芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨的捕食功能研究

本文研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara的捕食作用.结果表明,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨雌成螨非嗜食,对卵和若螨嗜食.在RH 80％±5％,温度分别为16、20、24、28和32℃的试验条件下,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型.在16 ～28℃温度范围内,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨各螨态的攻击系数、捕食能力、最大日捕食量均随温度升高而增加,处理时间则缩短,温度高于28℃时捕食量开始减小.截形叶螨密度固定时,芬兰真绥螨的平均捕食量随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低.     

不同温度下双尾新小绥螨对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应

为明确双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus各螨态对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis不同龄期若虫的捕食量及不同温度对其捕食量的影响。本研究通过测定不同温度下24 h内双尾新小绥螨各螨态对不同密度西花蓟马若虫的捕食情况(西花蓟马猎物密度分别为5、10、15、20和25头/室,温度分别设置为23、26、29、32和35℃)。研究结果表明,双尾新小绥螨各螨态对猎物的捕食量随猎物密度的升高而增加。当温度为29℃,雌成螨对西花蓟马1龄若虫捕食量最高,在猎物数为25头/室时,可达4.4头/日。23~32℃内,双尾新小绥螨的雌成螨的捕食量随温度的上升而增加,到达35℃时开始降低。29~32℃双尾新小绥螨的雌成螨对西花蓟马1龄若虫的捕食量最高,可达6.7头/日,最适于其捕食。结果表明双尾新小绥螨对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应类型符合Holling II模型,其对西花蓟马有较好的捕食能力,可利用于西花蓟马的生物防治。     

斯氏新小绥螨以神泽氏叶螨为猎物的发育与实验种群生命表研究

本研究进行了斯氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus swirskii （Athias-Henriot）以神泽氏叶螨Tetranychus kanzawai（Kishida）为猎物时,在15℃、18℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃下的发育历期和实验种群生命表的研究,结果表明15℃时斯氏新小绥螨不能完成发育,18℃时仅少量个体能完成发育.在18～35℃之间,雌螨的发育历期为7.15～18.70 d,雄螨的发育历期为4.00～16.20 d.在20℃～35℃之间,斯氏新小绥螨的雌雄性比（♀∶♂）随着温度的升高而变小,20℃时性比最大（1.77）,25℃时净增殖率（R0）最大（36.497）,35℃时世代生长周期最短（15.433）,30℃时内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）均最大,分别为0.197和1.218,种群倍增时间（t）最短（3.513）;随着温度的增加,斯氏新小绥螨的平均寿命逐渐变短,20℃时最长（73.40±1.26 d）,35℃时最短（25.10±1.20d）;25℃时每雌平均产卵量最高（60.44±1.51粒/雌）,35℃时日平均产卵量最高（2.06±0.09粒/雌/d）.     

竹盲走螨对竹裂爪螨的捕食功能

在实验室模拟条件下,系统研究了竹盲走螨对竹裂爪螨的控制作用.结果表明,在25±0.5 ℃条件下,竹盲走螨对竹裂爪螨各螨态的功能反应均属HollingⅡ型.在同一温度条件下,雌竹盲走螨成螨对竹裂爪螨各螨态的处置时间依次为卵<幼螨<前若螨<后若螨<雌成螨.竹裂爪螨卵、幼螨、若螨、雌成螨共存时,竹盲走螨嗜食卵、幼螨和前若螨（Q>1）,但其对卵与幼螨及幼螨与前若螨无偏嗜现象.当竹裂爪螨密度低于9头时,竹盲走螨的产卵量随密度增加而增加;9～15头时,其日平均产卵量保持在每雌2粒左右;超过15头以后,产卵量反而下降,说明猎物密度过高对捕食者生存、繁殖存在干扰作用.     

胡瓜钝绥螨捕食茶橙瘿螨的实验种群生命表及捕食作用初探

本在25℃条件下初步研究了胡瓜钝绥螨捕食茶橙瘿螨的实验种群生命表、各螨态取食量及猎物－－卵转化率。25℃时胡瓜钝绥螨的净增殖率R0＝21．7862,世代平均周期T＝16．1822,内禀增长率rm＝0．1904,周限增长率λ＝1．2097,种群倍增所需时间t＝3．6405。日平均产卵量2．19粒／天,总产卵量36－48粒／雌,平均38．97粒／雌。胡瓜钝绥螨雌螨－生取食量1978．49头。雄螨取食量879．56头。猎物：卵转化率为79．78头茶橙瘿螨：2．19粒胡瓜钝绥螨卵。     

普通肉食螨对椭圆食粉螨的捕食功能

在6个恒温下研究普通肉食螨Cheyletus eruditus(Schrank)不同螨态对椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus(Troupeau)的功能反应。结果表明,普通肉食螨不同螨态对椭圆食粉螨的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,其中雌成螨的捕食能力最强,其次是雄螨、若螨、幼螨;在各温度处理中,雌成螨在28℃时具有较高的捕食功能;普通肉食螨在16℃的低温状态下捕食功能很低,仅有雌螨对猎物有捕食行为;在猎物密度不变的情况下,普通肉食螨捕食猎物的数量随自身密度的增加而下降。     

巴氏新小绥螨对同一栖息地枸杞瘿螨的捕食功能反应

枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer（Acari: Eriophyoidae）是枸杞上为害最严重的有害生物之一。近期在内蒙古地区发现植绥螨巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes（Acari: Phytoseiidae）与枸杞瘿螨可同时发生在野生枸杞上。为评价巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨的捕食潜力,本研究在室内25±1℃、RH 65%±10%、16 L∶8 D的条件下,研究了巴氏新小绥螨对不同密度枸杞瘿螨成螨（30、50、70、90、110、130、150、170头）的捕食功能反应及搜寻效应。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨的雌、雄成螨对枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食功能反应均为Holling-II型,即巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,一直到猎物密度较高时趋于稳定;而巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对相同密度下的枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食量均高于雄成螨,而且雌成螨的搜寻效应也强于雄成螨。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的攻击率（α=4.4121）高于雄成螨（α=2.4403）,而雌成螨的处理时间（Th =0.0094 d）短于雄成螨（Th=0.0196 d）;雌、雄成螨的理论最大日捕食量（T/Th）分别为106.61头和51.02头。研究结果显示巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨有较好的捕食潜力,性别对巴氏新小绥螨捕食枸杞瘿螨的功能反应有显著影响。     

有益真绥螨与巴氏新小绥螨的集团内捕食和同类相残作用

【目的】有益真绥螨Euseius utilis是北方地区广泛分布的一种多食性植绥螨,而巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri目前在我国广泛应用于农业害虫的生物防治中。本研究旨在对巴氏新小绥螨在本地的应用进行风险评估及为与有益真绥螨的联合释放提供依据。【方法】本研究在室内通过一系列实验,比较了实验室饲养的巴氏新小绥螨和采自内蒙古农业大学校园的有益真绥螨的雌成螨对同种或异种未成熟螨的捕食量、存活时间及产卵量的差异,检测了有益真绥螨与巴氏新小绥螨两种植绥螨相互之间的攻击强度以及种内和种间的相互作用。【结果】两种植绥螨都难以刺吸同种或异种植绥螨的卵,而对同种或异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量最大,其次是对若螨。在无共同食物的情况下,有益真绥螨雌成螨对同种植绥螨幼螨的攻击性比对异种植绥螨幼螨的攻击性强(BreslowDay检验:χ~2=13.84,df=1,P0.001),且有益真绥螨对同种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(9.10±1.65头)高于对异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(5.31±1.43头)(T检验:t=5.487,P0.001),巴氏新小绥螨对异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(7.48±0.75头)高于对同种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(4.75±0.58头)(T检验:t=9.110,P0.05)。【结论】有益真绥螨更倾向于捕食同种幼螨而发生同类相残;巴氏新小绥螨更倾向于捕食异种幼螨而发生集团内捕食。     

短时高温对加州新小绥螨发育的影响

为了探究高温逆境条件下加州新小绥螨的生存特性对其种群发育的影响,利用短时高温刺激试验,研究加州新小绥螨卵、幼螨、雌成螨在35、38、42、45 ℃等4个温度下、处理1～8 h后的孵化率、存活率、后期发育历期及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 处理温度越高,时间越长,卵和幼螨的存活率越低,其后续发育历期随处理温度升高和时间增加先缩短后延长.当温度为38 ℃,处理8 h后,卵的后续发育历期最短,为4.1 d.卵在45 ℃下处理2 h以上将不能正常孵化,而幼螨在45 ℃下处理8 h后不能存活;雌成螨产卵期和产卵量基本随温度升高先增加后降低,35 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量最高,为38.9粒;38 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量为36.7粒;45 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量仅为14.5粒.短时高温主要影响加州新小绥螨的孵化率、存活率和后续发育历期,对雌成螨的产卵前期和存活率影响较小.     

短时高温对加州新小绥螨发育的影响

为了探究高温逆境条件下加州新小绥螨的生存特性对其种群发育的影响,利用短时高温刺激试验,研究加州新小绥螨卵、幼螨、雌成螨在35、38、42、45 ℃等4个温度下、处理1～8 h后的孵化率、存活率、后期发育历期及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 处理温度越高,时间越长,卵和幼螨的存活率越低,其后续发育历期随处理温度升高和时间增加先缩短后延长.当温度为38 ℃,处理8 h后,卵的后续发育历期最短,为4.1 d.卵在45 ℃下处理2 h以上将不能正常孵化,而幼螨在45 ℃下处理8 h后不能存活;雌成螨产卵期和产卵量基本随温度升高先增加后降低,35 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量最高,为38.9粒;38 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量为36.7粒;45 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量仅为14.5粒.短时高温主要影响加州新小绥螨的孵化率、存活率和后续发育历期,对雌成螨的产卵前期和存活率影响较小.     

腐食酪螨有效积温的研究

腐食酪螨 Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) ,是世界性仓储物品和食用菌重要害螨 ,也是人体皮炎、体内螨病及螨性过敏的主要病原。本文研究了该螨的有效积温。经测定 ,腐食酪螨全世代的发育始点为 8.38± 1.5 1℃ ,有效积温为 2 2 1.72日度 ;卵、幼螨、第一若螨和第二若螨的发育始点分别为 10 .4 7± 2 .31℃、8.0 9± 2 .36℃、9.0 9± 1.16℃和 10 .5 9± 1.73℃ ,有效积温分别为 4 1.79日度、5 8.0 6日度、36 .2 7日度和 39.5 3日度。     

Predation of Galendromus helveolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Brevipalpus californicus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

The false spider mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks), is a major citrus pest in Texas. This phytophagous mite causes damage to fruit, leaves and stems of citrus, and is also a vector of citrus leprosis virus. Galendromus helveolus (Chant) is one of the most prevalent predacious mite species found on Texas citrus. The predation potential of G. helveolus on different stages of B. californicus was evaluated in the laboratory. An individual immature G. helveolus mite consumed an average of 30.7 eggs, 53.6 larvae, or 22.7 nymphs of B. californicus before developing to an adult. An individual adult female G. helveolus consumed an average of 164.8 eggs, 369.6 larvae, or 80.9 nymphs of B. californicus. Both immature and adult G. helveolus never fed on adult stage of B. californicus and never completed development. The development times of the immature stages of G. helveolus were 4.5, 4.1 and 4.6 days when fed on eggs, larvae and nymphs of B. californicus, respectively. When G. helveolus fed on the larval stage of B. californicus, the adults had the longest longevity (18.5 days) and the highest fecundity (14.0 eggs/female).     

Marine mites (Halacaroidea: Acari): a geographical and ecological survey

Halacarid mites (Acari), with almost 700 species described, inhabit marine and freshwater habitats. The majority of genera are recorded from at least two ocean basins or continents. There is no evidence of endemic genera, in either littoral faunal provinces or in deep-sea regions. Copidognathus, a genus comprising 1/4 of all species described, is found in almost all geographic regions, depths and habitats. Other genera dominate or are restricted to cold waters, to warm waters or to distinct habitats.Corresponding habitats on either side of the boreal Atlantic Ocean harbour congeneric, identical, sibling or morphologically similar species. The fauna in the western Atlantic is less diverse than that in the eastern. Amphiatlantics are restricted to certain genera. Transatlantic distribution is independent of the niche inhabited.Of the marine halacarid species recorded from the boreal western Atlantic, 41% are amphiatlantics, while only one species is recorded from both the Caribbean and the Mediterranean. The Caribbean and the Mediterranean faunas are dominated by genera in which amphiatlantics are unknown.Most of the Black Sea species of the genus Halacarellus also occur in the Baltic, North Sea or North Atlantic, whereas the Copidognathus fauna of the Black Sea is similar to that of the Mediterranean.Halacarids are thought to be an ancient taxon, with most genera probably having been present since the Mesozoic and with several species having an age of at least 50 million years. Evidence for their antiquity is found in the distributional pattern of marine and limnic genera and species, in the lack of endemic genera despite low fecundity and lack of dispersal stages, and in the fact that amphiatlantics are restricted to certain genera without relationships to the niches inhabited.     

Functional response ofAllothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs (Acari: Trombidiidae) on two-spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Functional responses of deutonymphs of the predatory mite,Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, on eggs and adult females of two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch, were determined in the laboratory. Predation experiments were conducted on lima bean leaf discs over a 24-h period at 25±2°C, 30–50% RH and 24L: 0D photoperiod. Prey densities ranged from 10 to 120T. urticae eggs per disc or 2 to 32 adult females per disc.Allothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs were more effective againstT. urticae eggs than its adult females. The role ofA. pulvinum deutonymphs in integrated and biological pest control is discussed.     

Sublethal effects of esfenvalerate residues on pyrethroid resistant Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The effect of residues of esfenvalerate on oviposition of the resistant strain of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri and its main prey, European red mite Panonychus ulmi and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, were investigated. T. pyri showed a significant linear reduction in oviposition after 24h in the presence of increasing levels of esfenvalerate residue applied at the field rate. Furthermore, when given a choice, T. pyri preferred to lay eggs on residue-free surfaces. Of the two prey species, only P. ulmi showed significant avoidance of increasing levels of residues of the field rate concentration of esfenvalerate, as measured by runoff mortality, however both P. ulmi and T. urticae, when given a choice, showed a preference for esfenvalerate-free surfaces. As with the predatory mite T. pyri, both prey species showed a significant linear reduction of oviposition with increasing esfenvalerate residues and a preference to lay eggs on esfenvalerate-free surfaces. Esfenvalerate residues as high as 15X field rate were not repellent to pyrethroid-resistant T. pyri. The possible effects of these sublethal effects on predator-prey dynamics and implications for integrated mite control programmes in apple orchards are discussed.     

比哈小爪螨实验种群生命表的研究

本文研究了比哈小爪螨5个温度梯度的实验种群生命表.结果表明15 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最小,分别为0.0235和1.0238,种群倍增时间最长(29.47 d);35 ℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最大,分别为0.3069和0.3592,种群倍增时间最短(2.26 d),说明高温有利于该螨种群的增长.25 ℃时净增殖率最大(56.30).35 ℃的世代生长周期最短(11.97 d).15 ℃时其寿命最长(98.90±20.77 d),35 ℃时寿命最短(19.00±3.11 d).最高平均产卵量71.60粒/雌和最高日平均产卵量4.10粒/雌/天均在25 ℃时出现.15 ℃时平均产卵量最低(8.80粒/雌),日平均产卵量仅有0.34粒/雌/天.最大日产卵量出现在35 ℃时(12.00粒/雌/天).     

Cytogenetics of ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea)

Haemaphysalis longicornis consists of diploid bisexual races (20+ XX; 20+X), triploid obligatory parthenogenetic races (30–35 chromosomes) and an aneuploid race capable of bisexual and parthenogenetic reproduction (22–28 chromosomes). Karyotypes were analyzed for each race. Hybridization failed between diploid and triploid races, but succeeded between bisexual diploid males and parthenogenetic aneuploid females. F₁ and F₂ progeny were produced and their chromosomes studied. Crossing of F₁ progeny to a bisexual race was successful. Parthenogenetic ability was almost completely lost in F₁ and F₂ females. Several possible modes of evolution from diploid bisexual individuals to triploid parthenogenetic ones are discussed as is species characterization in taxa with races reproducing bisexually, parthenogenetically and by a combination of both methods.Supported in part by National Science Foundation Research Grant GB-21008, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH) Grant 09556 and the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. 20315, U.S.A.     

Cytogenetics of ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea)

Summary Prior to this paper there have been no reports of a multiple sex chromosome mechanism operative in any tick. The present paper deals with two species of Ixodidae, Amblyomma moreliae and Amblyomma limbatum that exhibit an X₁X₁X₂X₂:X₁X₂Y type of sex chromosome mechanism. Cells from males of both species show nine bivalents plus one sex trivalent. Eleven bivalents were observed in one female A. moreliae. The sex trivalent probably evolved through reciprocal translocation from a system that included ten autosomal bivalents and one sex univalent (the system found in most ixodid species). As a result of the translocation, there are now two X chromosomes (X₁ and X₂) segregating from an unaltered autosome, the neo-Y. A large X chromosome is characteristic of many ticks; in this instance the reciprocal translocation did not change appreciably its relative size.The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval service at large.This study was begun during the tenure of a North Alantic Treaty Organization (National Science Foundation) Postdoctoral Fellowship.     

Cytogenetics of ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea)

Chromosomes and sex determination of 9 species of Haemaphysalis assigned to 4 subgenera are described. H. (tAlloceraea) kitaokai possesses an XX∶XO sex chromosome system with 18 autosomes plus XX in females; 18 plus X in males. H. (Kaiseriana) hystricis has 18 +XX and 18 + XY in females and males, respectively, in most specimens, but a supernumerary chromosome is present in some individuals. A supernumerary chromosome was also observed in 1 male H. (Aborphysalis) formosensis. These two species are the second and third species of ticks reported to have supernumerary chromosomes. H. formosensis, H. (Kaiseriana) bispinosa, H. (Haemaphysalis) campanulata, H. (H.) flava, H. (H.) megaspinosa, H. (H.) japonica, and H. (H.) pentalagi possess 20 autosomes plus 2 sex chromosomes in females and 20+1 sex chromosomes in males. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Haemaphysalis are briefly discussed.