海南省细须螨属二新种（蜱螨亚纲：细须螨科）

本文对采自海南省细须螨科，１９１３、细须螨属，１８７５的种，儋县细须螨，新种Ｔｅｎｕｉｐａｌｐｕｓ ｄａｎｘｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和三亚细须螨，新种Ｔｅｎｕｉｐａｌｐｕｓ ｓａｎｙａｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ。ｎｏｖ。进行详细功述，并与近种进行了比较，模式标本保存在沈阳农业大学植保系。     

中国细须螨属一新种：蜱螨亚纲：细须螨科

本文记述我国细须螨属一新种－郑州细须螨Ｔｅｎｕｉｐａｌｐｕｓ ｚｈｅｎｇｚｈｕｕｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种采自河南省郑州市玉兰上。模式标本存于沈阳农业大学植保系。     

胡瓜钝绥螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食效能初步研究

胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans能捕食为害蝴蝶兰的害螨---太平洋细须螨Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker的卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨。室内研究了胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵、幼螨、若螨的捕食功能反应。结果表明,随着太平洋细须螨密度的增加,胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食数量也随之上升,捕食功能反应曲线符合Holling II型方程。胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵的控制能力显著强于对幼螨和若螨的控制能力,a/Th值分别为165.8、79.2和63.8。在猎物密度一定时,由于胡瓜钝绥螨个体间存在相互竞争和相互干扰作用,随着捕食螨密度的提高,捕食螨平均捕食量逐渐减少。     

国内新记录种太平洋细须螨及其对蝴蝶兰的发生危害调查

蝴蝶兰是兰科植物中最具观赏性的兰花之一。2009-2013年期间,调查发现一种细须螨为害温室大棚中的蝴蝶兰,该螨严重影响蝴蝶兰的品质和经济价值。结合外部形态特征和基于28SrDNA序列特征建立的系统发育树鉴定出该螨为太平洋细须螨Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker。该螨主要分布于热带和亚热带地区,本文首次报道了在中国大陆发现太平洋细须螨危害。蝴蝶兰温室大棚具有适合其生存的有利环境,在我国大陆定殖的可能性较大,必须引起足够的重视。     

巴基斯坦为害杧果树的短须螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲,细须螨科)

在对巴基斯坦杧果种植区苏加堡的杧果树螨类区系研究中,发现短须螨属(蜱螨亚纲：细须螨科)1新种：礼短须螨。文中记录并描述了该新种。新种的背饰特点是：前背中侧近分颈沟处具网状纹、外侧具纵向条纹;具6对末体背侧毛。雄螨 未采到。正模♀,1994年1月1日采自巴基斯坦,苏加堡杧果园的落叶中;副模1,1994年11月3日采自马尔坦南3km处的杧果树叶,曼苏采。模式标本保存于农业大学农业昆虫系螨类研究室,费沙拉堡,巴基斯坦。新种的背饰独特,略与短须螨属中具7对末体背侧毛的种相像,但具6对末体背侧毛的种皆无此种背饰。     

麦格氏巨须螨——中国新记录种

记述巨须螨科Cunaxiae巨须螨属Cunaxa1中国新记录种－－麦格氏巨须螨Cunaxa mageei Smiley,1992。     

弯须螨属二新种（蜱螨亚纲：长须螨科）

本文记述弯须螨属二新种,乌岩弯须螨,新种;桂林弯须螨,新种。模式标本保存于上海复旦大学环境和资源生物学系。     

中国细须螨三新种记述（真螨目：细螨科）

作者在鉴定采自安徽、陕西和甘肃的细须螨时，发现3新种，它们分别隶属于细须螨科Tenuipalpidae的埃须螨属Aegyptobia和植须螨属Phytoptipalpus；这两个属我国均无记录，今将新种记述如下。     

长须螨属一新种和一新纪录（蜱螨亚纲：长须螨科）

本文记述长须螨属一新种和一新纪录。天目长须螨，新种Ｓｔｉｇｍａｅｕｓ ｔｉａｎｍｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种模式标本保存于上海复旦大学环境和资源生物学系。     

中国细须螨属新种记述(蜱螨目:细须螨科)

细须螨属Tenuipalpus Donnadieu隶属于细须螨科Tenuipalpidae。根据Pritchard和Baker(1958)的分类系统,该科共分14个属,细须螨属为该科的第二大属。Mitrofanov(1973)对细须螨科的分类系统作了较大的改变,共分该科为33属,其中细须螨属被提升为细须螨族Tenuipalpini,下设7个属。本文目前采用Pritchard和Baker(1958)的分类系统。 细须螨属的种类体型微小,足体宽阔而末体狭窄,多数种类末体后端具1对鞭状长毛。植食性。分布于全世界。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Developing Methods for Testing Host Specificity of Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hym.: Tetrastichinae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Col.: Scolytidae) in Colombia

In line with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for the import and release of biological control agents, and taking into consideration the recommendations in the draft IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Due to Biological Invasion, a procedure was developed to assess the host range of Phymastichus coffea , an endoparasitoid of coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei . Host specificity was tested by exposing a Kenyan biotype of P. coffea to a selection of Scolytidae under quarantine conditions. The results demonstrated that P. coffea can be considered as oligophagous, attacking and developing on other species of the genus of the target borer. In no-choice tests, three species, H. obscurus , H. seriatus and Araptus sp. yielded parasitism. The risk of attack to potential alternative hosts if P. coffea were to be released as a potential biological control agent of coffee berry borer in Colombia is discussed. A quarantine procedure was developed for the importation of P. coffea to Colombia to deal with specific problems of hyperparasitoids and fungal contamination.     

Selection of Verticillium lecanii Isolates with High Potential for Biocontrol of Cucumber Powdery Mildew by Means of Components Analysis at Different Humidity Regimes

To identify characteristics for the selection of Verticillium lecanii isolates with high potential for biocontrol of Sphaerotheca fuliginea under glasshouse conditions, an exploratory study was performed on the effect of water limitation on the development of 14 isolates. The conidial germination, growth and sporulation of isolates of V. lecanii were studied in a tritrophic system on cucumber leaves and in a ditrophic system in Petri dishes. Their mycoparasitic ability was studied in S. fuliginea and Cladosporium cladosporioides . All characteristics were clearly affected by humidity. Four isolates showed good biocontrol potential. The performance of isolates on agar had less predictive value than on powdery mildew. The germination of isolates of V. lecanii was lower and the mycelial growth faster on agar than on mildewed leaves under corresponding humidity conditions. The results suggest that conditions in the phyllosphere differed from the set humidity in the surrounding air. A correlation was found between the lysis of C. cladosporioides growing in dual culture on agar with isolates of V. lecanii and the parasitism of powdery mildew on detached, rooted leaves. C. cladosporioides might offer a suitable substrate for testing isolates of V. lecanii for mycoparasitic potential under various environmental conditions. Conidial germination, growth and sporulation had limited predictive value.     

A new genus of filicalean fern from the Lower Permian of China

Recent investigation on the Cathaysian flora of the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in Hebei Province, North China has led to the discovery of a new type of fern, Rastropteris pingquanensis gen. et sp. nov. Preserved as a permineralization, the stem, with a mantle of petiole bases and roots, shows a unique combination of anatomical characters. The vascular strand consists of a solid protostele with uniformly elongated tracheids and mesarch maturation of the xylem. In transverse section, the configuration of leaf trace xylem changes from reniform endarch to a tangentially elongated strand adaxially recurved at each end with several adaxial ridges. Stem and petiole cortex contains abundant sclerotic tissue with an interstitial tissue developed within the mantle of petiole bases and roots. A reinvestigation of Grammatopteris rigollotii , from the Permian of France, the type species of the genus allows interpretation of the latter as closer to Rastropteris than any other fern. Both taxa are provisionally reported to an incertae sedis group of filicalean ferns possibly involved in the origin of Osmundaceae.     

Pandanus subg. Martellidendron (Pandanaceae) part II: revision of sect. Martellidendron Pic. Serm. in Madagascar

This paper provides a taxonomic revision of Pandanus sect. Martellidendron , which so far comprises six species of which only one is known from both staminate and pistillate plants. Research in herbaria and in the field in Madagascar has provided the data on which a revision of the unclear taxonomy of this section can be based. Based on micromorphology, architecture and phytogeography, the number of these dioecious species is reduced. One new species (P. gallinarum Callmander) from the Biosphere reserve of Mananara-North on the east coast is described, and P. karaka Martelli is transferred to this section 30 years after it was assigned to section Dauphinensia. A key to all species of subg. Martellidendron is provided. Finally, the important role of the section for the understanding of the phylogeny of the Pandanaceae is discussed in the context of Indian Ocean biogeography.     

The Natural Host Range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and Their Impact on Insect Populations

The natural host range of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis can be defined as the range of insects which indigenous nematode populations use for propagation. Information on the natural host range is rare. However, based on records of insects found to be naturally infected with nematodes, some conclusions regarding the natural host range of some Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are presented. Reports of indigenous nematode populations impacting on insect populations can be divided between relatively balanced, long-lasting nematode-host associations and unbalanced, short-lasting epizootics. Examples of the augmentation and inoculative introduction of nematodes in agriculture and forestry ecosystems are presented. Based on current knowledge, nematode reproduction strategies are discussed and indications of the risk involved in the release of non-indigenous nematodes are given.     

Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in New Zealand and selected Australian Gnaphalieae (Compositae) inferred from morphological and anatomical data

Most of the estimated 70–80 species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae are endemic. Those of Anaphalioides , Ewartia , Helichrysum , Leucogenes , Rachelia and Raoulia belong to a putatively monophyletic group which is supported by analysis of nuclear ITS DNA sequences and is virtually confined to New Zealand. All species of Craspedia , Euchiton , Ozothamnus and Pseudognaphalium are excluded from this group. A phylogenetic analysis of 42 species of Gnaphalieae, using 57 morphological, anatomical and palynological characters, was conducted to test the monophyly of this group and to seek evidence of generic relationships. The analysis does not resolve basal relationships among the Gnaphalieae studied here. The putative monophyletic New Zealand group is not retrieved. Monophyly is supported for each of Euchiton , Leucogenes , the whipcord species of Helichrysum , the pulvinate species of Raoulia , and Raoulia subg. Raoulia (excluding the aberrant R. cinerea ), but not for Anaphalioides or Raoulia s.l. There are these two distinct groups in Raoulia s.l. but also a substantial number of isolated species. The sole New Zealand species of Ewartia is not a sister species to Australian Ewartia . The Australian species Ewartia planchonii is the sister species to Euchiton rather than to the other Australian species of Ewartia .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 183–203.     

Next‐generation DNA barcoding: using next‐generation sequencing to enhance and accelerate DNA barcode capture from single specimens

DNA barcoding is an efficient method to identify specimens and to detect undescribed/cryptic species. Sanger sequencing of individual specimens is the standard approach in generating large‐scale DNA barcode libraries and identifying unknowns. However, the Sanger sequencing technology is, in some respects, inferior to next‐generation sequencers, which are capable of producing millions of sequence reads simultaneously. Additionally, direct Sanger sequencing of DNA barcode amplicons, as practiced in most DNA barcoding procedures, is hampered by the need for relatively high‐target amplicon yield, coamplification of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes, confusion with sequences from intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria (e.g. Wolbachia) and instances of intraindividual variability (i.e. heteroplasmy). Any of these situations can lead to failed Sanger sequencing attempts or ambiguity of the generated DNA barcodes. Here, we demonstrate the potential application of next‐generation sequencing platforms for parallel acquisition of DNA barcode sequences from hundreds of specimens simultaneously. To facilitate retrieval of sequences obtained from individual specimens, we tag individual specimens during PCR amplification using unique 10‐mer oligonucleotides attached to DNA barcoding PCR primers. We employ 454 pyrosequencing to recover full‐length DNA barcodes of 190 specimens using 12.5% capacity of a 454 sequencing run (i.e. two lanes of a 16 lane run). We obtained an average of 143 sequence reads for each individual specimen. The sequences produced are full‐length DNA barcodes for all but one of the included specimens. In a subset of samples, we also detected Wolbachia, nontarget species, and heteroplasmic sequences. Next‐generation sequencing is of great value because of its protocol simplicity, greatly reduced cost per barcode read, faster throughout and added information content.     

Laboratory Effects of Ingestion of Azadirachtin by Two Pests ( Ceratitis capitata and Spodoptera exigua ) and Three Natural Enemies ( Chrysoperla carnea , Opius concolor and Podisus maculiventris )

The effects of azadirachtin on two pests: neonate larvae and newly emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and last instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and three natural enemies: newly emerged adults of Opius concolor Szepligeti, second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and fifth instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied in laboratory. Adult insects were exposed to a non-oil formulation of azadirachtin (Align, emulsifiable concentrate, 3.2% azadirachtin, Sipcam Inagra, Spain) via their drinking water and immature instars were reared in the presence of the insecticide-treated diet. The natural enemies were exposed to at least the maximum field recommended concentration of the insecticide (0.15% v/v). Azadirachtin was highly toxic to neonate larvae of C. capitata and prevented adult emergence at a concentration of 1 mg a.i. l -1 . When adults were fed the insecticide at the maximum recommended concentration, their survival was not affected but egg laying was totally inhibited. Last instar S. exigua larvae were also very susceptible (LC 50 = 7.7 mg a.i. l -1 ) and at a concentration of 10 mg a.i. l -1 fecundity of surviving adults, and egg fertility, were reduced by 72 and 85%, respectively. Effects on O. concolor were large, and significant reductions in longevity, percentage of attacked hosts, and progeny size per female, were recorded. The predator P. maculiventris was much less sensitive to azadirachtin, but slight reductions in survival of emerged adults and of reproductive parameters occurred. The insecticide had no significant effect on C. carnea larvae fed with treated Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs, probably because of its inability to penetrate inside the egg.