自发性高血压大鼠下丘脑加压素能神经元形态学研究

本文用光、电镜和免疫组织化学方法观察了自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲｓ）下丘脑加压素能神经元的形态结构。电镜下ＳＨＲｓ加压素能神经元胞体大,电子密度高,核大有皱褶细胞质内密集充满各种细胞器。可见膜包神经分泌颗粒。ＰＡＰ法显示精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）阳性细胞主要分布于视上核（ＳＯＮ）腹外侧部及室旁核（ＰＶＮ）内。在ＳＯＮ和ＰＶＮ之间尚有一个ＡＶＰ阳性细胞的密集核团。说明ＳＨＲ下丘脑也有产生ＡＶＰ功能。ＳＯＮ和ＰＶＮ之间的核团是否与ＳＨＲｓ下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴ＡＣＴＨ的异常有关？有待进一步研究。本文为探讨ＳＨＲｓ正常生理功能及高血压的发生提供形态学资料。     

束缚应激对大鼠下丘脑室旁核、视上核一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目前已知下丘脑是应激反应的关键性调节中枢,下丘脑内一氧化氮是否参与应激反应尚未见报道。本文运用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ酶组化技术和计算机图象分析方法,对束缚应激大鼠下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＮ）和视上核（ＳＯＮ）一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的相对切面面积和平均灰度进行了分析。结果显示,大鼠在急性束缚应激４小时后,其下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ内的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的平均灰度值与正常大鼠比较均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）;ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积明显大于正常大鼠（Ｐ＜０．００１）,但ＰＶＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积未见明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果说明束缚应激使大鼠下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ活性增强     

中缝大核在刺激视上核镇痛中的作用

运用核团灌流液的放免测定和高压液相色谱法以及核团内注射拮抗剂,观察了化学刺激下丘脑视上核（ＳＯＮ）对中缝大核（ＮＲＭ）灌流液内催产素（ＯＴ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）含量的影响以及ＮＲＭ内注射ＡＶＰ、５－ＨＴ或ＯＴ受体拮抗剂对痛阈（ＰＴ）的影响。结果表明：ＳＯＮ内注射Ｌ－谷氨酸（Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ）１０μｇ后动物痛阈明显升高,ＮＲＭ灌流液中ＯＴ和５－ＨＴ的含量明显高于对照组水平,ＡＶＰ的含量仅有一过性增加。ＮＲＭ内注射ｏＴ或５－ＨＴ拮抗剂可逆转化学刺激ＳＯＮ引起的镇痛作用;而ＡＶＰ的Ｖ＿(１／２)受体拮抗剂也轻度抑制这种镇痛作用,但Ｖ＿１拮抗剂对此作用无影响。以上结果提示：在刺激ＳＯＮ镇痛中,ＯＴ起着重要作用,Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ刺激ＳＯＮ的ＯＴ细胞释放ＯＴ,作用于ＮＲＭ细胞的ＯＴ受体和Ｖ＿２受体而产生镇痛作用,５－ＨＴ在此过程中也发挥重要作用。     

烫伤对大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核、垂体和血浆内皮素—1含量的影响

内皮素 (ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ ,ＥＴ)在下丘脑含量很高 ,大鼠下丘脑ＥＴ主要形式是ＥＴ 1,也含有ＥＴ 3。Ｙｏｓｈｉｚａｗａ及蒋应明等报道下丘脑神经元能自身合成和表达ＥＴ 1,主要集中在视上核 (Ｓｕｐｒａｏｐｔｉｃｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,ＳＯＮ)和室旁核 (ｐａｒａｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌａｒｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ ,ＰＶＮ)部位 ,但其功能意义尚不清楚。ＥＴ对下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴具有调节作用 ,可促进应激情况下ＡＶＰ的释放。烫伤是一种强烈的应激刺激 ,同时又可引起体内渗透压的升高 ,因此推测重度烫伤可能影响下丘脑ＥＴ 1合成和分泌。本实验应…     

大鼠尾核痛反应神经元放电和甩尾反射关系的研究

用浅麻醉的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４０只,以辐射热照尾作为伤害性刺激,经玻璃微电极引导尾核痛兴奋神经元（ＰＥＮ）和痛抑制神经元（ＰＩＮ）的放电,同时测量甩尾反射潜伏期（ＴＦＬ）作为甩尾痛阈的指标。结果表明：（１）自然状态下辐射热照尾引起尾核中ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和ＰＩＮ放电频率减少与甩尾反射（ＴＦ）相伴行。放电变化发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后,ＰＥＮ和ＰＩＮ放电变化与ＴＦＬ呈高度正相关。（２）辐射热照尾同时引起一侧尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和另一侧ＰＩＮ放电频率减少,二者协同活动,并发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。（３）侧脑室注射５５μｇ／１０μｌ吗啡呈镇痛作用时,尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率减少和ＰＩＮ放电频率增加,放电变化仍发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。结果提示,尾核中ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电和ＴＦ是中枢不同水平同时对痛觉调制所产生的结果。     

烫伤对大鼠下丘脑视上核内皮素-1基因转录和蛋白含量的影响

用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法观察了烫伤后下丘脑视上核（ＳＯＮ）内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）基因转录和蛋白含量的变化,并用通用图像颗粒分析法估计ＥＴ－１ ｍＲＮＡ阳性杂交信号的强度和ＥＴ－１样免疫反应物（ＥＴ－１－ｉｒ）的免疫反应强度。与对照组相比,烫伤后１５ｍｉｎ,ＳＯＮ神经元胞浆内ＥＴ－１ ｍＲＮＡ阳性杂交信号未见明显变化;而在烫伤后６０和１８０ｍｉｎ,ＥＴ－１ ｍＲＮＡ阳性杂交信号强度分别较比照组增     

蓝斑在刺激视上核镇痛中的作用

应用核团微量注射、放射免疫测定（ＲＩＡ）和高压液相（ＨＰＬＣ）观察了刺激视上核（ＳＯＮ）对蓝斑（ＬＣ）灌流液中催产素（ＯＴ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）、去甲明上素（ＮＥ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）的含量的变化以及斑注射Ｏ笔ＡＶＰ的拮抗剂对痛阈（ＰＴ）的影响。结果表明;刺激ＳＯＮ后３０到９０ｍｉｎ,ＬＣ灌流液中ＯＴ的含量,３０ｍｉｎＡＶＰ的含量,６０ｍｉｎ５－ＨＴ的含量明显增加,而ＮＥ的含量在３０和６０     

杏仁内侧核注射AVP和AVPMcAb对家兔ET性发热效应的影响

目的和方法：在大脑杏仁内侧核微量注射精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和精氨酸加压素单克隆抗体（ＡＶＰＭｃＡｂ）,观察其对家兔内毒素（ＥＴ）性发热效应以及视前区一下丘脑前部（ＰＯＡＨ）温敏神经元放电活动的影响。结果：①杏仁内侧核微量注射ＡＶＰ能明显抑制家兔ＥＴ性发热效应,注射ＡＶＰＭｃＡｂ能明显易化家兔ＥＴ性发热效应;②杏仁外侧核分别注射ＡＶＰ和ＡＶＰＭｃＡｂ则对家兔ＥＴ性发热效应无明显影响;③杏仁内侧核分别注射ＡＶＰ和ＡＶＰＭｃＡｂ后ＰＯＡＨ热敏神经元和冷敏神经元放电活动均无明显变化。结论：家兔杏仁内侧核也是ＡＶＰ抗热效应的一个重要的作用部位,杏仁内侧核注射ＡＶＰ的抗热作用途径与隔区注射ＡＶＰ的抗热途径可能不同     

汉滩病毒S基因及其5‘端真核表达载体的构建及在细胞中的表达

体外研究汉滩病毒（ＨＴＮＶ）Ｓ基因及其５'端表达的意义,为核蛋　白Ｔ细胞表位的研究奠定基础。设计２套引物,用ＰＣＲ方法从ＰＢＶ２２０－Ｓ２２原核质粒中扩增出Ｓ　基因全读码框（３７－１３２６ｂｐ）及Ｓ基因５'端（３７－５０１ｂｐ）,用ＴＡ克隆将其克隆入ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１／Ｖ５－Ｈｉｓ－ＴＯＰＯ载体中,成功构建ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ及ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ－Ｎ真核表达载体,并通过脂质体转　染至Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中,进行了瞬时表达。间接免疫荧光成功检测到ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ及ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ－Ｎ在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中的表达。ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ及ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１－Ｓ－Ｎ真核表达载体有较高的转染效率,目　的基因能在宿主细胞中表达,有利于研究ＨＴＮＶ－Ｓ基因在Ｔ细胞表位研究中的意义。     

兔室旁核－脊髓径路对血量扩张引起肾交感神经活动抑制的作用

在室旁核（ＰＶＮ）完好或ＰＶＮ注射抗坏血酸的双侧窦主动脉去神经的麻醉兔,血量扩张引起肾交感神经活动（ＲＳＮＡ）抑制均约４８％。然而在红藻氨酸损毁ＰＶＮ后的３—４ｈ和３—４ｄ,这种ＲＳＮＡ抑制分别减弱到－２８．０±４．５％和－２５．７±４．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时其抑制时程也显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１）。此ＲＳＮＡ抑制也可被脊髓Ｔ１０—Ｔ１２节段蛛网膜下腔注射血管升压素能Ｖ１受体阻断剂而显著地减弱。在血量扩张时对照组与实验组血压均呈小而短暂升高,无显著差别。上述结果表明血量扩张引起的ＲＳＮＡ抑制,部分是通过迷走传入神经触发ＰＶＮ－脊髓径路介导的。     

中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内加压素和催产素能神经元的比较分布

应用PAP-PAAP双重免疫组化染色程序在同一切片上进行两种肽能物质的定位,观察了中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内VP能和OT能神经元的比较解剖学分布,发现:视上核被视束分成主部和交叉后部。在视上核主部,其头侧部几乎仅含OT能神经元胞体,中间部VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,尾侧部VP能胞体数目明显超过OT能胞体。在明显含有两种胞体的中间部和尾侧部,OT能胞体多位于背内侧,VP能胞体多位于腹外侧;在视上核交叉后部,其头侧部以VP能胞体为主,且多位于背外侧,OT能胞体多位于腹内侧。中间部OT能胞体多位于内侧,VP能胞体多位于外侧。尾侧部OT能胞体多位于背、腹两侧,VP能胞体则多位于中间;在室旁核,其头侧部几乎全由OT能胞体构成。中间部,VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,OT和VP能胞体分别主要位于内、外侧。尾侧部两种神经元胞体较明显地分为内、外两群,内侧群主要为OT能胞体,外侧群几乎全为VP能胞体,该群的头侧半又可分为背腹两个亚群,至尾侧半,此二亚群渐合并。本文讨论了OT和VP能神经元在中国树鼩和大鼠视上核和室旁核内的比较分布。     

Effect of Block of Catecholamine Synthesis on the Functional State of Vasopressinergic Neurons of Hypothalamus in Dehydrated Rats

Effect of catecholamines (CA) on the functional state of vasopressin (VP)-ergic neurons of hypothalamus at their stimulation produced by dehydration (salt diet and water deprivation) was studied in in vivo experiments on adult male Wistar rats. Quantitative assessment of VP-immunopositive substance and digoxigenin-labeled VP mRNA (hybridization in situ) in neurosecretory cells of supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei was performed using measurements of optical density of the stained substance in perykaria and a computer digital television analyzer with PhotoM software. Hybridization in situ technique allowed evaluating intensity of VP synthesis, while comparison of the amount of VP mRNA and VP-immunoreactive substance in neurons of SON and PVN made it possible to evaluate release of VP from perykaria. In PVN, repeated saline administration (0.25 ml per 100 g weight) and severe dehydration led to activation both of synthesis and of release of VP from cell perikarya. Use of -methyl-p-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine (CA) synthesis on the background of dehydration was not accompanied by changes of the functional state of VP-ergic neurons of PVN as compared with dehydrated animals. No changes in functional state of VP-ergic neurosecretory cells in SON were found after saline administration, whereas dehydration activated synthesis and release of VP from perykaria, like in VP-ergic neurons of PVN. Inhibition of CA synthesis on the background of dehydration led to activation of VP release by SON neurons without affecting the level of VP synthesis. The data obtained indicate that CA is able to suppress the VP release from neurons of SON, which is produced caused by activation of the VP-ergic system under conditions of dehydration.     

Participation of neuronal NO-synthase in regulation of hypothalamus vasopressinergic neurons of rat pups at early stages of postnatal ontogeny

To reveal character of interaction of catecholamines (CA) and NO in regulation of development and of the functional state of vasopressinergic (VP-ergic) neurons of supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei, the female rats were injected intraperitoneally with the inhibitor of CA synthesis α-methyl-p-tyrosine, daily, from the 13th to the 20th days of pregnancy. Rat pups born by the females administered with saline at the same period of pregnancy as well as intact pups and adult rats were used as control. Expression of neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS) in neurons of SON and PVN of rat pups at early stages of postnatal development was found to be significantly higher than the definitive level, which allows suggesting participation of NO in development of hypothalamic VP-ergic neurons. The revealed differences of periods of the maximal nNOS expression in the SON and PVN neurons have permitted suggesting development of SON to be completed earlier than that of PVN. The pups exposed to stress at the last third of embryonic development had a long-lasting effect on the state of VP-ergic neurons of the pups after birth. The nNOS expression in neurons does not change, which suggests that NO is not involved in regulation of VP-ergic neurons after exposure to stress at early stages of ontogenesis. A decrease of CA level in the brain at the last third of embryogenesis led to a long preserved decrease of the functional activity of VP-ergic neurons. The nNOS expression in VP-ergic neurons of SON and PVN rose substantially under effect of a compensatory enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in neurons of SON and of an increase of the level of CA-ergic innervation of PVN. Thus, we have shown that a decrease of CA level in the embryonic brain leads to an increase of nNOS expression of hypothalamic VP-ergic neurons of rat pups after birth and that the character of NO action on function of VP-ergic neurons does not differ from that of adult animals as soon as at early stages of ontogenesis.     

磁场对丘脑下部一氧化氮含量的影响及与丘脑下部神经内分泌核团的关系

应用硝酸还原酶反应—分光光度法测定和NADPH-d组织化学技术,对磁场处理后丘脑下部一氧化氮量的变化及其可能的原因进行了研究,发现磁场可促使丘脑下部一氧化氮量(OD值)显著升高,并具有显著滞后效应。NADPH-d阳性神经细胞及NADPH-d和血管加压素(AVP)双染阳性神经细胞集中分布在丘脑下部室旁核、室周核和视上核,但不存在 于视交叉上核,提示室旁核、室周核和视上核一氧化氮能神经细胞是丘脑下部的一氧化氮的主要来源。磁场处理后大鼠丘脑下部一氧化氮含量(OD值)较正常对照组显著升高应归因于这些神经细胞受磁场作用表达增强。一氧化氮和血管加压素的共存可能对磁场调节内分泌具有一定意义。     

Different signaling molecules responsible for IL-1beta-induced oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neuron activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat

It has been well known that oxytocin (OT)-ergic and arginine vasopressin (AVP)-ergic neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and super optic nucleus (SON) are two kinds of neuroendocrine cells with diverse functions. It has also been demonstrated that immune stimuli can activate these neurons to secret OT and AVP. However, the intracellular signal transduction molecules responsible for the activation of these OT-ergic and AVP-ergic neurons in PVN by immune stimuli are still unclear. In this experiment, the roles of Fos, a protein product of immediate early gene c-fos, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, a signal transduction molecule of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, in these processes were studied in the PVN of the rat following IL-1beta stimulation. The Sprague-Dawley rats were received either 750 ng/kg IL-1beta or equal volume normal saline (NS) injection intravenously (i.v.), and perfused transcardially by 4% paraformaldehyde 3h later. Fos and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2)-immunoreactivity (-ir) was observed in PVN by ABC immunohistochemical staining. Meanwhile, the double staining for OT/Fos, AVP/Fos, OT/pERK1/2 and AVP/pERK1/2 were also processed. The ABC immunohistochemical staining results showed that after an i.v. injection of IL-1beta, the expressions of Fos and pERK1/2 increased evidently in the PVN. Double-staining results showed that a large number of OT-ir cells contained strong Fos-ir products in their nuclei, while only a few of OT cells were double labeled with pERK1/2. As to AVP neurons, great quantities of AVP cells were strongly double labeled with pERK1/2 while there were nearly no Fos-ir nuclei in AVP-ir cells. We conclude from these results that the intracellular IL-1beta-induced events in OT and AVP neurons in PVN are quite different. The OT neurons are mainly activated via Fos without involvement of ERK1/2 pathway, while the latter, but not Fos, involves the intracellular event in AVP neurons activated by IL-1beta.     

Oxytocinergic circuit from paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to arcuate POMC neurons in hypothalamus

Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin (Oxt), a neuropeptide produced in hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON), melanocortin-dependently suppresses feeding. However, the underlying neuronal pathway is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether Oxt regulates propiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Intra-ARC injection of Oxt decreased food intake. Oxt increased cytosolic Ca²⁺ in POMC neurons isolated from ARC. ARC POMC neurons expressed Oxt receptors and were contacted by Oxt terminals. Retrograde tracer study revealed the projection of PVN and SON Oxt neurons to ARC. These results demonstrate the novel oxytocinergic signaling from PVN/SON to ARC POMC, possibly regulating feeding.     

BiP mRNA expression is upregulated by dehydration in vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamus in mice

The immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that facilitates the proper folding of newly synthesized secretory and transmembrane proteins. Here we report that BiP mRNA was expressed in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in wild-type mice under basal conditions. Dual in situ hybridization in the SON and PVN demonstrated that BiP mRNA was expressed in almost all the neurons of arginine vasopressin (AVP), an antidiuretic hormone. BiP mRNA expression levels were increased in proportion to AVP mRNA expression in the SON and PVN under dehydration. These data suggest that BiP is involved in the homeostasis of ER function in the AVP neurons in the SON and PVN.     

Genomic Effects of Cold and Isolation Stress on Magnocellular Vasopressin mRNA-Containing Cells in the Hypothalamus of the Rat

We assessed the effects of cold and isolation stress on arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Vasopressin mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry at the cellular level. In posterior magnocellular neurons of the PVN isolation stress for 7 or 14 days increased vasopressin mRNA levels 28 and 29%, respectively, compared to group-housed controls. No significant alterations in vasopressin gene expression were observed in the SON after 7 or 14 days of isolation stress. Scattered magnocellular AVP mRNA-expressing cells of the medial parvocellular PVN showed increases of 19 and 34% after 7 and 14 days of isolation, respectively. We also studied the effect of cold or combined cold and isolation stress on vasopressin gene expression in the PVN and SON. Cold stress for 3 h daily for 4 consecutive days increased AVP mRNA levels in the posterior magnocellular PVN by 15%. Cold-isolated animals showed an increase of 21%. No significant effect on AVP mRNA levels in the SON was observed. In contrast to the posterior magnocellular PVN, cold or cold-isolation stress increased AVP mRNA in magnocellular neurons of the medial parvocellular region of the PVN by 25 and 43%, respectively, relative to control rats. These results suggest that psychological and metabolic stress may be added to the list of stressors that activate the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.     

大鼠视上核神经元自发放电节律的确定性机制

利用非线性动力学的方法,在多种生物数据中找到了确定性机制。大鼠下丘脑视上核（ｓｕｐｒａｏｐｔｉｃ ｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,ＳＯＮ）神经元自发产生不规则的放电。为了研究这些不规则放电是否含有确定性机制,用电流钳对大鼠ＳＯＮ神经元进行全细胞纪录,取动作电位峰峰间期序列（ｉｎｔｅｒｓｐｉｋｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｖａｌ,ＩＳＩ）作为研究对象。采用一种新的检测时间序列非稳定周期轨道的方法分析ＩＳＩ序列,发现ＩＳＩ含有非稳定