细菌好氧反硝化研究进展

阐述了好氧反硝化细菌的种类及有关性质 ,并从电子理论、氧的浓度、反硝化酶系等方面对细菌好氧反硝化的作用机制进行了探讨 ,对细菌好氧反硝化的研究概况、进展及其研究意义和目前存在的问题作了较为详细的介绍。     

好氧反硝化菌

<正>养殖水体氮素污染问题是目前困扰我国水产养殖业可持续发展的一大难题。生物脱氮技术被认为是目前最具发展前景的水体脱氮技术,其效果的优劣与所采用菌株的特性密切相关。传统反硝化细菌仅能在厌氧及低氧条件下发挥脱氮作用,与养殖水体的高溶氧环境矛盾,而好氧反硝化细菌则可在高溶氧环境中发挥脱氮作用,显著提高生物脱氮技术在养殖水体中的应用效果,实现养殖水体的绿色、零污染脱氮。因而,对好氧反硝化细菌开展高效选育方法的研究,找到可适应养殖水体水环境的微生物菌株具有重要的理论价值和经济价值。     

限氧自养硝化-反硝化生物脱氮新技术

限氧自养硝化—反硝化是部分硝化与厌氧氨氧化相耦联的生物脱氮反应过程,通过严格控制溶解氧在0．1～0．3mg·L^-1,实现硝化反应控制在亚硝酸阶段,然后以硝化阶段剩余的NH4^+作为电子供体,在厌氧条件下实现反硝化,该反应过程是完全的自养硝化—反硝化过程,具有能耗低、脱氮效率高、反应系统占地面积小等优点,适用于处理COD／NH4^+—N低的废水,是一种非常有应用前景的生物脱氮技术,文中详细介绍了限氧自养硝化—反硝化生物脱氮反应过程的研究进展,讨论了其微生物学机理及应用前景。     

关于好氧反硝化菌筛选方法的研究

采用污泥驯化手段富集好氧反硝化细菌,将得到的驯化污泥分离纯化,共得到105株菌。用测TN的方法对所筛菌株进行初筛,得到25株对TN去除率达到50％以上的菌株。用氮元素轨迹跟踪测定法复筛,证实这25株菌都可以在好氧条件下进行硝酸盐呼吸,其中24株菌的反硝化过程为：NO3^-N→NO2^-N→N2,研究中还发现在反硝化过程中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐不存在明显竞争被利用的作用。同时还提出了可能实现短程同步硝化反硝化以及在反馈作用的调节下,加快硝化反应速度的观点。     

海洋环境异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的研究进展

异养硝化-好氧反硝化（heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrification,HN-AD）菌的发现打破了传统的脱氮理论,可以在有氧条件下同时进行硝化和反硝化,成为近年来的研究热点。HN-AD细菌在海洋氮循环中发挥着重要作用。本文对海洋环境中HN-AD菌的多样性和部分已知氮代谢途径及相关酶系进行了介绍,分析了盐度、碳氮比、溶解氧、pH等环境因素对HN-AD菌脱氮效果的影响,对其工艺和技术应用、前景和发展方向进行了综述和展望。     

好氧反硝化菌Defluvibacter lusatiensis str. DN7的分离鉴定和异养硝化性能

从稳定运行处理竹子加工废水的生物接触氧化反应器中分离得到一株好氧反硝化菌DN7,其72 h NO₃^-降解率达99.4%.细胞显微镜观察显示,菌株为革兰氏阴性小杆菌,大小为0.5 μm×1.5 μm,菌落为乳白色.通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性分析,初步推断该菌株为根瘤菌中的Defluvibacter lusatiensisstr.碳源、C/N、硝酸盐初始浓度、溶解氧(DO)、pH对DN7反硝化性能影响的结果表明:菌株对柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖等小分子有机物的利用较好;C/N为9时,脱氮率达99.0%;硝酸盐浓度低于138.48 mg·L^-1情况下,DN7脱氮率在96%以上,且亚硝酸盐浓度均在1.0 mg·L^-1以下;菌株DN7对DO不敏感,中性偏碱性环境有利于DN7反硝化反应的进行;DN7具有良好的异养硝化性能,72 h铵氮降解率达84.7%.     

好氧反硝化菌Defluvibacter lusatiensis str.DN7的分离鉴定和异养硝化性能

从稳定运行处理竹子加工废水的生物接触氧化反应器中分离得到一株好氧反硝化菌DN7,其72 h NO3-降解率达99.4％.细胞显微镜观察显示,菌株为革兰氏阴性小杆菌,大小为0.5 μm×1.5 μm,菌落为乳白色.通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性分析,初步推断该菌株为根瘤菌中的Defluvibacter lusatiensis str.碳源、C/N、硝酸盐初始浓度、溶解氧(DO)、pH对DN7反硝化性能影响的结果表明:菌株对柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖等小分子有机物的利用较好;C/N为9时,脱氮率达99.0％;硝酸盐浓度低于138.48 mg·L-1情况下,DN7脱氮率在96％以上,且亚硝酸盐浓度均在1.0mg·L-1以下;菌株DN7对DO不敏感,中性偏碱性环境有利于DN7反硝化反应的进行;DN7具有良好的异养硝化性能,72 h铵氮降解率达84.7％.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化的研究进展

近年来,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的发现打破了传统硝化反硝化理论,其在去除氮素和有机污染物的同时,能够实现同时硝化反硝化(SND),因此受到广泛关注。文章介绍了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的影响因素和一些已筛选菌的最佳脱氮效果,及其与传统硝化反硝化菌作用酶系的不同,列出了一些已筛选菌的氮代谢途径,并对中间产物NO2--N积累和复合菌方面的研究进展进行了综述,最后提出了异养硝化-好氧反硝化在生物强化应用中的研究现状和面临的挑战。     

一株轻度嗜盐反硝化细菌的分离鉴定和反硝化特性初探

从处理高盐度废水的成熟活性污泥中分离筛选得到1株轻度嗜盐反硝化细菌GYL, 通过对该菌株的形态观察、生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列分析, 确定该菌株为盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)。该菌株能在盐度为10%的培养液中生长, 最适盐度为2%~7%, 最适pH为7.5~8.5, 最佳碳源为蔗糖, 在25°C~30°C的温度范围内脱氮效率达到80%以上。对该菌株的异养硝化能力进行了测定, 其对氨氮的去除率可达98.3%, 说明该菌株可实现同步硝化反硝化, 即该菌可以独立完成生物脱氮的全部过程。     

微生物甲烷氧化反硝化耦合反应研究进展

甲烷氧化反硝化耦合过程是连接碳循环和氮循环的重要桥梁.该过程的深入研究有助于完善人们对全球碳氮生物化学循环的认识.甲烷作为反硝化外加气体碳源,既能调控大气甲烷平衡,有效减缓由甲烷引起的温室效应,又能降低反硝化工艺中因投入外加碳源带来的成本.因此近年来甲烷氧化反硝化耦合反应及其机理研究倍受关注.本文主要讨论了好氧和厌氧两种类型的甲烷氧化反硝化过程,重点对其微生物耦合反应机理及其影响因素进行了综述,同时指出了其工程化应用存在的问题,并对其应用前景提出展望.
     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV