ASPP2以p53非依赖形式促进自噬引起Hep3B细胞凋亡

p53凋亡刺激蛋白2（apoptosis stimulating protein 2 of p53, ASPP2）能特异性地与p53蛋白结合并增强其促凋亡的功能,进而发挥抗肿瘤作用. 本室前期研究发现,ASPP2可以通过p53-DRAM自噬途径诱导细胞凋亡. 在本研究中,利用ASPP2 腺病毒感染Hep3B细胞(p53缺陷型肝癌细胞系)并用甲基磺酸(MMS)处理后; Calcein AM/PI和M30染色检测细胞凋亡;GFP-LC3质粒转染细胞后检测自噬; 荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹检测自噬基因表达. 结果表明,ASPP2在p53缺陷的Hep3B细胞内可诱导发生凋亡;在MMS存在和缺失条件下, Adr-ASPP2均引起自噬体水平升高及自噬基因的表达增 加,且MMS协同Adr-ASPP2能使自噬水平增加; 进一步用VPS34 siRNA和DRAM siRNA抑 制自噬发现,细胞凋亡水平下降, 说明由Adr-ASPP2诱发经损伤相关自噬调节蛋白（ DRAM）介导的自噬参与了肝癌细胞系凋亡的发生. 综上结果表明,ASPP2可以通过非p53依赖的DRAM介导自噬,并促进肝癌细胞凋亡. 该研究可为肝癌的基因治疗提供新的思路.     

ASPP2过表达可增强DRAM介导的自噬对HepG2细胞的促调亡作用

p53凋亡刺激蛋白2（apoptosis stimulating protein 2 of p53, ASPP2）能特异性地与p53蛋白结合并增强其促凋亡功能,进而发挥抗肿瘤作用.最近文献提示,自噬对肿瘤发生、发展及肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物的反应都具有重要作用.在本研究中,甲基磺酸(MMS)处理HepG2细胞24 h后,用calcein AM/PI和M30染色检测细胞凋亡,可引起早期（M30免疫组化阳性）和晚期细胞凋亡（PI染色阳性）. 给HepG2细胞转染GFP-LC3质粒后,发现MMS处理24 h可引起自噬的发生. ASPP2腺病毒（rAd-ASPP2）感染HepG2细胞引起ASPP2过表达后,再用MMS处理24 h,能引起更明显的早期、晚期细胞凋亡和自噬. 荧光定量PCR检测发现,rAd-ASPP2诱导了更高的BCL-2相关X蛋白基因（BAX）和p53蛋白的目的基因p53诱导的自噬调节蛋白（p53-induced modulator of autophagy,DRAM）的表达. 但仅用rAd-ASPP2处理HepG2细胞不能引起自噬和凋亡.利用2条DRAM特异性的siRNA下调DRAM的表达,发现rAd-ASPP2引起的自噬被完全抑制, 早期和晚期凋亡均部分被抑制,同时BAX 的mRNA水平也明显下降. 以上结果说明,ASPP2可通过上调BAX和DRAM基因的转录而促进MMS引起的HepG2细胞凋亡; 另外,DRAM介导的自噬是ASPP2促进MMS引起的肿瘤细胞凋亡的机制之一. 该研究可为肝癌的基因治疗提供新的思路.     

雷公藤甲素诱导肝细胞选择性自噬的形态学观察

摘要 目的：观察雷公藤甲素诱导肝细胞选择性自噬的水平。方法：在雷公藤甲素给药处理小鼠的尾静脉高压注射GFP-LC3质粒，制备肝细胞自噬示踪模型，观察雷公藤甲素在动物体内诱导肝细胞自噬的水平。在GFP-LC3稳定表达的L02细胞株中转入RFP-P62质粒，用活细胞工作站和荧光显微镜动态观察雷公藤甲素诱导L02细胞选择性自噬的轮廓，同时也观察细胞自噬复合体LC3-P62的变化。结果：动物实验结果表明，雷公藤甲素可显著诱导肝细胞自噬体的形成，Western blot结果显示P62蛋白和LC3II蛋白的表达趋势一致。活细胞动态观察及免疫荧光双标记实验结果表明LC3-P62存在共定位，提示雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞自噬流的形成。结论：雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞选择自噬，其生物学意义可能与肝细胞损伤后修复相关。     

雷公藤甲素诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的形态学研究

目的:观察雷公藤甲素诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的形态学特征,为进一步研究雷公藤甲素肝毒性的病理特点和毒理机制提供基础。方法:昆明种小鼠以雷公藤甲素LD50剂量(0.8 mg/kg)水溶液灌胃,分别于给药12 h及24 h后取肝组织,制备石蜡切片、冰冻切片,行常规HE染色、PCNA染色、TUNEL染色及光镜观察。部分肝组织经戊二醛固定、制备超薄切片,行透射电镜下观察。PCNA及TUNEL染色结果采用图像分析软件进行定量分析及统计学处理。结果:0.8 mg/kg雷公藤甲素灌胃后12 h即可诱导肝组织炎细胞浸润、结构破坏、肝细胞坏死及代偿性增生。透射电镜下可见肝细胞内细胞骨架结构异常、细胞器大量脱落、自噬体明显增多。PCNA及TUNEL染色结果表明,雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞出现显著的增殖及凋亡。结论:雷公藤甲素可诱导肝组织炎性反应发生,同时伴随肝细胞凋亡、坏死及代偿性增生。推测肝细胞自噬性凋亡是雷公藤甲素诱导急性肝损伤的关键病理环节。     

p53与细胞死亡

p53是一种重要的肿瘤抑制因子,是迄今发现与人类肿瘤相关性最高的分子之一。超过50%的人类肿瘤含有p53基因突变。因此,p53是肿瘤治疗中的重要分子靶点。p53依赖的细胞凋亡是其抑制肿瘤的重要机制之一。然而,最近研究发现,p53不仅参与细胞凋亡,还与程序性细胞坏死、细胞自噬以及铁诱导的细胞死亡等细胞死亡途径相关。促使肿瘤细胞死亡是肿瘤治疗的重要目标。因此,进一步了解p53与细胞死亡之间的关系,将有助于探索以p53为靶点的肿瘤治疗和p53相关肿瘤细胞耐药机制。     

抑制自噬促进冬凌草甲素诱导的多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡涉及胞内ROS产生

目的本实验主要研究冬凌草甲素诱导多发性骨髓瘤发生自噬、凋亡,两者之间的关系以及所涉及的相关机制。方法利用MTT比色法检测冬凌草甲素对多发性骨髓瘤RPMI8226细胞的增殖活性影响;透视电镜观察细胞内凋亡和自噬的形态学改变;TUNEL检测细胞凋亡;分别利用以下技术检测处理后的细胞内的自噬变化:使用QDs605nm-Anti-LC3荧光探针以及免疫荧光技术定位细胞胞内LC3Ⅰ和LC3Ⅱ蛋白,利用western blot免疫印记技术检测Beclin 1蛋白表达水平;利用DCFH-DA探针以及流式细胞术检测细胞胞内ROS水平。结果冬凌草甲素能明显抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖,其抑制作用呈时间、剂量依赖性;冬凌草甲素能同时诱发细胞凋亡、自噬和胞内ROS产生;NAC完全抑制胞内ROS产生后冬凌草甲素诱导的细胞凋亡消失;3-MA抑制自噬后,冬凌草甲素诱导的胞内ROS产生进一步增多,凋亡增多。结论冬凌草甲素能明显抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖;冬凌草甲素同时诱发细胞凋亡和自噬;胞内ROS产生介导冬凌草甲素诱导的凋亡;凋亡为细胞死亡的主要途径,而自噬通过下调胞内ROS产生抑制凋亡。     

细胞自噬参与雷公藤甲素诱导的肝细胞损伤

目的:观察雷公藤甲素引起急性肝损伤时肝细胞自噬的情况。方法:采用LC3-GFP质粒尾静脉高压注射的方法在体监测雷公藤甲素诱导肝细胞自噬的发生;用腺病毒双荧光载体m RFP-GFP-LC3感染体外培养的HepG2细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜和蛋白印记的方法检测细胞自噬流的强度。结果:小鼠腹腔注射雷公藤甲素(0.25 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg)24小时,血清中ALT和AST水平均显著升高;肝组织病理结果显示肝细胞肿胀、空泡化及坏死;激光共聚焦显微镜下可检测到LC3-GFP质粒表达所呈现的绿色荧光;离体细胞实验结果证实雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞发生自噬流,且表现为一定程度的剂量、时间依赖性。结论:雷公藤甲素可引发急性肝损伤并伴随明显的细胞自噬。     

miR-328-3p-Akt/mTOR轴在雷公藤甲素抑制脑胶质瘤细胞生长中的作用及机制研究

目的 以U251细胞和原位胶质瘤小鼠模型为研究对象,观察miR-328-3p对脑胶质瘤细胞生长和凋亡的影响,探讨miR-328-3p-Akt/mTOR轴在雷公藤甲素抑制脑胶质瘤细胞生长中的作用及机制。方法 在U251细胞中过表达miR-328-3p,再结合雷公藤甲素的处理,采用qRT-PCR、CCK8、克隆形成实验、流式细胞术、Western Blot等方法检测miR-328-3p在雷公藤甲素抑制脑胶质瘤细胞U251生长中的作用;构建miR-328-3p稳定过表达的原位胶质瘤小鼠模型,采用qRT-PCR和小动物活体成像体内验证miR-328-3p在雷公藤甲素抑制脑胶质瘤细胞生长的作用。结果 miR-328-3p在脑胶质瘤细胞和组织中表达降低,其表达水平与原发性和复发性脑胶质瘤患者总生存率呈正相关;miR-328-3p与雷公藤甲素可以协同作用抑制脑胶质瘤细胞的生长,促进脑胶质瘤细胞的凋亡,抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活。结论 miR-328-3p在脑胶质瘤细胞中起到抑癌基因的作用,雷公藤甲素可能通过miR-328-3p促进脑胶质瘤细胞凋亡,抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活,进而抑制...     

自噬在细胞冷应激中的作用研究

有研究证明,自噬在生物应对多种不良环境过程中发挥着重要作用,但是自噬在细胞应对低温环境过程中的功能研究却甚少。该研究给予He La细胞(人子宫颈癌细胞)不同程度的急性冷刺激,探讨此过程中自噬的发生和功能。将He La细胞培养于37°C(对照组)或经不同程度的低温(10、18、28°C)处理,观察对照组与低温处理组细胞表达自噬标志物EGFP-LC3(enhanced green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3)的变化,以监测自噬小体形成。结果显示,低温处理诱导He La细胞发生不同程度的自噬现象:10°C处理3~6 h的细胞内的自噬小体增多且体积增大,18°C处理的细胞内的自噬小体在3 d时最明显,28°C处理的细胞始终维持在较低水平。研究还发现,He La细胞在自噬减弱消失的同时发生细胞死亡,自噬特异性的化学抑制剂Bafilomycin A1处理可以进一步降低不同程度的低温胁迫下He La细胞的存活率,表明自噬在细胞低温应激过程中发挥着保护作用。Bafilomycin A1处理伴随有细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平增高,提示低温胁迫下自噬可能通过调控细胞内ROS水平来保护细胞。该研究结果表明,自噬在真核细胞冷应激中具有重要作用。     

PUMA与心肌细胞凋亡的研究进展

p53上调的凋亡调节物(p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)是新近发现的一种具有促凋亡作用的p53靶基因.与以往发现的其他p53靶基因比较,PUMA在促凋亡作用中有两个重要的特点:一是PUMA几乎介导p53依赖的所有凋亡信号;二是PUMA不仅介导p53依赖的凋亡信号,而且还可以介导p53非依赖的凋亡信号.也就是说,尽管PUMA是p53靶基因,但是其在p53非依赖细胞凋亡中也发挥重要作用.由此可见,PUMA是一个强大的促凋亡因子.在心肌细胞,PUMA参与缺血/再灌注、内质网应激、阿霉素等多种刺激诱导的细胞凋亡.因此,PUMA在心肌细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various