NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸途径对叶绿素含量及其荧光特性的影响

以菜豆幼苗作为试验材料,分析了NaCl胁迫下交替呼吸对叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光特性变化特征的影响,以探讨交替呼吸途径在逆境下的生理学作用以及植物在盐胁迫下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的调节作用机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度(0、100、200、300mmol/L)的增高,菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]和光化学荧光猝灭(qP)与对照相比均显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)较对照组显著增加,同时交替呼吸容量在NaCl胁迫下也显著上升。(2)与单独NaCl胁迫相比,在NaCl胁迫下施加交替呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)会导致菜豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)和qP进一步显著下降、NPQ进一步显著增加。研究认为,NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率下降和光能耗散增加,交替呼吸途径可有效缓解NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶绿素含量的减少以及光系统Ⅱ光化学反应效率的下降。     

外源ATP对NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调节

盐胁迫是影响植物生长的主要逆境因子之一,外源ATP被发现可作为信号分子参与植物对逆境胁迫生理反应的调节。为了探明外源ATP在植物盐胁迫响应中的作用,以增强植物对土壤盐渍化的耐性,更好地应用于土壤盐渍化修复。该研究以菜豆( Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术探讨了外源ATP 对菜豆叶片在NaCl胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明：在NaCl胁迫下,叶片光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率( Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[ Y (Ⅱ)]、光化学荧光猝灭( qP)、电子传递速率( ETR)与对照组相比均有显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭( NPQ)和( qN)较对照组有显著性增加,这表明NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的下降和光能耗散的增加。而外源ATP(eATP)的处理能有效缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR下降和NPQ、qN的上升。该研究结果表明在NaCl胁迫下外源ATP可以有效地提高菜豆幼苗光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)的光化学反应效率。     

光照和氮营养对水曲柳苗木光合特性的影响

采用室内沙培方式,设计不同光强(2水平)和N浓度(4水平)处理,探讨1年生水曲柳幼苗叶片光合速率和荧光参数对环境变化的生理响应.结果表明:与全光照相比,遮光处理使苗木叶片最大光合速率(Amax)、光补偿点(LCP)以及光化学猝灭系数(qP)明显下降,但使表观量子效率(AQY)、最大荧光(Fm)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)明显增加.同时,苗木叶片单位面积的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b在遮光条件下较低.2种光强下的Fm、Fv/Fm、ψpsⅡ和qP均随着供N浓度的增加而显著增加(P＜0.05),其中ψpsⅡ在低N时增加较快而高N时较慢,甚至略有下降.光强和N浓度在水曲柳苗木叶片Fm、ψpsⅡ、Fv/Fm、qN以及qP上均具有显著的交互作用(P＜0.05).     

硫对成熟期烤烟叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通通过液培试验,研究了硫浓度(0.01-32 mmol/L)对成熟期烤烟叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,成熟期烤烟叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随硫浓度的升高而逐渐增加,但各处理差异未达到显著水平。在2-32 mmol/L处理之间,烤烟叶片的有效量子产量（EQY）、最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）随硫浓度增加而降低,非光化学猝灭（NPQ）、非光化学过程中的基本量子产量（Fo/Fm）、PSⅡ水裂解端失活程度（Fo/Fv）和PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度（1-qP）随硫浓度增加而升高,2 mmol/L处理的质体醌库（Fv/2）低于4 mmol/L处理外,但其它处理的均随硫浓度升高而降低。0.01 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片的EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR低于2-8 mmol/L处理,但高于16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理,其NPQ、Fo/Fm、Fo/Fv和1-qP变化趋势则与之相反;0.01 mmol/L处理的Fv/2低于4 mmol/L处理的,但高于2 mmol/L及8-32 mmol/L处理;低硫处理烤烟EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR的降低可能不是由Fv/2引起的,而是由于1-qP升高引起的。但16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理Fv/Fm 、ETR、EQY降低可能是1-qP与 Fv/2共同作用的结果。     

夜间低温后日间光照对海桐和榕树叶片的光抑制以及光系统II功能的影响

夜间低温导致海桐和榕树叶片光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、天线转化效率(Fv'/Fm')、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)降低,其后日间光照先引起海桐叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、Fv'/Fm'稍微降低,其后又逐渐得到恢复,但NPQ却表现出相反趋势;夜间低温及随后的日间光照并未对海桐叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和初始荧光强度(Fo)产生影响。夜间低温后日间光照进一步引起榕树叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、Fv'/Fm'、qP、NPQ下降,在午后光照减弱后仍不能得到恢复。     

外源水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响

以黄瓜品种‘中农203号’幼苗为试材,采用水培法研究了根际施用0.05、0.10和0.50 mmol/L水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响,以探讨水杨酸对光合作用的调节机制。结果显示:黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、荧光参数和光能分配对水杨酸的响应存在明显的浓度依赖性。0.05和0.10 mmol/L水杨酸处理提高了叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),使PSⅡ吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的能量增加,进而提高了Pn,并以0.10 mmol/L水杨酸施用效果最明显,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);而0.50 mmol/L水杨酸处理降低了ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm等,使光能分配于热耗散和荧光耗散的比例升高,导致Pn下降。研究表明,水杨酸对黄瓜叶片光合的正负调节作用与浓度依存下的PSⅡ活性和光能分配改变有关。     

氯化胆碱对低温弱光下黄瓜幼苗叶片细胞膜和光合机构的保护作用

1.07mmol／L氯化胆碱处理降低了低温弱光（6℃．PFD100μmol m^-2s^-1）下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂组分中主要是磷脂酰甘油（PG）的饱和脂肪酸含量,增加了膜脂不饱和度：减缓了膜透性的下降、MDA的产生速率、叶绿素的降解及PSII最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）、捕光效率（Fv＇／Fm＇）、光化学猝灭系数（qp）、实际光化学效率（ФPSII）和抗氧化酶POD、APX及CAT活性的下降;提高了非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）和脯氨酸的含量。以上结果表明氯化胆碱处理保护了低温弱光对黄瓜叶片细胞膜和光合机构的伤害。     

供镁水平对油桐幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

采用营养液砂培试验,研究不同供镁水平对油桐幼苗生长、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数等的影响。结果表明,低镁浓度(Mg2+2 mmol·L-1)显著抑制了油桐的生长,叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶及PEPC活性、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及光化学淬灭系数(q P)显著下降(P0.05),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)有所升高;高镁浓度(Mg2+4 mmol·L-1)也抑制了油桐幼苗的生长,导致叶片叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶活性、Pn、Gs、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo及q P均下降(P0.05);随着供镁水平的增加,油桐的生长量、叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶及PEPC活性、Pn呈先增加后降低的趋势;当镁离子浓度为2~4 mmol·L-1时,有利于油桐幼苗正常生长,缺镁胁迫下油桐光合速率的下降主要是由光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素引起的。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗生物量和叶绿素荧光的影响

在温室条件下采用盆栽法,研究了50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下5个不同浓度外源NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对长春花(Catharanthus roseus)幼苗生物量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明:(1)鲜重和干重均在S2(50mmol·L-1NaCl+0.1mmol·L-1SNP)处理下达到最高,分别较对照S0(50mmol·L-1NaCl)显著增加18.8%和13.9%。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素与生物量相似,均在S2处理下含量最高,但它们均与S0无显著差异,叶绿素a/b变化较为复杂。(2)0.1mmol·L-1SNP缓解盐胁迫对PSⅡ反应中心的破坏效果最好,显著提高50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗叶片的可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP),降低了初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)。综上所述,0.1mmol·L-1SNP能够通过降低盐胁迫对叶绿素的降解和对PSⅡ反应中心的破坏,促进幼苗生长,提高对50mmol·...     

甲基紫精对水稻不同耐冷品种叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究了不同浓度甲基紫精(MV)对水稻幼苗进行浸根处理,对不同耐冷品种常温和低温下叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果发现,常温下,低浓度短时间的MV处理引起水稻原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较对照增加,高浓度、长时间的MV处理则使各参数下降并低于对照,耐冷品种可以维持较高的非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ).低温下只有5 μmol/L甲基紫精(简称MV5)短时间处理时两品种的Fv/Fm增加,各处理引起ΦPSⅡ和qP下降,低浓度、短时间MV处理时NPQ增加.这说明轻度氧化胁迫可以刺激水稻的光合能力增加,但氧化胁迫会加剧水稻的低温伤害,耐冷品种也可以通过维持较高的线性电子传递速率和热耗散来避免这种过氧化伤害,表现出强的抗冷性.     

Plant biodiversity in a larch plantation from the view point of photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in northeast China

Forest floor of larch species often provides growth habitat for many kinds of understory species because of relatively sparse structure in a larch canopy. A rich flora of forest understory species may play an essential role in maintaining fertility of a larch stand. An attempt was made to evaluate photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of many understory and overstory species according to their Raunkiaer lifeform. By studying 72 perennial deciduous species in a larch plantation in northeast China, marked photosynthetic differences between phanerophytes (Ph) and other three lifeforms of chamaephytes (Ch), hemicryptophytes (He), and cryptophytes (Cr) were found, with marginal differences found among Ch, He, and Cr. Ph species had much lower PNUE, and much lower values of rate of nitrogen allocation to chlorophyll (Chl./N) and nitrogen allocation to carboxylation processes (V _cmax/N) were concurrently observed in Ph compared with the other three lifeforms. Ph had much lower leaf nitrogen per unit of projection area (N _area) and specific leaf area (SLA, cm² g^–1). At lower SLA, for Ph species the change of PNUE with SLA was small, but these changes became very large at higher SLA for Ch, He, and Cr species. Our findings indicate that leaf morphological change is important for clarifying photosynthesis differences among species with different lifeform.     

Effect of nitrogen load on growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of the hybrid larch F1 (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) grown on serpentine soil

We studied the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F₁ (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) grown on serpentine soil and the effects of soil N load, to determine the performance of this species as reforestation material in serpentine regions. We prepared 16 experimental plots (2 m × 4 m each), eight on serpentine and eight on brown forest soil, and planted one-year-old cutting seedlings of the hybrid larch F₁ in each plot, in May 2007. Ammonium sulfate was supplied to half of the plots of each soil type in 2008 and 2009, at a load of 47 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Although the growth and photosynthetic capacity of hybrid larch F₁ seedlings in the serpentine soil were limited, the rate of growth in serpentine soil was greater than that of Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) that is dominant species in serpentine regions. There was significant interaction between soil type and N load for the growth and photosynthetic parameters. The N load adversely affected growth and photosynthetic parameters in the serpentine soil, while improved them in brown forest soil. Although the growth rate of hybrid larch F₁ without N loading showed high potential as an afforestation species in serpentine region, increasing deposition of N might be a threat to the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F₁ in serpentine soil.     

Ecophysiological responses of the larch species in northern Japan to environmental changes as a basis for afforestation

For sustainable use and suitable management of larch plantations, we must clarify the ecophysiological responses of larch species to environmental changes. The physical environment has been changing dramatically, e.g., increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]), nitrogen (N) deposition, and atmospheric ozone concentration ([O₃]), and these changes may negatively affect growth of larch species. This review summarizes the previous experimental studies on the ecophysiological responses of larch species to elevated [CO₂], soil acidification, elevated [O₃], and N load. Based on the advanced studies, although elevated [CO₂] will stimulate the productivity of larch, increase of [O₃] and severe soil acidification will reduce it. Increase of N deposition, at least, will not negatively affect larch productivity. Finally, we propose the future direction for investigation to understand the mechanism of the responses of larch species and to predict the associated risk.     

Changes in needle quality and larch bud moth performance in response to CO2 enrichment and defoliation of treeline larches

Abstract. 1. It is hypothesised that the larch bud moth cycle is controlled by host‐tree foliage quality. In a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) experiment at the Swiss alpine treeline (2180 m a.s.l.), the effects of elevated CO₂ and previous year defoliation on needle quality of larch and the performance of the larch bud moth were investigated. 2. Starch and lignin concentrations increased and water content decreased in elevated CO₂‐grown needles compared with ambient CO₂ concentration. Defoliation resulted in reduced N, water, starch, and sugar concentrations in needles of the next year generation. No interactions between elevated CO₂ and defoliation on needle quality were observed. 3. Needle quality changes due to needle maturation over the course of the experiment, however, were much larger than the effects of elevated CO₂ and defoliation. For example, N concentration was on average 38% lower and lignin concentration 55% higher at the end of the experiment (early July 2003) than at the beginning (mid June 2003). 4. On non‐defoliated trees, larch bud moth larvae grew somewhat more slowly under elevated CO₂ compared with ambient CO₂ concentration. If, however, trees had been defoliated, this response was reversed, with a faster growth of larch bud moth on high CO₂‐exposed trees than on control trees. Pupal weight was not affected by either CO₂ treatment or defoliation. 5. These results suggest that the larch bud moth has to cope with large changes in food quality due to needle maturation during its development, and that additional CO₂‐ and defoliation‐induced alterations in needle chemistry have comparatively minor influences on larch bud moth performance at the treeline.     

Resorption-related nitrogen changes in the leaves and roots of Larix kaempferi seedlings under nutrient-sufficient and nutrient-starvation conditions

Aims Larch is the dominant timber species in Northeast China. However, compared with the adjacent secondary forests, soil available nitrogen (N) significantly declined in ~40-year-old larch plantations. Thus, it is of great importance to determine how N use strategies in larch change in response to declining soil N availability.     

Root–shoot communication of the seedlings of Japanese larch and a hybrid species grown in different soil-temperature regimes

We studied the effects of soil temperature (7, 15, and 25°C) on the growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and its hybrid larch (L. gmelinii × L. kaempferi) to simulate early stages of regeneration after disturbance. At a soil temperature of 7°C, the root length per unit root biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) were markedly lower in the Japanese larch than in the hybrid larch, which may indicate that the hybrid larch is better at acquiring water and nutrients. At ambient temperatures of 17–25°C, the light-saturated photosynthesis rate (P _sat) of both seedlings grown at a soil temperature of 7°C was lower than at 15 or 25°C. By the 16th week, the needle area, root area, and biomass in seedlings of both types were lower at a soil temperature of 7°C than at soil temperatures of 15 or 25°C. At a soil temperature of 25°C, P _sat and nitrogen uptake were lower in both larch species than at 15°C. The growth of the Japanese larch declined sharply from 15 to 25°C; however, the growth of the hybrid larch decreased only slightly from 15 to 25°C. We conclude that an increased soil temperature may retard larch growth in cold regions, especially in the case of the Japanese larch.     

落叶松幼苗碳素和氮素的获取与分配对供氮水平的响应

落叶松(Larix gmelinii)是中国东北林区最重要的工业用材树种,而且在北温带森林中具有重要的生态学意义。落叶松的种植区域内气温低、冬季长,氮素矿化速度低,供氮不足常常成为落叶松生长的限制因素。为揭示落叶松生长与氮素营养的关系,采用沙培法设置了1、4、8和16 mmol·L^-1 4个供氮水平,研究了不同供氮条件下落叶松一年生幼苗对碳和氮的获取与分配的规律。结果显示,落叶松幼苗的生物量、全株氮浓度、氮含量、比氮吸收速率均随供氮水平的增加而升高,叶重比(LWR)、茎重比(SWR)及叶氮比(LNR)、茎氮比(SNR)亦随供氮水平的增加而增加,而根重比(RWR)和根氮比(RNR)则随供氮水平的增加而降低。当供氮水平从1 mmol·L^-1增加至8 mmol·L^-1时,落叶松幼苗相对生长速率呈线性增加,而全株氮生产力几乎未受供氮水平的影响;当供氮水平从8 mmol·L^-1增加至16 mmol·L^-1时,全株相对生长速率不再增加,全株氮生产力则显著下降。与全株氮生产力的变化不同,落叶松幼苗的叶氮生产力与供氮水平呈负相关。     

The effect of defoliation intensity and history on photosynthesis, growth and carbon reserves of two conifers with contrasting leaf lifespans and growth habits

The effects of partial defoliation on photosynthesis, whole-seedling carbon allocation, partitioning and growth were studied for two species with contrasting foliar traits. Field-grown seedlings of deciduous Japanese larch ( Larix leptolepis ) and evergreen red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) were defoliated by hand in early summer for 2 consecutive years. In the first year (1990), seedlings were defoliated by removing the distal 0, 25, 50 or 75% of each needle. In the second year (1991), seedlings were defoliated either 0 or 50%, regardless of previous defoliation treatments. Defoliation had little effect on photosynthesis and starch concentration in whole seedlings of either species in the first year. In the second year, photosynthesis increased in both species in response to the 1991 defoliation treatment, and in red pine also increased in response to the 1990 defoliation treatment. Further, in 1991 both larch and pine had decreased whole-seedling total non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in all seedlings that were defoliated at least once over the 2-yr period. This decrease was noted mostly in the starch component of the non-structural carbohydrates, and was similar in both species. In 1991, biomass was similarly decreased in both species in response to 1991 defoliation. Both species showed overcompensation in total and component biomass in seedlings defoliated by 25% in 1990. Overall, the results do not support the widely held belief that evergreen trees are substantially more affected than deciduous trees by defoliation.     

长白落叶松幼苗在受控条件下干物质积累的模拟

本文通过建立长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)幼苗在受控环境条件下的净光合速率与温度和CO2 等因子之间的关系,模拟了在受控条件下长白落叶松幼苗的日净光合速率进程与生长季中日干物质积累过程,并预测了在温度与CO2 浓度改变后干物质积累的变化。     

Direct response of tree growth to soil water and its implications for terrestrial carbon cycle modelling

Wood growth constitutes the main process for long‐term atmospheric carbon sequestration in vegetation. However, our understanding of the process of wood growth and its response to environmental drivers is limited. Current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are mainly photosynthesis‐driven and thus do not explicitly include a direct environmental effect on tree growth. However, physiological evidence suggests that, to realistically model vegetation carbon allocation under increased climatic stressors, it is crucial to treat growth responses independently from photosynthesis. A plausible growth response function suitable for global simulations in DGVMs has been lacking. Here, we present the first soil water‐growth response function and parameter range for deciduous and evergreen conifers. The response curve was calibrated against European larch and Norway spruce in a dry temperate forest in the Swiss Alps. We present a new data‐driven approach based on a combination of tree ring width (TRW) records, growing season length and simulated subdaily soil hydrology to parameterize ring width increment simulations. We found that a simple linear response function, with an intercept at zero moisture stress, used in growth simulations reproduced 62.3% and 59.4% of observed TRW variability for larch and spruce respectively and, importantly, the response function slope was much steeper than literature values for soil moisture effects on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Specifically, we found stem growth stops at soil moisture potentials of ?0.47 MPa for larch and ?0.66 MPa for spruce, whereas photosynthesis in trees continues down to ?1.2 MPa or lower, depending on species and measurement method. These results are strong evidence that the response functions of source and sink processes are indeed very different in trees, and need to be considered separately to correctly assess vegetation responses to environmental change. The results provide a parameterization for the explicit representation of growth responses to soil water in vegetation models.