基于边界特征的景观格局分析

通过边界数量的长度谱分布分析。探讨了边界数量-长度特征与景观和组分碎裂化程度之间的相互关系;基于边界的数量和累积长度计算了景观多样性,均匀度、异质性和空间复杂性,并与基于斑快面积比重的传统格局指数计算结果进行了对比分析。研究表明,研究区内的快速城市化过程导致组分界面特征复杂化,空间分布的圈层结构简化;边界总体的数量谱分布方程系数α对于景观整体碎裂化程度有良好的指示意义,基于边界特征的景观格局指数对于传统的格局分析方法可以形成有益的补充。     

太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究

基于遥感、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以太湖流域为研究区域,在1985年、1995年和2000年的土地利用图基础上,分析了土地利用与景观格局演变.结果表明,15年间,太湖流域农田呈减少趋势,建设用地、林地、草地、水体呈增加趋势,其中农田的减少占土地利用总减少量的89.64%,建设用地的增加占土地利用总增加量的79.21%;由于人类活动的干预,太湖流域景观结构与景观异质性发生了较大变化.从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈降低趋势,边界密度、优势度指数、景观形状指数呈增加趋势;从斑块尺度上看,各景观组分的异质性指数及其变化过程有较大的差异,体现了景观生态系统的复杂性.人口增长、经济、政策等因素是太湖流域近15年景观格局动态变化的主要驱动力.太湖流域土地利用变化产生了景观碎化、边缘效应、生境退化等景观生态效应.可通过调整景观尺度上的土地利用方式,使太湖流域生态建设及水土资源实现可持续发展.     

甘肃永登县土地利用景观格局的空间尺度效应

依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式,研究了甘肃省兰州市永登县景观格局的空间尺度效应.结果表明:草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质;廊道包括道路和河流;其余景观组分(耕地、林地、园地,住宅用地、工矿用地、公共管理与服务用地和其他土地)均为斑块.斑块类型水平指数与景观水平指数均表现出明显的空间幅度依赖性.不同景观组分的斑块类型指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间存在差异性,景观水平指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间也存在差异性.在1～20 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异最为明显;在21～90 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异较小;在>90 km幅度后,尺度效应消失.90 km×90 km为研究景观格局尺度依赖性的有效幅度.     

农业景观异质性对地表节肢动物多样性影响的最优尺度分析

农业景观均质化与破碎化是近代农田生物多样丧失的重要原因之一.为明确景观异质性对地表节肢动物多样性的影响,对下辽河平原典型农区——昌图县地表节肢动物多样性与不同尺度景观异质性进行相关性分析.结果表明:1000 m为研究景观指数对农田地表节肢动物多样性影响的最优尺度;地表节肢动物Simpson多样性指数与景观香农多样性指数...     

岷江上游景观边界网络格局分析

格局与过程是景观生态学研究的核心内容,与基于斑块的研究相比,基于边界的研究是格局与过程研究的一个新的切入点.以岷江上游地区为例,基于TM影像数据,应用RS、GIS、Fragstats等软件,选用边界长度、边界密度、边界海拔、结点数量、网眼大小、网络连接度等指数,研究了景观边界网络格局的变化,并分析了与之相关的生态过程.结果表明,在1974～2000年期间,由于人为干扰强度的加剧,岷江上游景观边界网络结构变得更加复杂,在早期以边界长度增加为主,网络连接度变大,在后期以边界数量和结点数量增加为主,网络连接度变小;森林景观与低坡位景观类型间的边界减少,森林下线上移;农田与林地的边界在早期增加,1986年后减少,而与灌木林地的边界持续增加;随着林地的蚀退,森林结构变得简单化,而农田、灌木林地、草地等景观类型的结构变得更加复杂.     

不同干扰背景下农业景观异质性——以巩义市为例

景观异质性包括景观组成和构型的异质性,而人为干扰是形成异质性景观的主要影响因素。以河南省巩义市为例,在以建成区、农田、丘陵和山地为主体的景观中各选取一个4km×4km的样区,采用移动窗口算法,以100、250、500、1000、1250m和1500m为移动窗口半径,借用蔓延度(CONT)和均匀度(SHEI)指数,分析了不同干扰背景下景观异质性的空间变化特征。结果表明:随着移动窗口半径的增大,各景观类型的蔓延度和均匀度指数的最大值逐渐递减,最小值逐渐递增(建成区除外);建成区和农田景观蔓延度指数的平均值均大于丘陵和山地景观,均匀度指数的平均值则相反;4种类型景观的均匀度指数和蔓延度指数都呈显著相关关系,除建成区1000m及以上移动窗口半径外,R2都大于0.9;拟合曲线的β值基本呈递增趋势。文中对于人为干扰强度的差异性和景观异质性的尺度依赖性分析,为构建合理的景观格局提供了理论依据。     

岷江上游林农边界网络的生态效应

应用地理信息系统软件从遥感影像中提取出岷江上游的农田边界类型图,结合坡面尺度上林农边界效应的分析结果,对林农边界效应在景观尺度上的影响进行了研究。结果表明:研究区的农田边界共有5种类型,分别是农田与林地、灌木林地、草地、水体、建筑用地之间的边界,其中林农边界长2473.68km,占农田边界的37.57%,广泛分布在岷江干流及其支流的河谷中,在很大范围上影响着农田的土壤水分和生物多样性,对林地的影响相对较小;边界效应使林地边缘和农田边缘的土壤水分低于其内部,研究区有2103hm2的农田和371hm2的林地的土壤水分受到边界网络影响,分别占研究区农田面积和林地面积的2.33%和0.03%。由于土壤水分是制约研究区植物生长的限制性因子,且岷江上游的农田斑块面积较小且分布零散,因此应避免农林复合景观中边界密度进一步增加。     

上海市城乡梯度景观格局分析

利用 2 0 0 0年的土地利用数据 ,在 GIS的支持下 ,结合景观格局指数和梯度分析方法 ,研究了上海市景观结构及其在城市化梯度上的空间特征。结果表明 ,上海市的景观结构中 ,农田为优势景观 ,占整个景观比例的 6 0 %左右 ,而反映城市化的工业、居住和基础设施景观则占 2 2 % ,表明上海的城市化程度已经很高 ;郊区居住用地比例过大 (12 .6 9% ) ,城乡交错带居住区与工业区的高度混合显示上海市的景观结构需要优化 ,以提高土地利用率。样带上类型水平的景观格局指数分析表明各种景观类型表现出独特的空间特征 ,明显反映了城市化的梯度和前沿 ;而景观水平的格局分析则表明城市化导致景观的破碎化程度增大 ,景观异质性增高 ;景观格局指数曲线在城市化梯度上呈双峰型 ,是上海中心城区和浦东新区城市化区域的具体表现。研究结果表明景观格局指数和梯度分析相结合 ,是检测城市化和城市形态的有力工具。     

岷江上游森林景观边界效应

应用地理信息系统和遥感技术对岷江上游森林景观在景观尺度上的边界效应进行了分析.结果表明:人工形成的林-农边界较清晰、其植被过渡明显,林地边缘的生物量低于林地内部,影响域为60m,农田边缘的生物量高于农田内部,边界效应范围为60～90m;自然形成的林-草边界过渡缓和,林地边缘的生物量低于林地内部,而草地边缘的生物量高于草地内部,边界效应对林地的影响范围为60m、对草地的影响范围为45～75m;林-灌边界的边界效应类似林-草边界,对林地影响域为60m,对灌木林地的影响域在45～75m之间.     

基于移动窗口法的岷江干旱河谷景观格局梯度分析

以岷江干旱河谷为研究区,基于GIS技术和移动窗口法对其景观格局梯度变化进行分析,以期为区域的景观格局优化和管理提供支持。根据研究区的形状特征,分别沿干流和支流设置4条样带;选取景观水平下的景观指数,利用FRAGSTATS3.3软件分别采取标准法和移动窗口法获得不同尺度下的景观指数值;综合利用景观指数粒度效应分析、区域面积信息守恒评价方法和景观指数幅度效应评价曲线确定研究区景观格局梯度分析移动窗口尺寸,并计算了此窗口尺度下4条样带上的景观指数,得到沿样带方向的景观梯度格局。结果表明:岷江干旱河谷的景观基质是灌木林地,面积占73.82%。有林地和草地的景观异质性低,居民地和耕地斑块破碎化程度较大。确定了50m的栅格大小,250m的移动窗口尺寸为研究区景观格局梯度分析的窗口尺度;4条样带上各景观指数均随景观类型变化出现不同幅度的上下波动特征,梯度特征明显。处于景观类型过渡地带的区域,景观多样性和异质性增加,破碎化程度高;干旱河谷景观格局梯度变化主要受地形、水热因子,以及堤坝建设和土地开发利用影响。研究作为一种有益的尝试,更精细地分析了研究区的景观格局,能够为河谷地区景观格局量化分析提供参考,但也存在一定不足,需要在今后工作中继续深入研究。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.