苯黄隆对土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了苯黄隆在 6种不同浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明 ,苯黄隆在一定浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率有一定的抑制作用。     

白云山土壤微生物的季节变化及其对环境污染的反应

初步调查了广州市白云山土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物．在人为活动频繁的样地土壤微生物的多样性及其生物量均大于森林内的３个样地．土壤微生物的生物量高峰期出现在秋冬季节．用不同污染程度的水处理土壤１５ｄ后,以蒸馏水（ｐＨ７．０）处理为对照,土壤微生物种类多样性的顺序为：蒸馏水＞溪水（ｐＨ５．４）＞雨水（ｐＨ４．８）＞污水（ｐＨ４．２）;而土壤微生物的生物量则无显著变化     

有机物料减轻设施连作黄瓜苗期病害的微生物效应

在黄瓜已感染立枯病、枯萎病的连作土壤上,接种病原菌菌丝,施入3种不同组分有机物料(稻草、木屑、猪粪),分别用1％、2％、3％3种用量研究不同有机物料减轻黄瓜枯萎病、立枯病的效果．结果表明,抗病效果为稻草>猪粪>木屑处理,并随其用量的增加抗病效果更好．土培试验结果表明,增施有机物料后土壤中细菌、氨化细菌、放线菌、真菌数量增加．中稻草和猪粪对土壤微生物区系的影响大于木屑．施用稻草后不仅土壤细菌、真菌数量增加,而且放线菌数量最高,青霉、木霉成为真菌的优势种属．施用猪粪后土壤细菌数最多,以假单孢菌、芽孢杆菌为优势种属,真菌数也增多．木屑处理的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量增加较少,但随着施入时间延长效果增强．     

杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

采用氯仿熏蒸法、稀释平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了常绿阔叶林转变成杉木人工林后土壤微生物种群数量和群落结构的变化特征.结果表明:常绿阔叶林转变为杉木人工林后,林地土壤的微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数降低.杉木人工林地总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、真菌PLFAs比常绿阔叶林分别降低了49.4％、52.4％和46.6％,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs远低于常绿阔叶林.杉木人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数显著高于杉木人工林林地土壤,根际土壤中总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs的含量也高于林地土壤,但真菌PLFAs和细菌PLFAs之比却低于林地土壤.对土壤微生物群落结构进行主成分分析发现,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释了土壤微生物群落结构变异的78.2％.表明常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤的微生物群落结构间存在差异.     

地黄连作对根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响

以地黄连作2年和1年的土壤为研究对象,分别测定了根际微生物区系变化及根际土壤酶活性．结果表明：地黄连作对其根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性产生了较大的影响．随种植年限的增加,根际细菌和真菌减少,但差异均不显著;放线菌增多,连作2年的土壤约为1年的4倍．土壤中氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌、硫化细菌、反硝化细菌和嫌气性纤维素分解菌分别增加了25．99、45．39、11．43、1．36和1．43倍,而好气性纤维素分解菌减少了86．74％．连作地黄根系的分泌物对脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性具有促进作用,分别增加了62．87％、9．43％、47．91％、139．62％和31．33％,而对过氧化氢酶则呈抑制作用．说明地黄连作会破坏根际微生物种群平衡．     

华西雨屏区不同恢复阶段湿性常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物多样性

采用时空互代的方法,探讨了崇州市鞍子河自然保护区和邛崃市天台山的常绿阔叶林自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量、组成、区系和多样性变化,结果表明：（1）不同恢复时期土壤微生物数量存在显著性差异,在植被恢复5～40a期间,土壤细菌和放线菌的数量呈增加趋势,以恢复到40a植被土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌的数量较高,分别为1．06×10^6CFUg^-1干土、9．81×10^5CFUg^-1干土和6．8×10^4CFUg^-1干土;真菌以100a次生林较高,为9．01×10^4CFUg^-1干土;植被恢复中细菌占土壤微生物总数的79．06％～93．78％;真菌和放线菌数量分别占4．61％～11．24％和0．52％～15．38％;（2）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌和真菌数量大体上以夏季高,春、秋季较低;放线菌数量为春、秋季较夏季高;（3）植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物群落区系和优势种群组成不同,经鉴定有细菌10个属、真菌7个属、放线菌9个属,细菌以无色细菌属（Achromobater）、棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）出现的几率较高;真菌主要是半知菌类和接合菌类,以木霉属（Trichoderma）、腐霉属（Pythium）、青霉属（Penicillium）和犁头霉属（Absidia）分布较为普遍;放线菌9个类群中8个属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,仅有1个类群属于小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,以白孢类群（Albosporus）、金色类群（Aureus）和灰红紫类群（Griseorubroviolaceus）出现几率为较高;（4）细菌属的Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数以恢复初期、30a生次生林和较原始植被为较高。在植被恢复5～50a期间,真菌和放线菌属的多样性呈波动性增加趋势,到50a达到最高;50a以后,呈下降趋势,表明植被恢复的30～50a土壤环境更适合真菌和放线菌的生长。     

6种土壤微生物提取剂的比较

比较了6种土壤微生物提取剂（6-偏磷酸钠溶液、焦磷酸钠溶液、磷酸盐缓;中液、林格溶液、NaCl溶液和水）对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响。结果表明：0．1％的6-偏磷酸钠（HMP）和焦磷酸钠（PYS）溶液（w／v）提取的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量最多,磷酸缓冲液（pH值7．2）对土壤真菌提取效率与焦磷酸钠和6-偏磷酸钠溶液相似,而对细菌和放线菌的提取效率则低于焦磷酸钠和6-偏磷酸钠溶液,其余3种提取剂的提取效率相对较低。     

黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤微生物区系特征

应用稀释平板法对黄土高原不同植被覆盖下坡地土壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌的分布特征进行了研究;结果表明:(1)该区域不同植被下土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总体比较丰富,数量差异较大,柠条土壤中微生物数量最多,苜蓿地中的最少.同一植被下各类菌群数量排序为细菌>放线菌>真菌.(2)放线菌和真菌随土层深度的增加而呈明显的减少趋势,而细菌的不明显.(3)天然荒坡的微生物数量高于人工草地的,人工灌木林微生物数量高于人工乔木林的,人工乔草复生果树林的微生物数量高于人工纯生乔木林、纯生草地和纯生果树林的.     

低剂量混合稀土积累对黄褐土微生物主要类群的生态效应

采用田间小区试验和室内低剂量模拟叠加试验相结合的方法,研究低剂量混合稀土在黄褐土中积累对土壤微生物主要类群的生态效应．结果表明,低剂量稀土的持续积累对土壤细菌、放线菌产生刺激、抑制、再刺激的交替作用;对真菌也产生类似的作用,但抑制作用不显著,而刺激作用持续、明显．混合稀土对3类土壤微生物数量抑制程度顺序为：细菌>放线菌>霉菌．稀土积累至150mg·kg^-1时,土壤各类微生物的种群结构均发生显著的改变,耐稀土微生物数量大幅度增加,细菌中的G^-细菌、链霉菌的白孢类群、真菌中青霉分别成为优势种群．对低浓度稀土积累的田问土壤微生物学参数模拟计算结果表明,稀土对土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的EC50(半抑制浓度)值分别为24．1、41．6～73．8和55．3～150．1mg·kg^-1,30mg·kg^-1值可以初步确定为稀土在黄褐土中积累的安全临界值．     

苦参腐解物对酚酸类物质胁迫下茄子生长和根际土壤微生物活性的影响

研究了盆栽条件下添加苦参腐解物对酚酸物质(香草醛和肉桂酸)胁迫下茄子生长及根际土壤微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的影响。与对照相比,苦参腐解物处理促进了酚酸作用下茄子的株高和茎粗生长,增加了茄子土壤微生物的种群数量,尤其增加了细菌和放线菌数量。随着外源香草醛和肉桂酸浓度的增加,细菌和放线菌数量先增大后减小,而真菌数量先降低后增加;同时,茄子根际土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶的活性均高于对照,呈先增大后降低的变化趋势。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.