落叶松幼苗光合特性对氮和磷缺乏的响应

为探讨落叶松幼苗光合特性对氮、磷营养缺乏的响应规律,在温室内用砂培方法培养和处理落叶树幼苗,测定了净光合速率和叶绿素荧光等反映其光合能力的参数,分析了落叶松幼苗的光合特性对氮、磷营养缺乏的响应规律.结果表明,氮素供应不足(1mmol·L^-1)时,落叶松幼苗针叶的全氮含量、叶绿素含量和净光合速率与对照相比都显著降低,分别下降了37%、31%和59%,同时,F_v/F_m(反映光系统II最大光能转换效率)和F_v/F_o(反映光系统II潜在活性)也分别下降了22%和57%,而叶片可溶性蛋白含量只有微弱下降.磷素供应不足(1/8mmol·L^-1)时,叶片全氮和全磷含量、叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量和F_v/F_m与对照相比差异均不显著,净光合速率和F_v/F_o下降13%.氮、磷同时缺乏时,上述各项指标的变化与单独缺氮处理的相似,这意味着本实验中缺磷处理(1/8mmol·L^-1)对落叶松幼苗光合特性影响相对较小.     

供氮水平对菠菜营养品质和体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过水培实验,研究了供氮水平对菠菜营养品质和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,供氮水平由4mmol·L^-1增加到8mmol·L^-1,菠菜产量显著增加,叶片中的维生素C(Vc)含量随着供氮浓度由4mmol·L^-1提高到8mmol·L^-1,再提高供氮水平,Vc含量则明显下降.叶片硝酸盐含量随着氮浓度的提高而增加.供氮浓度从4mmol·L^-1增加到8mmol·L^-1,叶片可溶态草酸含量略有下降,再提高供氮水平则明显上升,而草酸总量随供氮水平提高,先显著升高然后略有降低.SOD和POD酶的活性随供氮水平由4mmol·L^-1提高到8mmol·L^-1而增加,再提高供氮水平,酶活性显著下降;CAT活性随供氮水平的增加而降低,叶片MDA含量先降低后显著升高,而游离脯氨酸含量随氮水平的升高而增加.可见供氮水平为8mmol·L^-1时,菠菜叶片具有较高的生物量、Vc含量和抗氧化酶活性,较低的硝酸盐和草酸含量以及较低的MDA和游离脯氨酸含量,表明供氮浓度8mmol·L^-1有利于提高菠菜的产量、营养品质和抗逆能力,是菠菜生长较适宜的供氮水平.     

车桑子幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应差异

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

Different responses of biomass allocation and leaf traits of Dodonaea viscosa to concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

模拟氮沉降对南亚热带两种乔木幼苗生物量及其分配的影响

探讨了南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林两种优势树种荷木(Schima superba)和黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)幼苗的生物量及其分配对氮沉降增加的响应。实验分为对照(CK)、T₅、T₁₀、T₁₅和T₃₀ 5个处理,每个处理设置3次重复。所施氮肥为NH₄NO₃,以溶液方式喷施,5个处理浓度分别为0、0.12、0.24、0.36、0.72 mol N·L^-1。每月喷施2次,5个样方1年喷施的总氮量分别相当于氮沉降率0、5、10、15、30 g N·m^-2·a^-1。经过11个月的施氮处理,两种幼苗对氮沉降的响应存在差异,其中黄果厚壳桂幼苗的基径、株高、全株生物量和相对生长速率除最高处理T₃₀外,均高于对照,但荷木幼苗的基径、全株生物量和相对生长速率除T₁₀外,均小于对照。氮处理也对生物量的分配产生了明显的影响,两种幼苗的叶重比以T₃₀最低,表明高氮处理不利于幼苗叶片的生长;枝重比均以T₃₀最高,反映了高氮处理的幼苗生物量分配到枝干的比例最高;根重比和根冠比均以对照样方幼苗的最高,表明氮处理抑制根的生长,分配到根部分的生物量下降。总的来看,经过11个月的处理,除最高处理T₃₀外,氮处理仍对黄果厚壳桂幼苗的生长有促进作用,而对荷木幼苗的生长则趋向于一定程度的抑制效应,表明黄果厚壳桂幼苗更能耐受高氮条件。     

纯化腐植酸对低氮胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响

以黄瓜‘新泰密刺’、‘津优1号’为供试品种,研究沙培条件下不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200 mg·L^-1)纯化腐植酸(PHA)浇灌对低氮胁迫(1 mmol·L^-1 NO₃^-)下黄瓜幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响.结果表明: 在较低N供应条件下,沙培浇灌PHA可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的根总长、根表面积及根尖数,增大根体积,促进黄瓜幼苗株高和茎粗生长,增大叶面积;显著提高黄瓜幼苗叶片中脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量;促进N素以及P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe元素的吸收.由参试两黄瓜品种对低氮胁迫下PHA处理响应效果来看,不同品种的某些性状对PHA处理浓度的敏感程度稍有差异,综合结果显示,施用100～150 mg·L^-1PHA可显著促进两品种幼苗生长及养分吸收.     

NO3-胁迫对草莓幼苗光合特性和氮代谢的影响

沙培条件下,以16 mmol NO₃^-·L^-1为对照,研究不同浓度NO₃^-(64、112 和160 mmol·L^-1)对草莓幼苗光合特性和氮代谢的影响.结果表明： 处理8 d后,随NO₃^-浓度的增加,草莓叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均显著降低,当NO₃^-浓度达到160 mmol·L^-1时,较对照分别降低67.7%、68.4%、35.7%、23.2%、26.9%;非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)逐渐升高,64、112 和160 mmol NO₃^-·L^-1处理较对照分别升高4.4%、10.9%、75.8%;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)呈先降低后升高趋势,气孔限制值(L_s)呈先升高后降低趋势.随NO₃^-浓度增加,草莓叶片及根系中硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮和凯氏氮含量逐渐增加,蛋白氮含量减少.硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性均随NO₃^-浓度增加呈现先升高后降低趋势.随NO₃^-处理浓度增加草莓幼苗叶片净光合速率下降,PSⅡ电子传递受阻,氮素积累,高浓度下氮代谢酶活性降低,营养液中NO₃^-浓度为64 mmol·L^-1时开始产生胁迫,不利于草莓幼苗的生长.     

外源褪黑素与钙离子互作对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗过氧化伤害的缓解效应

为了探明褪黑素(MT)和钙离子(Ca²⁺)在调控植物耐热性中是否存在互作关系,以黄瓜幼苗为试材,分析了内源MT和Ca²⁺对高温胁迫的响应;并通过叶面喷施100 μmol·L^-1 MT、10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂、3 mmol·L^-1乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸(EGTA,Ca²⁺螯合剂)+100 μmol·L^-1 MT、0.05 mmol·L^-1氯丙嗪(钙调素拮抗剂,CPZ)+100 μmol·L^-1 MT、100 μmol·L^-1氯苯丙氨酸(p-CPA,MT合成抑制剂)+10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂和去离子水(H₂O),研究高温下(42/32 ℃)外源MT和Ca²⁺对黄瓜幼苗活性氧积累、抗氧化系统及热激转录因子(HSF)和热激蛋白(HSPs)等的影响。结果表明: 黄瓜幼苗内源MT和Ca²⁺均受高温胁迫诱导;外源MT可上调常温下钙调素蛋白(CaM)、钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK5)、钙调磷酸酶B类蛋白(CBL3)、CBL结合蛋白激酶(CIPK2)mRNA表达;CaCl₂处理的MT合成关键基因色氨酸脱羧酶(TDC)、5-羟色胺-N-乙酰转移酶(SNAT)和N-乙酰-5-羟色胺甲基转移酶(ASMT)水平也显著升高,MT含量快速增加。MT和CaCl₂可显著增强高温下黄瓜的抗氧化能力,减少活性氧(ROS)积累,同时上调HSF7、HSP70.1和HSP70.11 mRNA表达,从而减轻高温胁迫引起的过氧化伤害,植株热害症状明显减轻,热害指数和电解质渗漏率显著降低。加入EGTA和CPZ后,MT对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化能力和热激蛋白表达的促进效应明显减弱,Ca²⁺对高温下黄瓜幼苗过氧化伤害的缓解效应也被p-CPA逆转。可见,MT和Ca²⁺均可诱导黄瓜幼苗的耐热性,二者在热胁迫信号转导过程中存在互作关系。     

不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗幼苗的生长和抗性生理的影响

研究不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)幼苗生长和生理的影响, 对于揭示宽叶雀稗对不同钙浓度环境的适应机理至关重要。该研究采用盆栽砂培试验, 研究不同钙浓度(0、5、25、50、100和200 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂)和不同处理时间(7、14、21和28天)对宽叶雀稗幼苗生长、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数的影响。结果表明, 随着CaCl₂浓度的增加和处理时间的延长, 宽叶雀稗幼苗株高等形态指标、生物量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数呈先增后减的趋势, 低钙浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 株高、叶长、叶宽、根长和生物量与对照(0 mmol·L^-1)相比均升高, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性提高, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度降低、叶绿素含量增加以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度增强; 高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性降低, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度增加, 叶绿素含量减少以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度减弱。结合隶属函数分析, 低钙盐浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)处理对宽叶雀稗幼苗无抑制作用, 说明宽叶雀稗对低钙浓度具有一定的耐受性; 而在高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)下, 宽叶雀稗幼苗通过提高自身有机渗透调节物质含量、增强酶活性、增加叶绿素含量以及增强光合作用等方式来快速调节植物生理代谢功能, 进而适应高钙浓度环境条件。     

供氮水平对落叶松幼苗光合作用的影响

为探讨落叶松光合作用对外界供氮环境变化的响应规律,采用砂培方法在温室内设置了4种供氮浓度(1、4、8mmol/L和16mmol/L),对生长在不同供氮水平下落叶松(Larixgmelinii)1年生幼苗的气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及一些生化指标进行了测定。结果显示,随供氮水平的提高,落叶松幼苗针叶氮含量、叶绿素含量、类胡罗卜素含量、可溶性蛋白(TSP)含量和光饱和净光合速率(Pmax)均显著增加,同时伴随着叶磷含量和胞间与外界CO2浓度之比(Ci/Ca)的降低。然而,当供氮水平超过8mmol/L增至16mmol/L时,TSP含量及Pmax不再增加,反而略有下降。供氮不足显著降低了幼苗针叶光系统最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统量子效率(ΦPS)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),却增加了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)。而增加供氮可使Fv/Fm和ΦPS回升,同时qP升高,NPQ下降,但当供氮水平超过8mmol/L后,各叶绿素荧光参数变化幅度较小。结果表明,增加供氮可显著提高落叶松幼苗的光合能力,增加光系统天线色素捕获的光能用于光化学电子传递的份额,减缓光抑制。然而,16mmol/L已经超过落叶松幼苗最适的供氮水平,过量供氮引起的负面效应可能主要与过低的叶磷含量导致的营养失衡有关。     

Effects of experimental warming on growth,biomass allocation,and needle chemistry of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies faxoniana</Emphasis> in even-aged monospecific stands

The response and adaption mechanisms of seedlings under long-term warming have remained largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of warming for 6 years on growth, and needle carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll, and carbohydrate levels in a coniferous tree species, Abies faxoniana. Seedlings were grown in even-aged monospecific stands under ambient and warming (ambient +2.2°C) temperature in climate control chambers. Warming caused statistically significant increases in the specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, root biomass, leaf biomass, branch biomass, stem biomass, and total mass of the seedlings, and reduced the root/shoot ratio. Warming also increased total chlorophyll concentrations, specific chlorophyll pigments, and Chlorophyll a/b ratios in both studied needle age classes. In addition, C/N ratios of current-year and 1-year-old needles increased by warming. In contrast, warming decreased the levels of N, sugar, cellulose, and starch in needles, while warming had no effect on the height, stem diameter, needle mass ratio, root mass ratio, and root/needle ratio. We conclude that warming increases branch growth and changes needle chemistry, which enhances the light capture potential of seedlings.     

The nitrogen handling characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars and a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) have contrasting responses to soil mineral N availability and clover has the ability to fix atmospheric N(2) symbiotically. It has been hypothesized that these differences are the key to understanding grass-clover coexistence and vegetative dynamics in pastures. However, the whole plant response of clover and ryegrass to mineral N availability has not been fully characterized and inter-cultivar variability in the N-handling dynamics of clover has not been assessed. A detailed experimental study to address these issues was undertaken. For all clover cultivars and ryegrass, mass specific mineral N uptake rates (of whole plants) were similar saturating functions of mineral N availability. For all clover cultivars total N assimilation rates, whole plant C : N ratios and root : shoot ratios were independent of mineral N availability. Clover growth rates were also independent of mineral N availability except for a slight (<10%) reduction at very low N availability levels. Specific N(2) fixation rate (whole plant) was precisely controlled to ensure fixation balanced the deficit between mineral N uptake and the total N assimilation required to maintain constant whole plant C : N ratio. There was always a deficit between N uptake and the total N assimilation required to maintain C : N ratio. Consequently, some N(2) fixation remained engaged even at high mineral N availability levels. All inter-cultivar variation in N(2) fixation dynamics could be attributed to variations in growth rate. Clover mass specific growth rate declined as plant size increased. Ryegrass specific growth rate, whole plant C : N ratio and root : shoot ratio were dependent on N availability. Increased N availability led to increased growth rate and decreased C : N and root : shoot ratios. Specific growth rate was also dependent on plant size, growth rate declining as plant size increased. It is concluded that clover inter-cultivar variation in field performance is unlikely to be a consequence of variation in N-handling characteristics. Inter-cultivar differences in growth rate are likely to be a much more important source of variation.     

Root growth characteristics, biomass and nutrient dynamics of seedlings of two larch species raised under different fertilization regimes

The effects of different fertilization regimes on root growth characteristics, nutrient uptake and biomass production of Japanese larch (Larix kampferi Sarg.) and its hybrid larch (L. gmelinii × L. kampferi) seedlings were examined for one growing season. Seedlings were raised in the greenhouse under three fertilizer levels (10, 20, 40 mg N seedling^–1 season^–1) and two delivery schedules, conventional (C) and exponential (E) for 12 weeks. Root growth, biomass allocation and nutrient loading capacity of seedlings were measured for a 3-week interval. By the end of growing season, seedlings fertilized with low dose conventionally (10C) and exponentially (10E) developed relatively longer root and larger root surface areas than those fertilized at high dose exponential loading (40E). At final harvest, the 40E treated Japanese larch had 134% and 155% more shoot mass as compared with those raised under 20E and 10E treated seedlings, respectively. The seedlings fertilized under 10C and 10E showed a high root mass ratio, while 40E treated seedlings showed a low root mass ratio. These data indicated that different nutrient levels (10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg) strongly affected root growth characteristics. The same seasonal dose (10 mg) applied exponentially (10E) accumulated more N in seedlings compared to the 10C treatment. Exponential fertilization enhanced an increase in N concentration of the whole plant suggesting exponential delivery schedule is an efficient fertilization technique for greater nutrient uptake of plants. In contrast, N concentration of whole plant was declined for seedlings treated with conventional fertilization due to growth dilution. Late in the growing season, seedlings raised under 40E did not significantly improved dry mass production of root, but nutrient accumulation increased without a concomitant increased in root dry mass production. The result suggests that seedlings fertilized exponentially at medium and high dose rates (20E and 40E) induced luxury nutrient consumption within the plant.     

Dry Weight and N Partitioning in Relation to Substrate N Supply, Internal N Status and Developmental Stage in Jack Pine (Pinus banksianaLamb.) Seedlings: Implications for Modelling

Dry weight and nitrogen (N) partitioning of sand-cultured youngjack pine (Pinus banksianaLamb.) seedlings under controlledenvironments were studied 3, 6, 9, 12 and/or 15 weeks afterthe initiation of six dynamic N supply treatments. The supplyof other nutrients was maintained at optimal levels. Total dryweight varied widely among treatments and whole plant totalN concentration ranged from 10 to 32 mg g^-1d. wt at most samplingintervals. Whole plant N concentration changed, with time, accordingto three distinct patterns: (1) stable; (2) rapidly increasing;or (3) gradually declining. Regardless of N treatment and samplinginterval, whole plant N concentration was linearly and positivelycorrelated with root, needle and stem N concentration. Dry weightand N weight ratios of needles declined, whereas those of rootsincreased linearly with decreasing whole plant N concentration(r²=0.43 to 0.76) regardless of N regime. Dry matter partitioningto stems, however, was better explained by developmental stagethan by whole plant N concentration. With the decline in internalN status, N was increasingly concentrated in roots at the expenseof needles and stems. These results suggest: (1) dry weightand N partioning may be largely a function of the internal Nstatus of plant rather than root and shoot activities; (2) bothshoot and root specific activities may have a close, positiveassociation with whole plant N concentration; (3) N-partitioningmay be an active process itself and may warrant separate considerationfrom dry weight; and (4) developmental stage may be a significantdeterminant of partitioning, particularly to stems.Copyright1998 Annals of Botany Company Developmental stage; dry weight; internal N status; jack pine; modelling; nitrogen; partitioning;Pinus banksiana; substrate N supply.     

光照和氮交互作用对水曲柳幼苗生长、生物量和氮分配的影响

采用温室沙培方式,对水曲柳幼苗进行了不同光强（2个水平）和氮浓度（4个水平）处理,分析了其生长、生物量和氮分配对环境变化的响应.结果表明：与全光照处理相比,低光处理下水曲柳幼苗冠根比（S/R）和净氮吸收速率（NNUR）极显著提高（P<0.01）,但相对生长速率（RGR）和净同化速率（NAR）极显著下降（P<0.01）;低光处理下的幼苗根、茎、叶和整株生物量分别较全光照处理降低了36.8%（P<0.01）、1.7%、12.7%（P<0.05）和24.3%（P<0.01）;低光处理使幼苗分配到根系的氮比例明显下降,而叶片的分配比例增加.无论光强大小,氮对幼苗生长都具有十分明显的促进作用,而且幼苗S/R和叶片的氮分配比例都随氮供给浓度的增加而明显提高.光强和氮浓度对水曲柳幼苗的基径、S/R、RGR和生物量（根和叶）分配比例具有显著的交互作用（P<0.05）.     

短期增温对贡嘎山峨眉冷杉幼苗生长及其CNP化学计量学特征的影响

2009年5月至10月,在中国科学院贡嘎山高山森林生态系统观测站附近,采用红外灯加热人工模拟气候变暖研究了增温对峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri (Mast) Craib)幼苗生长和养分及其化学计量特征的影响。由于红外灯的增温作用,在幼苗的整个生长季节,增温样地地表下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm处土温平均高于对照样地5.04 ℃、4.81 ℃、4.35 ℃,而土壤含水量则分别降低了7.03%、6.10%、6.40%;地表20 cm处空气温度相比对照样地上升了1.12 ℃,而空气相对湿度则降低了6.30%。除茎重比外,增温处理降低了峨眉冷杉幼苗的根长、基径、株高、总生物量、根重比、叶重比、根冠比和比叶面积。经方差分析发现,增温处理后幼苗根、茎和叶的C平均含量与对照差异性均不显著(P>0.05),其中除茎的提高了2.76%外,根和叶分别降低了7.15%和2.29%;N平均含量除茎显著降低之外(P<0.05),根、叶分别提高了9.78%和5.70%;幼苗根、茎、叶的P平均含量均低于对照11.97%、10.69%和2.99%,并且根和茎与对照存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。增温处理后幼苗根、茎、叶各器官的C︰N、C︰P 、N︰P与对照均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),其中C︰P均大于对照,而C︰N和N︰P与对照相比,均有不同程度的减小;C︰N、N︰P和C︰P的平均值(标准差)大小顺序依次为茎(92.594.92)>根(61.891.65)>叶(60.813.23)、叶(4.990.22)>根(4.440.58)>茎(3.640.10)和茎(336.358.70)>叶(302.854.49)>根(274.865.27)。实验结果表明：增温对幼苗生长和生物量积累具有明显的限制作用,对叶片生长的阻碍作用尤为突出;增温改变了幼苗根茎叶的CNP含量及其化学计量比格局;在养分供应上,增温和对照处理下幼苗生长均受N素限制。     

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ENERGY (ATP AND ADP) AND NUTRIENT LEVELS PRIOR TO SENESCENCE IN PODDED AND DEPODDED PEA PLANTS

Energy (ATP and ADP) levels in stem apices of depodded pea plants (Pisum sativum L. cv. Little Marvel) were significantly higher than those of podded plants during the pod-filling stage before whole plant senescence. This difference in energy content appeared before decreases in leaf chlorophyll and soluble proteins occurred in plants of both treatments. In contrast, the mineral nutrient levels (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in stem apices of plants from both treatments were similar. Energy levels in reproductive leaves from podded and depodded plants were similar. The mineral nutrients in leaves with fruits in their axils and similar leaves of depodded plants were comparable except for nitrogen. Plant growth measurements—dry weight, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root/shoot ratio—were significantly higher in depodded than podded plants. Whole plant senescence occurred significantly earlier in podded than in depodded pea plants.     

水曲柳落叶松根系之间的相互作用研究

 通过水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)两个树种苗木纯栽和混栽试验,在温室条件下研究两树种根系之间的相互作用。结果表明,水曲柳与落叶松混栽使水曲柳细根和粗根生物量比纯栽分别增加47％和46％,叶和茎生物量分别增加30％和48％,同时改变了水曲柳地下部分与地上部分比率,促进了水曲柳细根和叶协调生长。而混栽的落叶松细根和粗根生物量比纯栽分别减少19％和35％左右,叶和茎生物量减少22％和34％,但是落叶松地下部分和地上部分各生物量组分变化不存在显著差异。混栽改变了水曲柳根系的空间分布和根系的形态,导致根系密度和根长度分别增加47％和34％,有利于水曲柳吸收较多的养分和水分,提高其竞争效率。落叶松起到改变土壤环境作用。     

The influence of nitrogen availability on carbon and nitrogen storage in the biennial Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. I. Storage capacity in relation to resource acquisition, allocation and recycling

Plants of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. were cultivated under five different nitrogen regimes in order to investigate the effects of nitrogen supply on the storage processes in a biennial species during its first year of growth. External N supply increased total biomass production without changing the relationship between ‘productive plant compartments’ (i.e. shoot plus fine roots) and ‘storage plant compartments’ (i.e. structural root dry weight, which is defined as the difference between tap root biomass and the amount of stored carbohydrates and N compounds). The amount of carbohydrates and N compounds stored per unit of structural tap root dry weight was not affected by external N availability during the season, because high rates of N supply increased the concentration of N compounds whilst decreasing the carbohydrate concentration, and low rates of N supply had the opposite effect. Mobilization of N from senescing leaves was not related to the N status of the plants. The relationship between nitrogen compounds stored in the tap root and the maximum amount of nitrogen in leaves was an increasing function with increasing nitrogen supply. We conclude that the allocation between vegetative plant growth and the growth of storage structures over a wide range of N availability seems to follow predictions from optimum allocation theory, whereas N storage responds in a rather plastic way to N availability.     

提高CO2浓度对两种亚热带树苗生物量及叶片特性的影响

 广东鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种荷木和黧蒴幼苗生长于自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为500±50μl·L-1或空气CO2(350μl·L-1)的气罩中3个月。高CO2浓度下生长的黧蒴和荷木植株总干物质量分别增加26.6％和16.6%,根部增加量最大,地上部分所占的比例降低,根冠比上升,基径增大而株高降低。高CO2浓度下生长的叶片密度及比叶重增加,叶肉细胞间隙体积减少。单位干重的黧蒴叶片可溶性糖含量、全碳、磷、钾含量在高CO2浓度下稍为下降,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、全氮、镁含量及N/C比明显降低。而全钙含量无明显变化。