猫眼尺蠖在三种女贞属植物上的实验种群两性生命表

【目的】猫眼尺蠖Problepsis superans是一种鳞翅目尺蛾科食叶害虫, 有报道称它只危害园林植物小叶女贞Ligustrum quihoui Carr., 关于其他寄主及其寄主对其生命特征的影响很少研究。开展本研究有助于了解小叶女贞及其可能寄主金叶女贞Ligustrum×vicaryi Hort.和女贞Ligustrum lucidum Ait.对猫眼尺蠖生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内25±1℃, 相对湿度为75%±5%, 光周期为16L∶8D条件下, 组建了猫眼尺蠖在这3种植物上的实验种群年龄-龄期两性生命表。【结果】金叶女贞、小叶女贞和女贞对猫眼尺蠖幼虫历期、产卵量有明显影响, 对卵期、蛹期、产卵前期（指雌虫羽化至开始产卵）、雄虫存活时间等无显著影响。猫眼尺蠖取食金叶女贞幼虫历期（21.33 d）显著短于取食小叶女贞（23.46 d）和女贞(27.28 d), 产卵量（529.1粒/雌）显著高于在小叶女贞（442.5粒/雌）和女贞（339.7粒/雌）上。猫眼尺蠖在金叶女贞和小叶女贞上的内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R₀)无显著差异, 但两者都显著大于在女贞上。猫眼尺蠖在3种植物上的平均世代周期(T)差异显著, 它们从小到大为: 金叶女贞、小叶女贞、女贞, 在3种植物上总繁殖率(GRR)没有显著差异。【结论】金叶女贞和小叶女贞相比女贞提供了猫眼尺蠖较好质量的食物, 金叶女贞和女贞具备作为猫眼尺蠖的寄主或临时寄主的可能。     

园林植物女贞不同生态位细菌群落结构及其多样性

[目的]女贞是我国分布广泛的园林绿化树种、药用植物和资源昆虫白蜡虫的优良寄主植物,解析女贞叶、茎、根、根际土壤4种生态位的细菌群落结构、物种组成和多样性特征,为研究女贞及其相关微生物组的互作及开发利用女贞内生和根际细菌资源奠定基础.[方法]以女贞叶、茎、根、根际土壤为研究材料,基于细菌16S rRNA基因V5-V7区,...     

两种女贞水分代谢的研究（简报）

常绿女贞的相对含水量和水势高于落叶女贞,而蒸腾强度和水分亏缺值则低于后者;落叶女贞在落叶之前持水能力大大下降,并低于常绿女贞。     

两种女贞光合作用季节特性研究

以徐州自然条件下生长的常绿女贞和落叶女贞为材料,在不同季节测定了它们的叶绿素含量、光合速率、呼吸速率、光合作用的最适温度。结果表明,两种女贞各测定的生理指标都有季节特性。在自然条件下,两种女贞的光合速率皆为夏季最高,冬季最低,与叶绿素含量变化相一致。在冬季常绿女贞的净光合速率接近于零,而落叶女贞的净光合速率为负值,但仍保持较高的呼吸强度。光合作用的最适温度测定结果表明,常绿女贞适应环境温度变化的能     

女贞苦丁茶挥发油成分分析

苦丁茶是我国南方各民族长期饮用的茶代用品之一,其基原植物种类较多,据调查苦丁茶原植物有9科15种植物,其中木犀科(Oleaceae)女贞属(Ligustrum L.)有粗壮女贞[L. robustum (Roxb.) Bl.]、紫茎女贞(L. purpurascens Y.C.Yang)、序梗女贞(L. pedunculare Rehd)、日本毛女贞(L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubescens Koidz.)等[1～8].     

红外指纹光谱法鉴定黔产苦丁茶的植物来源

用红外指纹光谱的聚类分析法对女贞属的植物来源进行生药学鉴定。此法利用红外指纹图谱确定贵州多个产地的苦丁茶的原植物来源是女贞属植物粗壮女贞。本方法具有方便、可靠,重复性好的特点,可用于苦丁茶的生药学鉴别。     

川产苦丁茶的挥发油成分分析

本文采用GC-MS联用技术分析了粗壮女贞Ligustrum.Robustum(Roxb)Blume、丽叶女贞L．henryi Hemsl.、总梗女贞L.pedunculare Rehd叶挥发油的化学成分及相对含量,主要为萜烯类化合物等并做了比较。     

女贞果实中氨基酸组成

女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)为木犀科(Oleaccae)常绿小乔木,其干燥成熟果实名女贞子,为常用中药。气微,味甘苦,性平。有滋补肝肾、强腰膝、明耳目的功能,用于肝肾阴虚、头晕目眩、耳鸣、头发早白、腰膝酸软、老年习惯性便秘等。女贞子所以对人体具有医药作用,这与它的化学成分有关。经分析测定,女贞果实中含有臭蚂蚁醛甙,齐墩果酸、α—甘露醇及脂肪酸。至于女贞果实中氨基酸的化学成分,目前尚未见到报导,本文拟定了女贞成熟鲜果的预处理方法,以提取分离其中的氨基酸,采用Waters高效液相色谱仪测定女贞果实中氨基酸的组分和含量,为进一步开发利用女贞子提供理论依据。     

典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化

在天气变化频繁的春季选择了几种典型天气观测了油松、女贞、珊瑚树和三叶草叶面滞尘动态变化及其与气象因子和空气中颗粒物浓度的关系。研究表明:(1)供试物种的叶面滞尘量(g/m2)由大到小依次为油松(4.57—5.45),珊瑚树(2.23—5.85),女贞(2.14—4.27)和三叶草(0.12—0.38);(2)油松和三叶草叶面滞尘量无明显变化,而天气状况对女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘影响明显;(3)连续2d(17.1、14.8 mm)的降雨后,女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量降低了50%以上;极大风速对女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量的影响均呈现先升高后降低,在极大风速为14 m/s时达到峰值;相对湿度大于80%时,女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量明显降低;空气中高浓度的颗粒物可使女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘在4—5 d达到饱和。     

上海外环林带女贞人工林生态系统碳储量

提高林分碳储量估测精度,对于研究区域尺度上森林固碳功能具有重要的意义。本文以上海外环林带女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)人工林为研究对象,构建了女贞立木及各器官(根、干、皮、枝、叶)生物量方程,并对9年生女贞人工林乔木层、地表枯落物层和土壤层(0~100 cm)碳储量进行了估测。结果表明,女贞立木及各器官生物量方程拟合效果较好(R20.9,P0.01)。女贞人工林生态系统总碳储量为169.89 t·hm-2,其中林分乔木层碳储量为10.48 t·hm-2,地表枯落物层碳储量为1.54 t·hm-2,林分土壤(0~100 cm)碳储量所占比例最大,为157.7 t·hm-2。在女贞人工林乔木层生物量中,树干占林木生物量的比例最大(40%),其次分别为枝(20%)、根(15%)、叶(11%)和皮(4%)。     

Improvement of pest resistance in transgenic tobacco plants expressing dsRNA of an insect-associated gene EcR

The adoption of pest-resistant transgenic plants to reduce yield loss and pesticide utilization has been successful in the past three decades. Recently, transgenic plant expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting pest genes emerges as a promising strategy for improving pest resistance in crops. The steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), predominately controls insect molting via its nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP. Here we report that pest resistance is improved in transgenic tobacco plants expressing dsRNA of EcR from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, a serious lepidopteran pest for a variety of crops. When H. armigera larvae were fed with the whole transgenic tobacco plants expressing EcR dsRNA, resistance to H. armigera was significantly improved in transgenic plants. Meanwhile, when H. armigera larvae were fed with leaves of transgenic tobacco plants expressing EcR dsRNA, its EcR mRNA level was dramatically decreased causing molting defects and larval lethality. In addition, the transgenic tobacco plants expressing H. armigera EcR dsRNA were also resistant to another lepidopteran pest, the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, due to the high similarity in the nucleotide sequences of their EcR genes. This study provides additional evidence that transgenic plant expressing dsRNA targeting insect-associated genes is able to improve pest resistance.     

害虫天敌的植物支持系统

保护天敌,使天敌长期有效地控制害虫是保护性生物防治的核心内容。其中,植物在维持和促进天敌控制害虫中的重要性和作用越来越受到关注。本文概述了各种支持天敌发挥效能的植物类群,论述了蜜源植物、储蓄植物、栖境植物、诱集植物、指示植物、护卫植物等在支持天敌生存和繁殖方面的生物功能,评述了研究和应用这些植物时需注意的问题,提出了科学利用这些植物以维持和增强农业生态系统中天敌发挥控害作用的植物支持系统,并指出了由于对这些植物类别的界定和定义模糊所带来的不便,给出了相应的建议。     

Habitat functionality for the ecosystem service of pest control: reproduction and feeding sites of pests and natural enemies

• 1 Landscape management for enhanced natural pest control requires knowledge of the ecological function of the habitats present in the landscape mosaic. However, little is known about which habitat types in agricultural landscapes function as reproduction habitats for arthropod pests and predators during different times of the year.
• 2 We studied the arthropod assemblage on six crops and on the seven most abundant native plant species in two landscapes over 1 year in Australia. Densities of immature and adult stages of pests and their predators were assessed using beat sheet sampling.
• 3 The native plants supported a significantly different arthropod assemblage than crops. Native plants had higher predator densities than crops over the course of the year, whereas crops supported higher pest densities than the native plants in two out of four seasonal sampling periods. Crops had higher densities of immature stages of pests than native plants in three of four seasonal sampling periods, implying that crops are more strongly associated with pest reproduction than native plants. Densities of immature predators, excluding spiders, were not different between native plants and crops. Spiders were, however, generally abundant and densities were higher on native plants than on crops but, because some species disperse when immature, there is less certainty in identifying their reproduction habitat.
• 4 Because the predator to pest ratio on native plant species showed little variation, and spatial variation in arthropod assemblages was limited, the predator support function of native vegetation may be a general phenomenon. Incentives that maintain and restore native remnant vegetation can increase the predator to pest ratio at the landscape scale, which could enhance pest suppression in crops.

     

外来害虫蔗扁蛾的寄主范围

综述了我国近年传入的害虫蔗扁蛾的寄主植物范围 :到目前为止 ,蔗扁蛾Opogonasacchari(Bo jer)的寄主植物已达 2 8科 87种 8变种 ;其中国外已报导的为 2 4科 4 6种 4变种 ,中国已查到 1 4科 5 5种 2变种 ,且不断发现新的寄主植物 ,有蔓延到多种行道绿化树木和园林花卉植物上的趋势 ,须引起充分关注。     

天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用

本文概述了转Bt基因抗虫植物对天敌的影响,特别是天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用及其对寄生昆虫抗生发展的影响研究进展。已有的研究表明转Bt基因抗虫植物对天敌并无明显不利的影响,但转Bt基因抗虫植物与天敌的协同控害作用表现出拮抗性、加和性及增效性等多种形式,这种协同作用可能还将影响到害虫对转Bt基因抗虫植物的速率。     

Occurrence of Planococcus minor Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton fields of northeast region of Brazil

The mealybug Planococcus minor Maskell is a significant pest of more than 250 cultivated plants belonging to at least 80 families. Among the host plants several Malvaceae species are attacked, including the genera Gossypium. In 2005 and 2006 the mealybug P. minor was observed infesting cotton fields in the arid area of northeast region of Brazil. The occurrence was registered in high densities and in several farms resulting in mortality of plants in some cases. This species is not cited as a cotton pest in any region of Brazil where cotton grows, although it is enlisted in the Global Pest and Disease Database. Hence, there is a lack of studies what makes this pest of great deal to control.     

双斑长跗萤叶甲的嗜食性

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)是一种多食性害虫。目前该虫害已成为新疆北部大部分棉区一种新的主要害虫。通过非选择性实验研究双斑长跗萤叶甲在新疆北疆的取食范围,结果表明:在25科54属58种植物中,该虫喜食植物有25种,较喜食植物有21种,完全不取食的有12种。     

转抗虫基因植物生态安全性研究进展

转抗虫基因植物如Bt棉花等已在美国、中国和澳大利亚等国家大规模商业化种植 ,有关转抗虫基因植物潜在的生态风险已引起广泛的关注。该文综述了转抗虫基因植物研究应用现状与安全性研究进展。主要内容包括 :转抗虫基因植物的种类及其对靶标害虫的抗性 ,对非靶标害虫和天敌发生的影响 ,对农田生态系统生物多样性的影响 ,靶标昆虫的抗性治理及转抗虫基因植物的基因漂移等     

褐纹甘蔗象在中国的适生区分析

褐纹甘蔗象Rhabdosceluslineaticollis (Heller)是棕榈科植物和甘蔗的重要害虫。利用CLIMEX气候模型 ,对该虫在我国的适生区进行了分析和预测。结果显示 ,海南省、广东省、广西壮族自治区、福建省、浙江省和云南省南部地区是褐纹甘蔗象在我国大陆的适生区。这些区域正是我国棕榈科植物和甘蔗的主要生产区 ,超前预防该虫入侵是非常必要的。