气候及其变化对飞蝗发生期的影响

利用环渤海2类典型蝗区飞蝗发生期资料和同期气候资料,对不同蝗区气候变化和飞蝗发生期的关系进行对比分析。结果表明：沿海蝗区和洼淀蝗区气候的差异是导致飞蝗发生期差异的重要因素,影响飞蝗发生期的主要气候因子为气温;沿海蝗区3、4月气温偏低0.2 ℃～0.4℃,导致夏蝗三龄期以前飞蝗发生期比洼淀蝗区偏晚2～3 d,沿海蝗区其他月份气温偏高,气温的累积效应导致夏蝗三龄期以后发生期偏早;秋蝗发生期变化幅度小于夏蝗,与入夏后气温变异系数小相对应;20世纪90年代以来2类蝗区气温变化幅度不同是导致飞蝗发生期变化幅度不同的主要原因,且夏蝗发生期早晚与3、4月气温高低密切相关。     

白洋淀蝗虫分布调查及其防治

1998～ 2 0 0 2年对白洋淀蝗区的蝗虫种类、分布、优势种群及蝗区水文、植被、土壤、天敌等进行了调查研究。调查表明 ,白洋淀蝗区有蝗总科昆虫 3 0种 ,隶属 6总科、2 2属 ,分布于白洋淀淀内湖泊蝗区、淀边内涝蝗区和淀外河泛蝗区 ;明确以东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis (Meyen)为主的 5个蝗虫优势种群及生活史 ,并根据不同蝗区类型 ,提出了蝗区治理区划、生态治理技术、应急化学防治等 3项防治技术和“两改一加强”防治手段     

两个不同生态特征蝗区东亚飞蝗的两种代谢酶

黄骅和平山是中国河北省两个不同的蝗区,这两个蝗区的生态特征有很大的不同。黄骅位于河北平原,靠近渤海湾．属于滨海蝗区,蝗区植被以芦苇为主,是我国东亚飞蝗重点防治地区;平山位于河北和山西交界处,仍属于山区,蝗区位于岗南水库库区,属于滨湖蝗区,植被以稗草为主,并兼有玉米、豆类等农作物,为了保护岗南水库水质不受污染,该蝗区很少进行防治。对采自这两个蝗区东亚飞蝗的两种代谢酶：酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶进行了比较研究。用对氧磷、马拉氧磷、西维因及毒扁豆碱等4种抑制剂对这两个种群飞蝗的酯酶进行体外抑制实验,结果表明,这两个种群的大部分酯酶属于B-型。在雌性飞蝗中、用α-NA,αNB和β-NA3种酯酶底物测定酯酶活性,黄骅种群比平山种群的酯酶活性分别高1．63、1．66和1．70倍．雄性中则分别高1．12、1．41和1．27倍。对两个种群酯酶活性频率分布进行比较,黄骅种群中酯酶活性高的个体数远大于平山种群。两个种群酶活性的差异与马拉硫磷半致死剂量(LD50)的差异很相近,这提示酯酶活性的提高在东亚飞蝗对马拉硫磷的抗性中起一定的作用。酯酶活性频率分布显示出东亚飞蝗黄骅种群比平山种群具有较高的马拉硫磷抗性发展趋势．其抗性发展速度较平山种群快。然而,黄骅种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性略低于平山种群,因此推测,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性与这两个东亚飞蝗种群对马拉硫磷的抗性无明显相关。     

河北夏蝗大发生与气象条件的关系

利用合成分析和秩相关系数2种方法,分析了河北2种生态类型蝗区中夏蝗LocustamigratoriaL.发生程度与气象条件的关系,以确定影响夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子。结果表明:2个类型蝗区大发生年以前一年5月至当年夏蝗出土以前的气温偏高、降水偏少为主;前一年6月下旬、7月上旬、8月上旬、8月中旬气温、6月上旬降水、当年3月下旬降水、4月下旬气温为沿海蝗区关键影响因子,前一年7月上旬和8月下旬气温、5月中旬降水及当年2月中、下旬气温、4月下旬和5月上旬气温为洼淀蝗区的关键影响因子。     

基于Cyt b基因的网翅蝗科系统发生重建

研究测定了蝗总科25种蝗虫的线粒体Cyt b部分序列,并从GenBank中下载了19种蝗亚目昆虫的Cyt b基因相应序列片段。本文目的是要建立网翅蝗科的系统发育关系并说明网翅蝗科在蝗总科中的分类地位。以瘤锥蝗科的云南蝗Yunnanites coriacea和长额橄蝗Tagasta marginella作为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法重建系统发生树。比对后的序列长度是384 bp,包括167个简约信息位点。A T平均含量为70.7%,C G 平均含量29.3%。分子系统树表明:网翅蝗科并不是一个单系群。网翅蝗亚科和竹蝗亚科并非单系群。现存的雏蝗属并非单系群,应该是多系群。分子系统学研究结果和传统的基于形态特征的网翅蝗科分类体系有很大的不同。     

燕鸻——蝗虫的天敌

蝗虫是我国农业生产中的一种历史性灾害。关于吃蝗的鸟类,古书(见南史、唐书五行志等)早有记载,惜未提及究竟是那些鸟类。1954年4月至10月间中国科学院动物研究室鸟类组配合昆虫研究所蝗虫工作组在微山湖及淮北沿海一带蝗区进行关于吃蝗鸟类的采集调查。     

东亚飞蝗蝗区的结构与转化

蝗区可看成是一类自然生态地理单位, 本文列举了蝗区的共同生物地理特征, 并摘要叙述了四类主要蝗区在中国的分布。这四类蝗区是滨湖、沿海、河泛与内涝。每类蝗区中包括有形态与性质均不相同的异型次级结构, 次级结构能互相转化, 并可导致蝗区类型间的转化。四类蝗区各有它的形成过程和表现于飞蝗发生动态上的特殊规律, 但四者在形态解剖上有共同的特征, 并在最初形成因素上都直接或间接与黄河等大河道的变迁相联系。此外, 四类蝗区在扩张与收缩过程中, 都呈现阶段现象, 此阶段现象系蝗区变化中的相对稳定性的标志, 在某种程度上也体现了自然变化规律的顺序性。蝗区发生地的消灭决定于主导环境因素的变化, 如第二、三类因素消灭, 仅能实现临时性的改造, 只有在第一类因素消灭后方能达到根本改造, 但是二、三类因素在一定时间内的量变积累, 亦可以导致第一类因素发生根本性变化。     

基于Cytb和COⅡ基因序列的网翅蝗科(直翅目:蝗总科)部分种类的分子系统学研究

采用PCR产物直接测序法测定了2亚科31种网翅蝗科昆虫及1种癞蝗(外群)的线粒体基因Cyt b和COⅡ全序列,使用MEGA V4.1进行序列组成分析,对线粒体基因Cyt b、COⅡ数据集按照蛋白质基因密码子第一、二、三位点划分子集,并组成联合数据集COⅡ&Cyt b,对各数据集其子集进行了数据探索研究.在PAUP中应用NJ法、MP法、ML法以及在MrBayes V3.1中应用贝叶斯系统发育推论(BI)法进行系统发育关系重建,结果表明所研究的网翅蝗科部分种类的系统发育关系基本与中国的传统形态学分类体系没有差别,竹蝗亚科为较早分化出来的类群,其次为网翅蝗亚科;竹蝗新种和黄脊雷篦蝗聚为一支和其它竹蝗属类群形成姊妹群,因此建议将雷篾蝗属并入竹蝗属;隆额网翅蝗和宽翅曲背蝗聚为另一支,故建议将曲背蝗属并入网翅蝗属.雏蝗属的四个亚属中黑翅亚属、曲隆亚属和直隆亚属这三个亚属的单系性均得到稳健的支持,而短翅亚属的单系性在各种分析中皆得不到支持,它很可能是多系起源.     

中国东亚飞蝗新类型蝗区——海南热带稀树草原蝗区的生态地理特征及其与大沙河蝗区比较

本文系统地对海南热带稀树草原蝗区的生态地理结构特征进行了分析,说明本蝗区是 Uvarov(1936)提出的飞蝗两类蝗区理论中,由于森林破坏而形成的一类蝗区,作者将它定名为“热带稀树草原蝗区”。这类蝗区在我国过去尚缺乏研究。文中进而根据本蝗区的成因、生态特征以及对蝗区的生态控制对策,分别与我国大陆的东亚飞蝗大沙河类型蝗区进行了比较。     

中国东亚飞蝗新类型蝗区──海南热带稀树草原蝗区的生态地理特征及其与大沙河蝗区比较

本文系统地对海南热带稀树草原螟区的生态地理结构特征进行了分析,说明本蝗区是Ｕｖａｒｏｖ（１９３６）提出的飞蝗两类蝗区理论中．由于森林破坏而形成的一类蝗区,作者将它定名为＂热带稀树草原蝗区＂。这类蝗区在我国过去尚缺乏研究。文中进而根据本蝗区的成因、生态特征以及对蝗区的生态控制对策,分别与我国大陆的东亚飞蝗大沙河类型蝗区进行了比较。     

Bionic Mechanism and Kinematics Analysis of Hopping Robot Inspired by Locust Jumping

A flexible-rigid hopping mechanism which is inspired by the locust jumping was proposed,and its kinematic characteristics were analyzed.A series of experiments were conducted to observe locust morphology and jumping process.According to classic mechanics,the jumping process analysis was conducted to build the relationship of the locust jumping parameters.The take-off phase was divided into four stages in detail.Based on the biological observation and kinematics analysis,a mechanical model was proposed to simulate locust jumping.The forces of the flexible-rigid hopping mechanism at each stage were analyzed.The kinematic analysis using pseudo-rigid-body model was described by D-H method.It is confirmed that the proposed bionic mechanism has the similar performance as the locust hind leg in hopping.Moreover,the jumping angle which decides the jumping process was discussed,and its relation with other parameters was established.A calculation case analysis corroborated the method.The results of this paper show that the proposed bionic mechanism which is inspired by the locust hind limb has an excellent kinematics performance,which can provide a foundation for design and motion planning of the hopping robot.     

蝗虫的发生与防控

蝗虫暴发引起的灾害是全球重要的生物灾害,可影响到全世界十分之一的人口。自2019年,东部非洲、西亚、南亚多个国家遭遇严重的沙漠蝗虫灾害,这场蝗灾不但对该区域的粮食安全构成严重威胁,而且还有可能引发严重的人道主义危机。为了制定合理的防治方案,实施有效防控,避免大规模蝗灾的发生,需要掌握蝗虫的生物学、生态学、暴发和为害规律、防治策略和技术特点及其进展等。本文介绍了世界各地包括沙漠蝗、飞蝗、澳大利亚疫蝗在内的11种可以引起灾害的重要种类的主要分布、为害和特性,并对国内外蝗虫防治策略、技术进展进行了重点综述。最后,针对目前蝗虫防治存在的问题提出了相应建议。     

Prototype Design and Experimental Study on Locust Air-Posture Righting

Locust has the capacity to maintain a righting posture and glide through attitude adjustment after leaping. A prototype inspired by the dynamic mechanism of attitude adjustment of locusts was developed. The prototype consists of a pair of wings driven by a four-bar mechanism, and a 2 Degree of Freedom （DOF） tail to imitate the movement of the locust abdomen. The power source, microcontroller, wireless data transmission module, and attitude sensors are contained in the fuselage. Experiments imitating the flight of locust were conducted to determine the mechanism of locust Subsequent Attitude Adjustment （SAA）. The tethered prototype was driven by the movement of the tail and the flapping of the wings. Results show that the pitch and yaw of the tail, and the asymmetric action of the flapping wings significantly influence the posture of the prototype. These findings suggest that both the wiggling abdomen and flapping wings contribute to the locust SAA in the air. This research lays the groundwork and technical support for the probable design and development of practical jumping robots with attitude adjustment function.     

Changes in Polysomes of Black Locust Seedlings during Dehydration-Rehydration Cycles

Net assimilation, dark respiration and xylem pressure potential were followed through dehydration-rehydration cycles in black locust seedlings (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Sucrose gradient profiles indicated the retention of polysomes during stress. RNase activity declined during dehydration but returned to pre-stress levels upon irrigation. Comparisons of black locust and corn polysomes during water stress are made.     

蝗虫光电诱导滑移捕集调控行为的研究(英文)

目的:为获得蝗虫捕集装置的优化参数,给蝗虫灾害机械化捕集装置研制提供技术支持。方法:针对近光激发蝗虫趋光特性,利用蝗虫光电诱导滑移捕集行为装置,测试了机械捕集物理环境中蝗虫滑移捕集行为特征,分析了捕集光照环境及其物理特征引起的蝗虫生物摩擦行为对滑移捕集的影响,探讨了蝗虫趋光滑移捕集的增益因素及机理。结果:LED光源恒定光照突变特性,对蝗虫趋光视觉行为的调控,易化了趋光捕集实现,而通道光照及倾斜捕集环境特征,强化了其行为响应,产生了增益捕集实现的滑移弹跳碰撞捕集行为,且当通道高度及上、下层通道倾角组合为65 mm和(30°、45°)时,捕集作用效果最佳;通道内微弱光照环境,对蝗虫运动视觉的抑制性突变刺激,有效调控了生物摩擦控制下的响应调节,产生了或滑移或滑移弹跳碰撞捕集行为,且上层通道对蝗虫弹跳碰撞阻碍效应及下层通道滑移的导引作用,有助于蝗虫趋光捕集的快速实现;30 ms发光间隔频闪光照激发蝗虫趋光捕集效果较优,640 ms发光周期交变光照调控蝗虫行为反应效果较佳。结论:试验中,频闪交变及恒定捕集光照环境调控蝗虫生物摩擦控制下滑移行为响应的敏感性,制约了捕集效果,则需利用频闪交变耦合光照的激发特性,结合通道结构组合的最佳捕集参数,增加有效激发捕集通道内蝗虫滑移弹跳行为的调控性措施,来提高蝗虫的趋光捕集效果。     

Effect of Argiope lobata venom and its components on L[3H)glutamate binding with locust muscle membranes

The Argiope lobata venom is shown to block synaptic potential at locust neuromuscular junctions and inhibit the high-affinity sodium independent L[3H]glutamate binding site in locust muscle membranes. The data obtained due to fractionation of venom evidence that it contains components which block synaptic potential and inhibit the binding of L[3H]glutamate (5 kDa and more) as well as components which block synaptic potential but do not inhibit the binding of L[3H]glutamate less than 5 kDa. These observations indicate that spider venom contains at least two components with different mechanism of action.     

The Improvement of Salt Tolerance of Black Locust Seedlings After Seed Soaked in Multi-Effect Triazole

An improved salt tolerance black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L. ) seedlings can be obtained after seed soakes in 250 ppm multi-effect triazole(MET),through which plant growth is inhibited, relative water content(RWC) of plants is increased , and permeability of plasmic membrane is reduced. The contents of the free prolines in the seedlings under the saline stress of the black locust through the treatment either the seeds being soaked in MET or in water may be increased . However, the content of putrescine of black locust seedlings after seed soaked in MET was reduced under stress,showing the accumulation of putrescine was related to water state of plants.     

博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫毒力试验简报

目的:测定博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫的毒力作用,为利用药用植物提取物杀灭蝗虫的无公害防治提供参考。方法:用文献法提取博落回果实中的生物碱,制备博落回生物碱溶液;采用喷雾法将博落回生物碱溶液喷施于蝗虫成虫;进行了博落回生物碱溶液对蝗虫成虫的田间小面积试验;用计算机软件SPSS11.5进行统计学分析。结果:在96小时内,博落回生物碱对蝗虫成虫的LD50为29.568mg/L,95%可信限为2.5563～69.473mg/L。田间小面积施药3天后,每平方米内虫口减退达90%左右,持效时间7天。结论:博落回溶液对蝗虫成虫具有一定的杀灭作用。     

北京地区蝗虫种类研究及其垂直分布调查

经过2003~2004年对北京市平原区和山区的调查研究,初步发现北京市蝗虫有49种,隶属8科33属。由于植被、生态因素与环境条件和海拔高度的不同,蝗虫种类的垂直分布存在较明显的差异。对农林业为害较重的主要优势种有10种。     

Slowly-reversible block of glutamate receptor-channels by venoms of the spiders, Argiope trifasciata and Araneus gemma

Venom from two species of spider has been tested on the locust glutamatergic nerve-muscle system. The neurally-evoked twitch contraction of locust metathoracic retractor unguis muscle was abolished in the presence of venom and only slowly recovered following its removal. The twitch inhibition onset rate was venom concentration and stimulation frequency dependent. The mechanical response of this muscle to L-glutamate was also inhibited by spider venom. Complete abolition of the potential evoked by ionophoresis of L-glutamate to excitatory junctions on locust metathoracic extensor tibiae muscle was obtained with low concentrations of venom and recovery on washing was either slow and incomplete or not evident. The ionophoretic studies and twitch contraction studies indicate that the venom acts only when the glutamate receptor channel complex is activated by agonist. This conclusion is supported by data of the effects of venom on the voltage clamped excitatory postsynaptic current recorded from locust extensor tibiae muscle. Preliminary attempts to identify and isolate the active principles in these spider venoms indicate that activity is restricted to a molecule(s) of low (less than 1000 dalton's) molecular weight.