苹果全爪螨在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

在5种不同温度和16h/d光照长度的条件下组建苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi(Koch)实验种群生命表,在此基础上进行该实验种群的一些特征和生命参数分析。结果表明,适于苹果全爪螨实验种群增长的温度在26~30℃。     

柏小爪螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了柏小爪螨实验种群生命表。在25℃恒温条件下,种群的内禀增长力rm为0．1274,周限增长率λ为1．1358／d,净增殖率Ro为12．8746代,平均世代周期T为20．0586d,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为5．4407d。     

苹果全爪螨在吉尔吉斯与金冠苹果上的实验种群两性生命表

为明确新疆野苹果Malus sieversii吉尔吉斯与栽培苹果Malus domestica金冠对苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi生长发育和繁殖的影响, 在室温23±1℃, 相对湿度75%±5%, 光周期16L∶8D条件下, 组建了苹果全爪螨在吉尔吉斯和金冠上的实验种群两性生命表。结果显示： 吉尔吉斯和金冠对苹果全爪螨雌螨寿命、 产卵期及总产卵量等有明显影响、 而对总发育历期、 总产卵前期、 未成熟螨存活率等影响不显著。苹果全爪螨总发育历期在吉尔吉斯（雌12.60 d, 雄11.40 d）和金冠（雌12.54 d, 雄 11.67 d）上无显著差异, 雌成螨寿命在金冠(13.46 d)上显著长于在吉尔吉斯（10.88 d）上(P<0.05)。产卵期在金冠和吉尔吉斯上分别为10.55 d和8.30 d, 达到显著差异水平(P<0.05)。总产卵量在金冠上为34.12粒/雌, 显著高于在吉尔吉斯上（22.48粒/雌）(P<0.05)。苹果全爪螨在吉尔吉斯上内禀增长率(r)、 净增殖率(R₀)、 世代平均周期(T)、 周限增长率(λ)分别为0.1354, 11.96, 18.33和1.1450, 而在金冠上分别为0.1489, 17.39, 19.18和1.1606。由种群动态参数可知, 苹果全爪螨在金冠上种群数量增长快于在吉尔吉斯上。研究结果有助于深入了解该螨在新疆野苹果与栽培苹果上种群动态, 并为苹果抗螨性育种及害螨综合治理提供理论依据。     

苹果全爪螨实验种群的密度效应研究

研究了苹果全爪螨实验种群的密度效应。实验结果表明：二斑叶螨卵期不存在密度效应;幼、若螨期间存在密度效应,幼、若螨密度与其成活率明显相关,幼、若螨初始密度的增加导致死亡率增加,并且当代性比向偏雌性方向发展,而子代性比向偏雄性方向发展;不同幼、若螨密度和成螨密度对成螨产卵量均有极显著差异。苹果叶片上螨口密度大于2．5～3．5头／cm^2时,扩散量明显增加。     

从捕食者、猎物的生物学分析胡瓜新小绥螨对针叶小爪螨的控制作用

【目的】为了研究胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris(Oudemans)对针叶小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis(Jacobi)的控制能力,为大田防治提供依据。【方法】应用胡瓜新小绥螨和针叶小爪螨的生物学与实验种群生命表的数据进行比较分析。【结果】研究表明:1在(20±1)~(32±1)℃温度条件下,取食针叶小爪螨的胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨、若螨、成螨均能正常生长和繁殖,发育历期随着温度升高而缩短;2在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)、(32±1)℃温度条件下,以针叶小爪螨为食物的胡瓜新小绥螨的产卵量分别为(37.8±5.15)、(52.9±1.92)、(49.5±6.50)、(42.0±6.34)粒,而在同等温度条件下,取食板栗叶片的针叶小爪螨的产卵量分别高出胡瓜新小绥螨的141%、169%、194%和149%;3在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)和(32±1)℃温度条件下,针叶小爪螨的净增殖率(R0)分别为36.5453、66.9788、66.2848、45.4846,比胡瓜新小绥螨高出72.88%、118.36%、92.12%、93.55%,说明针叶小爪螨的生殖潜能与产雌率高于胡瓜新小绥螨,而胡瓜新小绥螨每一世代周期(T)为29.6337、24.2193、20.2165、22.2009d,分别短于针叶小爪螨46.75%、42.03%、39.13%、29.63%;4在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)℃温度条件下,胡瓜新小绥螨的内禀增长率(rm)为0.1030、0.1413、0.1699,分别高于针叶小爪螨的127%、105%、106%,而在(32±1)℃条件下针叶小爪螨的内禀增长率(rm=0.1636)高于胡瓜新小绥螨的115%,说明高温有利于针叶小爪螨的种群增长。【结论】在针叶小爪螨初发生期释放胡瓜新小绥螨能有效地控制其种群增长。     

土耳其斯坦叶螨自然种群生命表的研究

用分代隔离的方法,研究土耳其斯埋叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani Ugrov et Nikolsdi)6个世代的种种特定定年龄生命表。通过对其种群生命表的IPC指数分析得出：捕食性天敌和气候因子是影响土耳其斯坦叶螨种群数量消长的主要因素。天敌捕食和气候因子作用可分别使土耳其斯坦群种趋势指数降低17．9862和2．2793倍。     

针叶小爪螨密度效应研究

针叶小爪螨密度效应研究ＤＥＮＳＩＴＹ┐ＤＥＰＥＮＤＥＮＴＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＯｌｉｇｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｕｎｕｎｇｕｉｓ（ＪＡＣＯＢＩ）周成刚孙绪艮刘振宇乔鲁芹ＺｈｏｕＣｈｅｎｇｇａｎｇＳｕｎＸｕｇｅｎＬｉｕＺｈｅｎｙｕＱｉａｏＬｕｑｉｎ（山东农业大学林学院...     

棉田朱砂叶螨自然种群生命表

用分代隔离观测的方法消除世代重叠的影响,来研究棉田朱砂叶螨自然种群特定年龄生命表,获得8个世代的数据。通过对结果的分析表明,降雨和天敌捕食是影响棉田朱砂叶螨种群消长的主要自然因素。大暴雨对朱砂叶螨种群的影响最大,是造成其峰值消长的原因。     

从实验种群生命表参数评价胡瓜钝绥螨控制毛竹害的能力

本文报道胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在25℃条件下以毛竹4种害螨南京裂爪螨chizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma&Yuan、竹裂爪螨S.bambusae Reck、竹缺爪螨Aponychus corpuzae Rimando、竹刺瘿螨Aculus bambusae Kuang为猎物的实验种群生命表,并进行比较结果表明:①胡瓜钝绥螨能取食上述4种害螨,其世代存活率依次为90.4%、77.55%、87.93%、81.63%;②每雌总产卵量依次为38.12粒、45.77粒、35.59粒、30.76;③胡瓜钝绥螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物其净增殖率R0=16.74低于南京裂爪螨(R0=20.84),但是内禀增长率rm=0.154是猎物的1.73倍(rm=0.089),世代周期T=18.31和种群倍增时间t=4.5088均低于南京裂爪螨(T=33.35,t=7.704),因此在林间当南京裂爪螨离巢、破巢或大量迁移时能有效地控制其种群增长;④胡瓜钝绥螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物其净增殖率R0=25.81,内禀增长率rm=0.152,周限增长率λ=1.164均低于竹裂爪螨(R0=39.28、rm=0.192、λ=1.212),而世代周期T=21.35种群倍增时间t=4.552均高于竹裂爪螨(T=19.08,t=3.603)因此必须在竹裂爪螨处于低密度时释放胡瓜犯绥螨才能有效地控制其种群密度的增长;⑤胡瓜钝绥螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物时,其净殖率R0=20.80,内禀增长率rm=0.175,周限增长率λ=1.191均略低于竹裂爪螨(R0=21.54、rm=0.185、λ=1.202),而世代周期T=17.30种群倍增时间t=3.958均略高于竹裂爪螨(T=16.62,t=3.753)因此必须在竹裂爪螨处于低密度时释放胡瓜钝绥螨才能有效地控制其种群密度的增长;⑥胡瓜钝绥螨以竹刺瘿螨为猎物时其净增殖率R0=16.82与取食南京裂爪螨相近,但内禀增长率rm=0.144,周限增长率λ=1.155均低于取食上述三种叶螨,但产卵量高于其乡土天敌竹盲走螨(Tylodromus bambusae),林间在竹刺瘿螨低密度时仍能控制竹刺瘿螨的种群密度.模拟试验表明当毛竹长至1米高时释放胡瓜钝绥螨16小时后,能在12米高的竹冠上发现大量的胡瓜钝绥螨.研究结果表明胡瓜钝绥螨能有效地控制毛竹害的危害.     

用葡萄叶饲养的二斑叶螨实验种群生命表

二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch近几年在葡萄园内暴发为害,通过室内饲养,组建其取食葡萄叶片时的实验种群生命表,结果表明在室温(21～28℃)下,该虫的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R0)、种群世代平均周期(T)和种群加倍时间(t)分别为0.2066,1.2295,39.5929,17.8d和3.35d。     

Damage on 'Hass' avocado leaves, webbing and nesting behaviour of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The damage of Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello on 'Hass' avocado trees occurs mainly on the underside of the leaves along the midrib, main veins and leaf depressions. The lower epidermal, spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma cells of the leaf tissues are destroyed. Large necrotic areas on the underside of the leaves result from feeding when high population levels occur. Feeding and reproduction takes place in 'nests' of silken webbing, which also provide protection from some predator mites and other natural enemies. Oligonychus perseae shows a modification of the earlier defined life-type web nest (WN-c). The greatest number of nests built by a female was 12.17 at 20°C and the greatest number of eggs per female per nest was 5.20 at 25°C.     

Spider mites of sugarcane in Australia: a review of grass-feeding Oligonychus Berlese (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae)

Abstract In many areas of the world, spider mites are significant pests of sugarcane. Australia is currently fortunate in lacking the most destructive species, and usually suffers only sporadic damage. Herein, we provide a key to the genera of spider mites associated with sugarcane, review the most significant genus, Oligonychus Berlese, and provide a key to the species of grass-feeding Oligonychus in the Australasian region. The species O. araneum Davis, O. digitatus Davis, O. grypus Baker and Pritchard, O. orthius Rimando, and O. oryzae (Hirst) are redescribed, while the Australian O. zanclopes sp. n. Beard and Walter from sugarcane and rice, O. turbelli sp. n. Beard and Walter, O. ephamnus sp. n. Beard and Walter and O. festucolus sp. n. Beard and Walter from other grasses, are newly described. Previous records of O. grypus in Australia appear to be misidentifications of what is described here as the new species O. zanclopes .     

Predatory behaviors of Neoseiulus californicus and Galendromus helveolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) attacking Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Predatory behaviors of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Galendromus helveolus (Chant) attacking Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello on avocado leaves were videotaped and analyzed. Behaviors were recorded for “fresh” predators that were used ≤ 48 hr post receipt from a commercial insectary and “cold stored” predators that were maintained at 12°C for ≈ 14 days. Fresh and cold stored G. helveolus were observed to attack O. perseae only after invading webbed nests. Conversely, fresh and cold stored N. californicus employed three different modes of predatory attack: (1) intercepting and attacking migrant O. perseae outside of web nests; (2) attacking prey through nest webbing; or (3) invading and attacking O. perseae inside nests. Predatory efficacy of both N. californicus and G. helveolus was reduced following cold storage, as both species engaged in certain predatory behaviors less frequently in comparison to predators that were not stored at low temperatures. Our observed results for N. californicus and G. helveolus attacking O. perseae are interpreted in relation to the chaetotaxy hypothesis, which proposes that phytoseiid invasion efficiency and propensity of webbed nests is facilitated by dorsal setal lengths. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Life table and predation of Neoseiulus longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting tea

Life table and predation of the predatory mite Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) on the red spider mite (RSM), Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner), a major pest of tea in India, were studied in the laboratory. Developmental time from egg to adult varied from 4 to 14 days at 30 to 15 °C, respectively; at 35 °C no larva survived. Survival of immature stages was more than 94 % at all temperatures. Threshold temperature for development of immature stages of females and males was 10 and 9.9 °C, respectively, and thermal constant was 84.03 degree-days for females and 80 for males. Sex ratio was female biased and temperature (20–30 °C) had no clear effect on sex determination. Egg hatchability was 73 % at 35 °C and >97 % at lower temperatures. Average number of eggs laid per female/day was higher at 30 °C than at 20 or 25 °C. The highest net reproductive rate (R ₀) was 40.7, at 20 °C. Mean generation time (T) decreased from 28 to 13 days with temperature increasing from 20 to 30 °C. Weekly multiplication (6.5) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m ) (0.268) were highest at 30 °C. Males lived longer than females at every temperature tested. Longevity was highest at 20 °C (50 days for females and 55 for males). Survival and longevity were adversely affected by temperature above 30 °C. Daily consumption of prey increased with the advancement of predator’s life stages; adult females consumed the highest numbers of prey items, preferably larvae and nymphs.     

Biological parameters of the predatory mite Cheletomimus bakeri (Acari: Cheyletidae) feeding on Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Developmental periods of egg, larva and nymphal stages and fecundity as well as predation of Cheletomimus bakeri (Acari: Cheyletidae) feeding on Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) were evaluated at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C) at 65 ± 10% relative humidity and 16 L: 8D in the laboratory. The development periods of C. bakeri from egg through adult decreased significantly when the temperature was increased from 20°C to 35°C. Egg and total development periods of C. bakeri at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C were 13.86, 7.98, 5.07, 4.08 days and 58.66, 41.51, 21.21, 22.92 days, respectively. The highest numbers of total and daily egg production were found at 20°C and 30°C, respectively. Net reproductive rate (R₀ = 13.29), mean generation time (T = 88.30), gross reproductive rate (GRR = 17.46) and doubling time (DT = 23.66) were the highest at 20°C. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.0592) and finite capacity for increase (λ = 1.061) for C. bakeri were the highest at 30°C. Predation of C. bakeri increased throughout the range of prey densities. The highest consumption number of C. bakeri feeding on T. cinnabarinus males per day was 4.63, 4.70 and 4.60 when confined to 40, 80 and 160 individuals, respectively. Our data suggest that C. bakeri does not appear to have much promise for the control of spider mites because of the characteristics of the predator such as slow development period, poor searching capacity and low intrinsic rate of increase.     

Biological studies of Oligonychus punicae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on grapevine cultivars

Life cycle, fecundity and longevity of the avocado brown mite, Oligonychus punicae (Hirst), were studied on six grapevine cultivars (Tucupita, Villanueva, Red Globe, Sirah, Sauvignon and Chenin Blanc), under laboratory conditions at 27 +/- 2 degrees C, 80 +/- 10% RH, and L12:D12 photoperiod. Mite-infested leaves were collected from vineyards, placed in paper bags and taken to the laboratory. A laboratory mite culture was established using the grape cultivar Criolla Negra as host plant. To elucidate potential effects on avocado brown mite parameters, we assessed levels of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols, of leaves of the six grape cultivars, as well as the thickness of the adaxial cuticle-epidermis. The life cycle of O. punicae differed among cultivars with average values ranging between 8.2 days on Tucupita leaves and 9.1 days on Sirah. Relatively high fecundity was found on Tucupita leaves (2.8 eggs/female/day) during 11.4 oviposition days, while low fecundity values occurred on Sirah and Villanueva leaves, with 0.9 and 1.8 eggs/female/day during 7.9 and 6.7 days, respectively. Average longevity of O. punicae females ranged from 8.1 to 17.5 days on Sirah and Sauvignon leaves, respectively. Intrinsic rate of increase (r (m)) was highest on Sauvignon (0.292) and Tucupita (0.261), and lowest on Sirah (0.146) and Villanueva (0.135). Although significant differences in cuticle-epidermis thickness were detected among the six cultivars, it seemed not to affect mite parameters. Secondary metabolite content also varied between the cultivars. Generally, increasing flavonoid content coincided with decreasing reproductive parameters. The natural plant resistance observed in this study could be useful in the development of an integrated pest management program for mite pests in grape production.     

Population Dynamics of Tetranychus Kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Hydrangea

The seasonal occurrence of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida populations on hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) was studied at two different localities in Ibaraki, Japan, during a three-year period. There were two types of seasonal population trends: one with a population peak from May to June, and the other with the spring peak in June and the autumn peak in September–October. Each year the populations on hydrangea plants abruptly declined just after the spring peak. Predators showed a delayed density-dependent numerical response. The population crashed even in the absence of predators, suggesting that the predators had nothing to do with the June decline. Furthermore, the rate of development from larva to adult and the fecundity in adult females on detached hydrangea leaves decreased markedly just prior to the abrupt decline in density in June. Consequently, seasonal changes in plant quality (perhaps influenced by secondary compounds) seem to contribute to the drastic decline of T. kanzawai density on hydrangea in June.     

不同温度下多异瓢虫实验种群生命表

完成多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)在13,17,21,25,29和33℃6个温度处理下的繁殖特征生命表。结果表明:各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在13℃下世代的发育历期最长为62.23d,而33℃时仅为10.92d;成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,13℃时最长,为71.39d,33℃时最短,为11.95d;各温度下净生殖率25℃时最大为31.42,13℃时最小为1.40;内禀增长力33℃时最高为0.21,13℃时最小为3.87×10-3;各温度下的稳定年龄组配29℃下最稳定,具体分布为:卵,36.54%;1龄,22.95%;2龄,7.56%;3龄,11.05%;4龄,10.11%;蛹,5.65%;成虫,6.13%。     

Life Tables of Phytoseiulus Macropilis (Banks) (Gamasida: Phytoseiidae) at Different Temperatures

The biology of Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied at different temperatures. The total development times averaged 7.5, 5.7, 4.2, 4.2 and 5.6 days at 20, 25, 28, 30 and 32°C, respectively at 78 ± 2% RH and 16 h photoperiod daily. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) and the net reproduction (R_o) reached maximum values 0.47 and 88.9, respectively, at 28°C. The mean generation time decreased (20.0-8.8 days) with increasing temperature 20-28°C.