血患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(48例)给予常规止血措施,观察组(52例)行急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血,通过观察并记录两组患者疗效、不同病灶大小的治疗成功率及临床症状改善情况,评估急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素治疗上消化道出血的疗效。结果:观察组患者治疗有效率88.5%,对照组患者治疗有效率70.8%,观察组治疗有效率高于对照组(P0.05);观察组对不同病变大小止血成功率均高于对照组(P0.05);从止血治疗成功率来看,随着病变大小的增加,止血成功率有所下降,观察组患者住院时间,大便潜血转阴,呕血消失时间均短于对照组(P0.05),并且术后再出血率也低于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论:急诊内镜下止血联合生长抑素对上消化道出血具有良好的治疗效果,能明显改善上消化道出血症状,缩短患者住院时间,但对病变范围较大的上消化道出血,治疗效果有限。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗大肠息肉的临床疗效及术后出血的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：研究内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗大肠息肉的临床疗效及术后出血的影响因素。方法：将我院从2016年1月～2019年12月收治的大肠息肉患者500例纳入研究,所有患者均接受EMR治疗。分析其临床疗效以及术后出血发生情况,并对术后出血的影响因素实施单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：500例患者临床治疗总有效率为97.80%（489/500）,术后出血发生例数为17例,出血发生率为3.40%（17/500）。治疗后患者各项生活质量评分均高于治疗前（均P<0.05）。经单因素分析发现：大肠息肉患者经EMR治疗后其切除息肉数、术后进食时间、息肉外观、息肉分叶均与术后出血有关（均P<0.05）;而年龄、性别、息肉部位以及病理类型均与术后出血无关（均P>0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得：切除息肉数≥4枚、术后48 h内进食、息肉外观潮红/糜烂以及息肉分叶均是大肠息肉患者经EMR治疗后出血的危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论：EMR治疗大肠息肉患者的临床疗效较佳,可改善其生活质量,其中切除息肉数、术后进食时间、息肉外观以及息肉分叶均和术后出血有关,值得临床关注。     

Controlled trial of propranolol to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding in patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis.

Fifty patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis who were admitted to hospital because of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were randomly assigned to treatment with either oral propranolol given in doses that reduced the resting pulse rate by 25% (25 patients) or with a placebo (25 patients). One year after the start of the study 20 patients in the propranolol group and five patients in the placebo group were free from recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding (p less than 0.0001). Giving continuous oral propranolol treatment is therefore effective in preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis.     

左侧门脉高压症并上消化道出血的诊断与治疗（附14 例临床分析）

目的:探讨左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾分析我院近10年来收治的14例左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血患者的诊治措施和随访结果。结果:14例患者均有呕血或(和)黑便史,无肝硬化、腹水及肝功能异常等表现。14例患者中胰体尾占位6例,胰腺假性囊肿4例,慢性胰腺炎4例。14例患者均采用手术治疗。9例患者获得随访,定期内镜复查,曲张静脉明显改善或消失,随访5月～8年均无再出血。结论:胰腺疾病病史、无肝硬化和肝功能正常、孤立性胃底静脉曲张和脾肿大及脾亢是诊断左侧门脉高压症的基本要点。该疾病可通过脾切除术或联合胃底周围血管离断术结合原发胰腺疾病的治疗来获得治愈。     

Omeprazole versus placebo for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: randomised double blind controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the possible therapeutic role of omeprazole, a powerful proton pump inhibitor, in unselected patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. DESIGN--Double blind placebo controlled parallel group study. Active treatment was omeprazole 80 mg intravenously immediately, then three doses of 40 mg intravenously at eight hourly intervals, then 40 mg orally at 12 hourly intervals. Treatment was started within 12 hours of admission and given for four days or until surgery, discharge, or death. SETTING--The medical wards of University and City Hospitals, Nottingham. SUBJECTS--1147 consecutive patients aged 18 years or more admitted over 40 months with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mortality from all causes; rate of rebleeding, transfusion requirements, and operation rate; effect of treatment on endoscopic appearances at initial endoscopy. RESULTS--Of 1147 patients included in the intention to treat analysis, 569 received placebo and 578 omeprazole. No significant differences were found between the placebo and omeprazole groups for rates of transfusion (302 (53%) placebo v 298 (52%) omeprazole), rebleeding (100 (18%) v 85 (15%)), operation (63 (11%) v 62 (11%)), and death (30 (5.3%) v 40 (6.9%)). However, there was an unexpected but significant reduction in endoscopic signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with omeprazole compared with those treated with placebo (236 (45%) placebo v 176 (33%) omeprazole; p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS--Omeprazole failed to reduce mortality, rebleeding, or transfusion requirements, although the reduction in endoscopic signs of bleeding suggests that inhibition of acid may be capable of influencing intragastric bleeding. Our data do not justify the routine use of acid inhibiting drugs in the management of haematemesis and melaena.     

腹腔镜切除与内镜联合治疗胃肠道肿瘤的效果观察

目的：分析腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胃肠道肿瘤的可行性和临床效果。方法：对我院收治的行腹腔镜切除与内镜联合治疗的75例胃肠道肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中腹腔镜与胃镜联合治疗34例,腹腔镜与肠镜联合治疗41例。总结分析治疗效果。结果：75例患者中有72例手术成功,3例患者因肿瘤位置不佳中转开腹,腹腔镜与胃镜联合平均手术时间（72.8±12.7）min,出血量5~30mL,术后无吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、腹腔感染等并发症,住院时间（7.5±0.5）d。结论：腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胃肠道肿瘤具有创伤小、手术安全的特点,是一种有效、安全的治疗手段,值得临床推广应用。     

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients over 80 years-old

Objectives

To evaluate the patient characteristics, outcome, and prognosis of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the elderly.

Material and methods

A prospective study was conducted on 103 patients aged 80 years and over, admitted to a Gastrointestinal Bleeding Unit after an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We analysed the personal history, the characteristics of the bleeding event, and whether an urgent diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopy was performed, in order to identify clinical data and endoscopic findings that may have an influence on the outcome of the haemorrhage.

Results

The major cause of the haemorrhage was peptic ulcer in 65.1%, and 60.2% of patients were on chronic treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. An urgent diagnostic endoscopy was performed in all of them, identifying the source of bleeding in 94.2%, and treatment was carried out on 28.2%. The likelihood of rebleeding was 8%, and 4.9% of patients underwent emergency surgery, with an overall mortality rate of 5.8%.

Conclusions

The performance of urgent endoscopy and the application of endoscopic haemostasis are safe and effective in stopping upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. This has significantly reduced the need for emergency surgery, improving the survival of the bleeding elderly patient and preventing recurrent bleeding.     

Acid-base Balance in Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Acid-base balance has been studied in 21 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A low plasma bicarbonate concentration was found in nine patients, accompanied in each case by a base deficit of more than 3 mEq/litre, indicating a metabolic acidosis. Three patients had a low blood pH. Hyperlactataemia appeared to be a major cause of the acidosis. This was not accompanied by a raised blood pyruvate concentration. The hyperlactataemia could not be accounted for on the basis of hyperventilation, intravenous infusion of dextrose, or arterial hypoxaemia. Before blood transfusion it was most pronounced in patients who were clinically shocked, suggesting that it may have resulted from poor tissue perfusion and anaerobic glycolysis. Blood transfusion resulted in a rise in lactate concentration in seven patients who were not clinically shocked, and failed to reverse a severe uncompensated acidosis in a patient who was clinically shocked. These effects of blood transfusion are probably due to the fact that red blood cells in stored bank blood, with added acid-citrate-dextrose solution, metabolize the dextrose anaerobically to lactic acid. Monitoring of acid-base balance is recommended in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding who are clinically shocked. A metabolic acidosis can then be corrected with intravenous sodium bicarbonate.     

Recurrent Haemorrhage after Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A retrospective survey of 472 consecutive hospital admissions for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding showed that patients with a large initial bleed are more likely to bleed again than those with a small initial bleed. The incidence of recurrent haemorrhage is also related to the interval since the last bleeding episode, so that patients showing no clinical evidence of haemorrhage for 48 hours are unlikely to bleed again in the near future. Patients admitted after a haematemesis have a higher incidence of recurrent haemorrhage than those admitted after melaena only. Aetiology has been confirmed as an additional important factor, the incidence being highest in those with oesophageal varices or a chronic gastric ulcer. Contrary to widespread belief, age does not appear to affect the incidence of recurrent haemorrhage, nor do other constitutional factors such as sex or the ABO blood group.     

不同病因肝硬化患者临床特征及其预后影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨不同病因肝硬化患者临床特征及其预后影响因素。方法：回顾性选择2017年1月至2020年12月来我院诊治的具有完整资料，同时明确诊断为肝硬化，病因为乙肝后肝硬化（78例）、酒精性肝硬化（42例）。分析两组患者的一般资料、并发症发生情况、合并疾病情况，分析乙肝后肝硬化、酒精性肝硬化患者的预后影响因素。结果：两组患者在性别、职业、临床表现（黄疸、黑便、呕血、蜘蛛痣、脾脏增大）、肝脏体积缩小、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病）、合并疾病（脂肪肝、糖尿病、胰腺炎、胆结石）方面有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乙肝后肝硬化组的疾病进展发生率明显较酒精性肝硬化组高（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果表明，临床表现（乏力、食欲减退、皮肤瘙痒、腹痛、腹胀、呕血、黑便、腹水）、Child-Pugh分级、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病）是影响乙肝后肝硬化患者预后的因素（P<0.05）；Logistic回归分析结果表明，Child-Pugh分级在B、C级、存在上消化道出血与肝性脑病是影响乙肝后肝硬化患者预后的危险因素（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果表明，临床表现（黄疸）、Child-Pugh分级、并发症（上消化道出血、肝性脑病、感染）是影响酒精性肝硬化患者预后的因素（P<0.05）；Logistic回归分析结果表明，Child-Pugh分级为C级、存在上消化道出血肝性脑病、感染是影响酒精性肝硬化患者预后的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：乙肝后肝硬化与酒精性肝硬化的差异主要体现在性别、职业、临床表现、并发症与合并疾病中，影响乙肝后肝硬化预后的危险因素为Child-Pugh分级在B、C级、存在上消化道出血与肝性脑病，影响酒精性肝硬化预后的危险因素为Child-Pugh分级为C级、存在上消化道出血、肝性脑病、感染，需防治并发症，以改善患者预后。     

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo determine the association between inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.DesignRetrospective cohort study from population based databases.SettingOntario, Canada.Participants317 824 elderly people observed for more than 130 000 person years. The patients started taking an antidepressant between 1992 and 1998 and were grouped by how much the drug inhibited serotonin reuptake. Patients were observed until they stopped the drug, had an upper gastrointestinal bleed, or died or the study ended.ResultsOverall, 974 bleeds were observed, with an overall bleeding rate of 7.3 per 1000 person years. After controlling for age or previous gastrointestinal bleeding, the risk of bleeding significantly increased by 10.7% and 9.8%, respectively, with increasing inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Absolute differences in bleeding between antidepressant groups were greatest for octogenarians (low inhibition of serotonin reuptake, 10.6 bleeds/1000 person years v high inhibition of serotonin reuptake, 14.7 bleeds/1000 person years; number needed to harm 244) and those with previous upper gastrointestinal bleeding (low, 28.6 bleeds/1000 person years v high, 40.3 bleeds/1000 person years; number needed to harm 85).ConclusionsAfter age or previous upper gastrointestinal bleeding were controlled for, antidepressants with high inhibition of serotonin reuptake increased the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These increases are clinically important for elderly patients and those with previous gastrointestinal bleeding.

What is already known on this topic

A case-control study found that the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding increases with intake of antidepressants that extensively inhibit serotonin reuptakeThe study''s validity was questioned because antidepressants were not specifically classified by the extent that they inhibit serotonin reuptake, and absolute differences in bleeding rates between antidepressants were unavailable

What this study adds

The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly and depressed patients increases with antidepressants having the greatest extent of inhibition of serotonin reuptakeThis increased risk of bleeding is clinically important for patients with a high risk of bleeding—namely, octogenarians and those with previous upper gastrointestinal bleedingThe extent that an antidepressant inhibits serotonin reuptake should be considered when drugs are required for depression in high risk patients