寄主植物对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂生物学特性的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&La Salle是桉属(Eucalyptus)植物的重要枝叶害虫。自2007年在我国发现以来,对广西、海南及广东地区的桉树种植已造成严重危害。本文在野外调查的基础上,研究了海南和广东地区共5种桉树上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小、寿命及怀卵量。结果表明,桉树品种能够显著影响桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫体大小;用40%蜂蜜水进行补充营养时,不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的寿命差异显著,而桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫在不同寄主间无显著性差异;不同寄主植物上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫的怀卵量不同,并且随着日龄的延长,其怀卵量呈现上升的趋势。     

双斑截尾寄蝇成虫生物学特性

双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa Meigen (双翅目：寄蝇科)是草地螟Loxostege sticticalis和其他鳞翅类昆虫的重要寄生天敌,但国内外对其生物学特性知之甚少。为了揭示双斑截尾寄蝇的生物学特性,在22℃,光周期16L∶8D的室内条件下对成虫羽化时期,交配持续时间,产卵量和寿命及其与补充营养的关系等进行了实验观察。结果表明： 双斑截尾寄蝇主要在08: 00－10: 00和14: 00－16: 00羽化。雄蝇比雌蝇早羽化1 d,雌蝇羽化后可立即进行交配,但雄蝇羽化1 d后才可交配; 交配持续时间为10～54 min,但多数为20～30 min; 平均产卵量为154.1粒,雌蝇平均寿命26.6 d,雄蝇为10.2 d,雌雄寿命差异显著。取食10%蜂蜜水的平均产卵前期为3.8 d,平均产卵历期为15.4 d; 而且取食10%蔗糖水、葡萄糖水或蜂蜜水之间的成虫产卵量没有显著差异,但均显著高于取食清水或纯饥饿空白对照的;同时,取食补充营养的雌蝇寿命均显著高于取食清水或空白对照的,但雄蝇的寿命则不受补充营养的影响。取食补充营养的雌蝇寿命与产卵量为正相关,即雌蝇的寿命越长,产卵量越大。最后,就这些结果的应用价值进行了讨论。     

引进花角蚜小蜂成虫的寿命和羽化节律

通过室内饲养和连续观察,研究了食物、温度对引进花角蚜小蜂成虫寿命的影响及其羽化的时间节律.结果表明：食物对该寄生蜂成虫寿命有极显著影响,喂食20％蜂蜜或20％蜂蜜＋新鲜松针可将雌虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到14.8 d和17.3 d,将雄虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到11.3 d和12.3 d.喂食20％蜂蜜条件下,温度也表现出极显著影响,23 ℃和26 ℃下雌、雄成虫的寿命均明显较长,32 ℃下均最短,相同温度下雌虫的寿命显著长于雄虫.日周期中,雌虫主要在11:00-15:00羽化,18:00以后基本不羽化;雄虫主要在9:00-12:00羽化,17:00以后基本不羽化.在花角蚜小蜂的主要羽化期7-9月,7月羽化量最大 ,此后8、9月呈波浪式递减;单日羽化的成虫中,雌虫大多占80％以上,雄虫则长期在一个较低水平波动.对比试验发现,花角蚜小蜂在收蜂棚中的出蜂量比在收蜂箱中更大.花角蚜小蜂在羽化前积累的能量十分有限,人工放蜂前提供必要的营养补充将有助于提高生物防治效果.福建和广东夏季的高温、花角蚜小蜂雌成虫和松突圆蚧雌成蚧虫口高峰期不吻合、极高的雌性比例等是影响该寄生蜂种群稳定的潜在因素.收蜂棚有利于大量收集花角蚜小蜂,适合在生产上应用.     

刺槐叶瘿蚊成虫行为学特征及性诱效果的研究

本文在室内条件下研究了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis rohiniae(Haldemann)成虫羽化、交尾、产卵行为的时间动态节律以及雌蚊性诱效果.结果表明:雌虫5:00-6:00为羽化高峰期,雄虫1:00-2:00为羽化高峰期,雌虫羽化高峰期期迟于雄虫4 h左右.雌蚊羽化后20min左右即外伸产卵器吸引雄蚊交配...     

枸杞木虱成虫携带瘿螨越冬

多年来一直认为枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Kefer以成螨在树皮缝和芽缝内越冬,我们在宁夏中宁最新调查发现,大量瘿螨若螨潜伏于枸杞木虱越冬成虫体壁缝隙,尤其以后足基节与腹部缝隙最多。初步调查结果显示,越冬枸杞木虱Poratrioza sinica Yang et Li成虫雌性和雄性成虫均携带瘿螨成螨和若螨,平均2~3头,最多的可达30头。如果枸杞瘿螨随枸杞木虱越冬成虫越冬成为主要途径,那么对枸杞木虱越冬成虫的防治将成为控制枸杞瘿螨危害的重要防治策略和技术手段。     

巴氏新小绥螨对同一栖息地枸杞瘿螨的捕食功能反应

枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer（Acari: Eriophyoidae）是枸杞上为害最严重的有害生物之一。近期在内蒙古地区发现植绥螨巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes（Acari: Phytoseiidae）与枸杞瘿螨可同时发生在野生枸杞上。为评价巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨的捕食潜力,本研究在室内25±1℃、RH 65%±10%、16 L∶8 D的条件下,研究了巴氏新小绥螨对不同密度枸杞瘿螨成螨（30、50、70、90、110、130、150、170头）的捕食功能反应及搜寻效应。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨的雌、雄成螨对枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食功能反应均为Holling-II型,即巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,一直到猎物密度较高时趋于稳定;而巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对相同密度下的枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食量均高于雄成螨,而且雌成螨的搜寻效应也强于雄成螨。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的攻击率（α=4.4121）高于雄成螨（α=2.4403）,而雌成螨的处理时间（Th =0.0094 d）短于雄成螨（Th=0.0196 d）;雌、雄成螨的理论最大日捕食量（T/Th）分别为106.61头和51.02头。研究结果显示巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨有较好的捕食潜力,性别对巴氏新小绥螨捕食枸杞瘿螨的功能反应有显著影响。     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的生物学特性

【目的】明确落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的发生规律及生物学特性。【方法】野外调查和室内饲养。【结果】在集宁市落叶松尺蠖1年1代,以卵越冬,越冬卵在翌年4月下旬、5月上旬孵化,6月中下旬开始入土化蛹,成虫于9月初羽化、产卵。在温度为20℃,RH=70%的条件下,落叶松尺蠖幼虫期(19.96±0.86)d,预蛹期(3.93±0.95)d,蛹期(108.4±13.17)d。蛹分布于树干基部30~90cm范围内,深度4~8 cm。雄虫在6:00—8:00及12:00—16:00羽化,早于雌性,雌虫在20:00—24:00羽化,羽化若干小时后可交尾,交配持续时间20~260 min,可多次交尾。20℃下交尾雌虫寿命为(5.56±1.47)d,雄虫为(3.95±0.95)d,产卵量为(162.2±69.9)粒;不交尾雌性为(8.03±2.90)d,雄性为(4.38±1.59)d,产卵量为(164.1±81.3)粒,但卵不能孵化;15℃条件下不交尾雌雄寿命分别为(14.48±6.67)d,(6.64±1.76)d,产卵量为(145.7±76.8)粒。【结论】落叶松尺蠖危害期短,蛹期较长,雌雄成虫羽化时间有差异;温度和交尾对寿命和产卵量都有显著影响。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂产卵行为研究

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&La Salle喜好在桉属(Eucalyptus)植物的新生部位产卵。本研究以尾赤桉为寄主研究其产卵模式发现,当天羽化且没有产卵经验的雌成虫在经过寄主识别(116.87 s)和寄主评估(208.27 s)后即进行产卵循环(平均5.87次),每个产卵循环产2粒卵,且搜索行为的发生一般伴随产卵位置的变换。在被观察的15头雌成虫中,平均每头产卵13.60粒,每次产卵持续17.31 s。在产卵过程中,其刺探行为所占总时间的比例和发生频次最大,而静息行为最小。在不同寄主植物间,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂喜好在尾赤桉的叶柄和叶脉处产卵,且2个部位间无显著性差异,而在尾叶桉、巨尾桉、隆缘桉和小果灰桉上,其喜好在叶柄处产卵且显著大于其它2个部位。     

胸窗萤的生殖习性

研究胸窗萤Pyrocoelia pectoralis Olivier雌、雄成虫生殖系统、交配和产卵行为。描述雌雄成虫在求偶过程中的多种行为:寻找、竞争、抱对、交配、受精。雌雄交配时间可持续(82.5±34.8)min(n=15),雌雄均有多次交配现象。雌虫羽化后可立即交配产卵。在(25±2)℃室温下,雌虫寿命8.87±2.06d(n=30),雌萤平均产卵量为72.03±34.38粒(n=30),产卵量与雌虫体重呈正相关关系(y=235.28x-20.38,R2=0.7283,df=43,P<0.01);而产卵日龄与每日产出率呈指数函数关系(y=1.5339e-0.9148x,R2=0.9987,df=5,P<0.01)。因子分析结果显示,影响雌虫生殖力的因子可以归为外部形态因子和内在生理因子。     

Egg maturation dynamics of the parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris: starvation speeds maturation in early life

The number of mature eggs carried by a female parasitoid at any given moment (egg load) is a fitness‐related parameter affecting reproductive potential and impacting upon host population dynamics. Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp of several noctuid pests, including Spodoptera littoralis. The number of mature eggs carried by females at emergence is approximately 50. The rate of egg maturation is strongly affected both by feeding status and access to host larvae. In early adult life, egg maturation rates are lower for 6–72 h in fed wasps compared with food‐deprived wasps. When given access to hosts, honey‐fed wasps live for approximately 9 days with high lifetime fecundity (226 eggs). By contrast to early adult life, the total realized fecundity is positively affected by feeding status, where water‐fed and starved females have 140 and 107 eggs, respectively. Egg resorption is most pronounced in the later life of females. The results suggest, in addition to confirming the effect of honey‐feeding on total fecundity, that fecundity of starved wasps includes rapid egg maturation early in life, which potentially could improve the performance of the parasitoid as a biological control agent.     

Temperature effects on reproduction and adult lifespan of the smaller fruit tortrix,Grapholita lobarzewskii

The effects of temperature on adult lifespan, reproduction, and oviposition behaviour of Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were studied under controlled and semi‐field conditions to improve the basis for phenological forecasting. The average female lifespan ranged from 18.9 days at 25.1 °C to 65.3 days at 11.0 °C. For adult female ageing, a lower thermal threshold (THR) of 8.6 °C and a thermal constant (K) of 298 degree days (dd) were established. At constant temperatures, fecundity ranged from 0.3 eggs per female at 11.0 °C to 107 eggs per female at 21.2 °C. The highest fecundity of 127 eggs per female was observed at fluctuating temperatures. Oviposition lasted on average 350 dd, but 50% of the eggs were laid within the first 100 dd after adult emergence. Grapholita lobarzewskii had a distinct circadian rhythm for oviposition. Females began to lay eggs at ca. 16:00 hours and ceased at 24:00 hours with the peak occurring generally at 19:00 hours. Females reacted very sensitively to sudden temperature changes. A temperature drop of 3.1 °C could cause a 1‐day interruption of oviposition.     

Biology of Mastrus ridibundus (Gravenhorst), a potential biological control agent for area‐wide management of Cydia pomonella (Linneaus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of pome fruit crops. A natural enemy of codling moth, the larval ectoparasitoid Mastrus ridibundus (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) has been imported into South America from the USA but little is known about the biology and ecology of the wasp, knowledge that is needed to design an efficient strategy of release and establishment. Experiments were carried out to assess important traits of the biology of the parasitoid in relation to its possible use as a biocontrol agent for codling moth. When M. ridibundus females were offered larvae ranging in weight from 37 to 78 mg, they oviposited more eggs on heavier hosts. In another study, the adult wasps were offered honey, diluted honey (10%) or pollen in paired choice tests and both males and females preferred honey over the other two foods. Females preferred 10% honey over pollen, while the males showed the opposite preference. Honey‐fed females lived longer than starved females. Adults died rapidly at 35°C, while they lived 20 days at 25°C and 12–17 days at 15°C. Female wasps had on average 25 ± 14 and 18 ± 11 progeny at 15 and 25°C, respectively, but they did not had progeny at 35°C. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was on average 44 ± 7 and 24 ± 2 days at 15 and 25°C respectively. Immature insects did not reach the adult stage at 35°C.     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang在昆明地区一年发生5代,以3、4、5龄幼虫和蛹在白蜡虫雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.45℃和552.93日度。18 ℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为 66.87天、42.27天、35.56天 、30.84天和27.81天。成虫需取食蜜露或白蜡虫雌虫体液作补充营养。性比为1.75～2.88:1(平均2.25:1)。产卵前期2～3天。开始产卵后的2～5天产卵量占总产卵量的62.21%。 27℃的产卵量和产卵率分别为19.31粒和89.81%。18℃时仅4.37粒和18.56%。15℃时不产卵。补充营养、性别和产卵与否对成虫寿命有显著影响。幼虫共5龄。1～4龄以寄主体液和组织为食。5龄幼虫不取食,3～4天后化蛹。     

Contribution of natural food sources to reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris and C. capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The influence of food sources comprising the natural diet on the reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of three African fruit flies Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. fasciventris (Bezzi) and C. capitata (Wiedemann) was investigated. Three natural food sources, varying in protein and sugar content, were evaluated. These included bird droppings (farm chicken), aphid honeydew and guava (Psidium guajava L.) juice. For C. fasciventris and C. capitata, flies fed on a protein-rich diet displayed higher frequency of calling, mating and oviposition than flies fed on a protein-poor diet, whilst for C. cosyra, quality of diet significantly influenced the mating behaviour of the flies, but not the calling and oviposition behaviour. Net fecundity rates were lowest for C. fasciventris and C. capitata when fed only on guava juice (0.1, 2.6 eggs per female, respectively), and higher for those on a diet of honeydew only (9.5, 33.8 eggs per female, respectively) and a combined diet of guava, honeydew and chicken faeces (11.8, 25.8 eggs per female, respectively). For C. cosyra, due to low numbers of eggs collected, no significant differences in fecundity between diets could be detected. All species fed only on a diet of chicken faeces since emergence died within the first three days of adult life without laying eggs, but when carbohydrates were provided by addition of guava juice and honeydew, the longevity of the flies was sustained for more than four weeks after adult emergence. The practical implications of these findings for control purposes are discussed.     

有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察

有性棉蚜有多次交配习性,交配时间平均为41分钟。雌蚜寿命为28．1±6．0天,产卵前期为3．0±1．2天,产卵历期为15．3±3．8天,产卵后期为9．7±3．4大,每雌产卵8．1±1．6粒,卵的产出率平均为88．4％。群体产卵的始盛、高峰和盛末期分别在羽化后3～4天、7～8天和15～16天。未经交配的雌蚜在产卵方面有明显的负效应,产出的受精卵也不能孵化。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

Pollen as a source of food for egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The value of corn pollen as a food source for Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was assessed in the laboratory by testing the effect of different pollen diets on the longevity, capacity of parasitism and other life-table parameters. T. brassicae females that fed on corn pollen and water (wet filter paper dusted with pollen) lived significantly longer (4.97 days) than females that fed on water alone (2.67 days), but significantly shorter than those feeding on honey alone (8.37 days) or corn pollen and honey (8.23 days), respectively, in the absence of host eggs. The presence of European corn borer eggs (Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) significantly increased longevity. With host eggs available, female T. brassicae that fed on corn pollen and water lived significantly longer (4.9 days) than on water alone (2.60 days), but significantly shorter than on honey alone (12.33 days) or corn pollen and honey (12.17 days), respectively. The cumulative lifetime fecundity was 82.53 offspring pupae when fed on pollen and water, which was significantly higher than 61.70 for water alone but lower than feeding on honey alone (95.70) or corn pollen and honey (99.97), respectively. Compared to water alone, corn pollen and water increased the net reproduction rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), and finite rate of increase (λ), and reduced the doubling time (T₂), but had no effects on the emergence rate, sex ratio, and mean generation time (T_c). In another set of experiments, 13 out of 30 females reduced the number of pollen grains offered to them. The average number of pollen grains utilized per female in this 48-h test 2.46±0.40 (mean±SE). Hence, T. brassicae used corn pollen as food that significantly increased longevity and fecundity of the tested females. Pollen and honey supplied a complete diet for T. brassicae, compared to pollen and water or water alone.     

Asymmetric effects of adult nutrition on reproductive success of male and female Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

The role of diet supplements (honey, water or no supplements) on egg maturation, oviposition strategy and longevity of the parasitic wasp Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is investigated. Parasitoids feed as larvae on hosts to acquire nutrition for growth and development, and further gain additional resources during their adult stage by feeding on either host or nonhost resources. The additional resources acquired by adults can help them to increase their reproductive activity or life expectancy, or both. Diaeretiella rapae females emerge with some developed eggs and no additional resources are required for egg maturation or successful oviposition. Females are able to oviposit and produce viable offspring immediately after emergence, and the number of eggs left in the ovaries of females decreases with subsequent oviposition, suggesting that ovigeny index of D. rapae is inclined towards pro‐ovigenic status. When unmated males and females are offered honey solution, females are attracted to it, whereas males display courtship and make mating attempts but then feed on honey after mating. The oviposition efficiency of female D. rapae increases by 30% when they feed on honey compared with when starved. Honey‐fed D. rapae adults live significantly longer (almost twice as long) than starved adults. Honey‐fed females deprived of hosts live longer than those offered hosts regularly. The positive effects of honey‐feeding on longevity are greater in females than in males. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the provision of additional resources to adult D. rapae parasitoids could enhance their life expectancy and parasitism efficiency in biological control programmes.