北京奥林匹克公园夏季绿地小气候及人体环境舒适度效应分析

评价城市绿地的小气候调节功能对于应对城市热岛效应与优化公园绿地设计有重要参考意义。该研究于2016年7—9 月在北京奥林匹克公园内开展了灌溉草地与荒草地、孤植树与群植树、水体与空旷地3 种绿化配置模式下共12 个样地的微气象要素观测, 分析了公园草地、公园林地和公园水体的小气候状况, 并评估了公园绿地夏季降温增湿和人体环境舒适度的特征。结果表明: (1)与空旷地相比, 公园草地夏季平均可降温1.75%以及增湿5.06%, 且定期灌溉草地的小气候调节功能明显优于荒草地; (2)公园林地平均可降温3.25%和增加湿度3.91%, 孤植树的小气候效应明显低于群植树; (3)公园水体夏季平均降温1.56%与增湿8.10%, 而且大面积水体的小气候调节效果更好; (4)综上, 北京奥林匹克公园夏季绿地平均可降温2.41%、增湿5.25%以及改善环境舒适度1.75%, 公园林地的小气候调节功能明显优于公园草地和水体。因此, 在城市公园绿地规划设计中, 建议优先布局群植树木与大面积水体, 并加强公园草地的灌溉养护, 以优化提升其公园小气候调节功能。     

浙江青山湖绿道小气候要素与游人游憩行为的关系探析

选择青山湖绿道湖心广场、大草坪公园和水上森林3个不同空间特征的游憩点, 分别于夏秋两季的3个晴天、3个多云天气同步监测小气候因子, 同时观察记录单位时段的游人数量和行为特征, 分析比较3个游憩点小气候因子的差异与游憩行为的关系, 旨在为绿道未来游憩空间与景观服务设施的完善提供参考依据。结果表明: (1)水上森林日平均气温在夏季低于大草坪公园1.6℃, 低于湖心广场3.2℃; 在秋季低于大草坪公园1.5℃, 低于湖心广场相差2℃; 水上森林日平均相对湿度在夏季高于大草坪公园8.88%, 高于湖心广场相差11.92%; 在秋季高于大草坪公园7.92%, 高于湖心广场10.48%; 湖心广场与大草坪公园风速变化幅度较大, 水上森林基本处于无风状态; 日平均紫外线辐射强度与光量子均呈单峰型, 于12: 00达到峰值后下降; (2)大草坪公园在夏季8: 00时刻与秋季12: 00—16: 00时刻、湖心广场在秋季12: 00—16: 00时刻、水上森林在夏季8: 00—10: 00与秋季12: 00时刻小气候舒适指数低于4.55, 达到I级; (3)夏季水上森林游客量最大, 主要进行穿行等必要性活动; 秋季大草坪公园游客量最大, 主要进行野餐等社会性活动; (4)游客数量在夏季与空气相对湿度、紫外线辐射强度、光量子呈显著负相关; 在秋季与光量子呈显著负相关。综上可知, 在青山湖绿道不同季节中, 小气候差异会影响游人的停留时间, 对游人的游憩内容影响并不明显, 可根据3个样地不同特征进行相应的空间改善。     

城市森林公园游人热舒适感受与空间选择

选择黑龙江省森林植物园内景观差异性较大的4个样地。实地测量各样地空气温度、相对湿度、风速等小气候要素数据,问卷调查游人热舒适感受,观察记录游人空间选择及行为特征。旨在寻找小气候要素与人体热舒适感受的关系,以及游人空间选择与热舒适感受评价的关联程度。结果表明:各小气候要素均对游人热舒适感受有一定的影响,其中空气温度对游人热舒适感受影响最大,其次是相对湿度和风速;不同样地内游人对热舒适感受变化的敏感程度不同,水体和植物群落除了通过増湿降温作用调节空间热舒适感受外,其观赏作用也可以降低人们对热舒适感受变化的敏感性;遮荫是夏季游人选择休憩空间的主要因素。     

城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用

为了客观反映城市森林冠层的温湿效应,发挥城市森林冠层调节小气候的作用,使用Decagon微气象监测系统对南京城市森林冠层光照、温度、相对湿度等微气候因子进行长期监测,以林外的实验观测作为对照,分析了城市森林冠层内部小气候特征和对小气候的调节作用。结果表明:生长期冠层内部太阳辐射呈双峰或多峰曲线变化,林外与冠层内部太阳辐射差由大到小为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季;冠层内部与林外的气温和相对湿度日变化规律均呈抛物线变化,夏、秋季冠层降温作用高于春、冬季,春、夏、秋季白天冠层与林外温差大,夜间温差小,春、夏、秋季冠层相对湿度在任意时段均高于林外,冬季午后冠层相对湿度低于林外,城市森林冠层在夏、秋季的保湿效果优于春、冬季,城市森林冠层气温日最高值出现时刻比林外约晚30 min;除冠层内部太阳辐射与林外气温相关性不显著外,其他气象因子之间均呈极显著的相关性(P0.01)。城市森林冠层在削减太阳辐射、降温增湿、缓和冠层内部温湿度变化和对高温的滞后效果等调节小气候和改善气候舒适度方面具有显著的作用。     

资源介绍——西双版纳丰富的野生果树资源

西双版纳位于我国云南省南部,北纬21°10＇～22°0′,东经99°55′～101°50′,土地面积19,220平方公里,属于热带季风气候。年平均温度20～22℃,年降雨量1200～1800mm,年平均空气相对湿度70～80％左右。由于境内山脉众多,形成了各种类型的小气候,使许多不同类型的植物得以很好地生长,野生果树资源丰富多采。     

广州南沙人工红树林湿地小气候效应研究

采用自动气象站定点对比观测的方法对广州南沙区万顷沙镇十九涌内红树林小气候效应进行了研究,结果表明:红树林具有良好的遮荫效果,不同季节太阳辐射的日变化格局基本相同,但夏季遮荫效果可以达到64.98%,是其他季节的4倍以上;红树林的保温效果非常显著,秋冬季林内温度变幅小于林外,而春夏季则相反;红树林对提高林带湿度具有显著作用,全年林内空气相对湿度较林外高出5.40%以上;红树林具有很高的防风效应,平均可以降低风速73.92%,其中春夏季的效果更加显著.研究结果揭示了红树林湿地系统的区域小气候调节作用,并为评价红树林湿地围垦对环境的影响提供了重要参数.     

林下广场、无林广场和草坪的温湿度及人体舒适度

园林绿地是缓解城市热岛效应的有效途径,绿地在降温增湿方面发挥着重要作用。选择北京市万芳亭公园林下广场、无林广场和草坪作为研究对象,对三者调节城市小气候的效应进行了定量化研究。每天8:00～18:00,每2h一次分别对林下广场、无林广场和草坪的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定7d。结果表明:在一天中的高温时段(12:00～16:00),林下广场的温度最低、相对湿度最高;在傍晚(18:00)草坪的温度最低、相对湿度最高。与无林广场相比,林下广场的降温幅度为0.3～3.3℃,平均值为1.9℃;增湿幅度为1.1%～5.9%,平均值为4.1%。林下广场的日最高温度值是最低的,可大大缩短高温持续时间,最多可缩短8h。在一天中的任何时刻,林下广场和无林广场的温度、相对湿度差异均达到了极显著水平(Duncan’s多重比较,p<0.01)。林下广场调节城市小气候的功能最佳,人体舒适度最好,是夏季人们户外活动的较佳选择。     

上海城市公共开放空间夏季小气候及舒适度

基于2006年5—8月上海城区5种类型公共开放空间（广场、喷泉、草坪、廊道、林地）的空气温度、相对湿度、风速和辐射强度等小气候指标,分析了各空间类型对小气候的调节作用,并采用体感气象指数（discomfort index, DI）作为评价指标,比较了各空间类型对人体舒适程度影响的差异.结果表明：上海市5种类型公共开放空间的平均温度、相对湿度等小气候因子存在一定差异;平均气温依次为广场＞草坪＞喷泉＞廊道＞林地;平均空气相对湿度依次为林地＞廊道＞喷泉＞草坪＞广场;广场面积、喷泉水体附近的风速及风向、草坪的草种类型、廊道的宽度及乔木盖度、林地的盖度及乔木林冠层高度等非气候指标分别与各自空间的气候指标呈显著相关.与其他3种空间类型相比,林地和廊道具有明显的遮荫、降温、增湿作用,对小气候的调节能力更佳.     

城市绿地热效应全年变化特征及其与背景气象因子的关系

城市绿地能够调节热气候,是城市实现高质量可持续发展的重要空间载体。以往研究着重探讨城市绿地夏季降温效应的空间特征,较少分析绿地热效应的全年变化规律与潜在影响因子。在南京城区选择7个代表性城市公园,采用热气候定点观测方法获取公园大气温度全年观测数据,并与城市中心区参照点进行对比,分析公园热效应的全年动态变化规律及背景气象因子的影响。研究发现,由于植被覆盖率、冠层郁闭度及海拔不同,不同公园热效应的季节、昼夜规律存在显著差异,主要表现为3种形式：全年降温型,全年昼升夜降型,以及夏季全天降温、春秋冬季昼升夜降型。与城市中心区相比,公园夏季最高可降低气温7.7℃,冬季最高可增温3℃。大气温度、相对湿度,风速与太阳辐射4个背景气象因子能解释23.5%-77.4%的公园热效应变异。夏冬两季日间热效应主要受太阳辐射和气温的影响,夜间热效应主要受风速影响：太阳辐射每升高100W/m²,夏季日间降温强度减少0.3℃,冬季日间增温强度增加0.2-0.5℃;气温每升高1℃,夏季日间降温强度提高0.1-0.14℃,冬季日间增温强度提高0.05-0.08℃;风速每增加1m/s,夏季夜间降温强度减少0.05-0.78℃,冬季夜间降温强度减少0.4-1.1℃。研究结果有助于深入认识城市绿地热效应的复杂形成机制,并为夏热冬冷地区城市自然空间保护与气候适应性设计提供科学参考。     

长白山阔叶红松林的温度效应

森林温度特征的研究是揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林环境效益的基础.对2004年长白山阔叶红松林林内外空气温度和土壤温度进行了观测,结果表明:林内外空气温度、土壤温度明显不同.白天林内气温一般低于林外,夜间高于林外.昼间气温差夏季较大,7月平均差值为1.6 ℃;夜间气温差冬季较大,1月平均差值为1.5℃.空气温度和土壤温度的日振幅总是林内小于林外,7月空气温度日振幅林内比林外低1.7℃,4月土壤温度日振幅林内比林外低5.8℃.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.